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| Long title | An Act to prohibit the Employment of Women and Girls in Mines and Collieries, to regulate the Employment of Boys, and to make other Provisions relating to Persons working therein. |
|---|---|
| Citation | 5 & 6 Vict. c. 97 |
| Territorial extent | 9 United Kingdom |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | June 1843 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
TheMines and Collieries Act 1842 (5 & 6 Vict. c. 99), commonly known as theMines Act 1842, was anact of theParliament of the United Kingdom. The Act forbade women and girls of any age to work underground and introduced a minimum age of ten for boys employed in underground work. It was a response to the working conditions of children revealed in the Children's Employment Commission (Mines) 1842 report. The Commission was headed byAnthony Ashley-Cooper,Member of Parliament, who was styled Baron Ashley at the time, acourtesy title, and would succeed his father as the 7thEarl of Shaftesbury in 1852.[1]
At the beginning of the 19th century methods of coal extraction were primitive and the workforce, men, women and children, laboured in dangerous conditions. In 1841 about 216,000 people were employed in the mines. Women and children worked underground for 11 or 12 hours a day for lower wages than men.[1] The public became aware of conditions in the country's collieries in 1838 after an accident atHuskar Colliery inSilkstone, nearBarnsley. A stream overflowed into the ventilationdrift after violent thunderstorms causing the death of 26 children; 11 girls aged from 8 to 16 and 15 boys between 9 and 12 years of age.[2] The disaster came to the attention ofQueen Victoria who ordered an inquiry.[1]
In 1840 Lord Ashley headed the royal commission of inquiry, which investigated the conditions of workers (especially children) in the coal mines. Commissioners visited collieries and mining communities gathering information sometimes against the mine owners' wishes. The report, illustrated by engraved illustrations and the personal accounts of mineworkers was published in May 1842. Victorian society was shocked to discover that children as young as five or six worked astrappers, opening and shutting ventilation doors down the mine, before becominghurriers, pushing and pulling coal tubs andcorfs.[3] Lord Ashley deliberately appealed toVictorian prudery, focussing ongirls and women wearing trousers and working bare-breasted in the presence of boys and men, which "made girls unsuitable for marriage and unfit to be mothers". Such an affront to Victorian morality ensured the bill was passed.[1]
Lord Londonderry, a coal-mine owner, opposed the bill in the House of Lords and pushed through amendments that watered it down. The bill passed the House of Lords at its third reading on 1 August 1842.[4]
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