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Minahasan languages

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Subgroup of the Austronesian language family

Minahasan
Geographic distribution	North Sulawesi,Indonesia
Ethnicity	Minahasans
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Minahasan
Language codes
Glottolog	`mina1272`

TheMinahasan languages are a subgroup of theAustronesian languages spoken by theMinahasa people innorthern Sulawesi,Indonesia. They belong to thePhilippine subgroup.

Considerable lexical influence comes fromDutch,Spanish,Portuguese, andTernate, a historical legacy of the presence of foreign powers.^[1]^[2] The Minahasan languages are distinct from theManado Malay (Minahasa Malay) language, which isMalayic in origin, and has been displacing the indigenous languages of the area.^[3]^[4]

Classification

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The languages areTonsawang,Tontemboan,Tondano,Tombulu andTonsea.^[5]

The Minahasan languages are classified as a branch of thePhilippine subgroup.^[6]

TheBantik andRatahan languages, although also spoken in the Minahasa region, they includeSangiric languages, as well as thePonosakan, which is aGorontalo–Mongondow languages, are more distantly related, thus not covered by the term in a genealogical sense.^[7]^[8]

Reconstruction

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Proto-Minahasan
Reconstruction of	Minahasan languages
Reconstructed ancestors	Proto-Austronesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Proto-Philippine

Proto-Minahasan (PMin) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1978).^[9] The comparison table (a small selection fromSneddon 1978:120–183) illustrates the correspondences between the Minahasan languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Minahasan innovations.^[10]

Comparison table
Words inherited fromProto-Austronesian (PAn)
Tondano	Tonsea	Tombulu	Tontemboan	Tonsawang	PMin	PAn	Meaning
təlu	tədu	təlu	təlu	təlu	*təlu	*təlu	'three'
oat	oat	ohat	oʔat	ohatᶿ	*ohat	*huRaC	'vein'
rui	dui	duhi	duʔi	duhi	*duhi	*duRi	'bone'
ədo	əndo	əndo	əndo	əndo	*əndo	*qaləjaw	'sun'
pate	pate	pate	pate	patᶿe	*pate	*paCay	'kill'
Minahasan innovations
Tondano	Tonsea	Tombulu	Tontemboan	Tonsawang	PMin	PAn	Meaning
tələs	tələs	tələs	tələs	tələs	*tələs	(*bəli)	'buy'
edo	endo	endo	indo	indo	*indo	(*alaq)	'take'

References

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Notes

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^Watuseke, F. S. (1965), "Kata-kata Ternate dalam bahasa Melaju-Manado dan bahasa-bahasa Minahasa",Pembina Bahasa Indonesia (in Indonesian),IX:107–110
^Schouten, M. J. C. (1998),Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society: Minahasa, 1677–1983, Leiden: KITLV Press, pp. 39–40
^Watupongoh, Geraldine Y. J. Manoppo (1992),Struktur bahasa Tondano (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, p. 2
^Henley, David (1996),Nationalism and regionalism in a colonial context: Minahasa in the Dutch East Indies, Leiden: KITLV Press, p. 86
^Sneddon (1978), p. 9.
^Adelaar (2005), p. 16.
^Watuseke, F. S. (1956), "Bahasa Tondano",Bahasa dan budaja (in Indonesian),4/5:3–14
^Watuseke, F. S. (1977), "'Kolano' in the Tondano Language",Papers in Borneo and Western Austronesian linguistics No. 2(PDF), Pacific Linguistics A-33, C. Court, R. A. Blust, F. S. Watuseke, Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, pp. 123–132,doi:10.15144/PL-A33, retrieved2022-12-24
^Sneddon (1978).
^Sneddon (1989), p. 85.

Bibliography

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Sneddon, James N. (1978).Proto-Minahasan: phonology, morphology, and wordlist. Pacific Linguistics B-54. Canberra: Austronesian National University.doi:10.15144/PL-B54.ISBN 9780858831698.
Sneddon, James N. (1989). "The North Sulawesi Microgroups: In Search of Higher Level Connections". In Sneddon, James N. (ed.).Studies in Sulawesi Linguistics, Part 1(PDF). NUSA Vol. 31. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya.
Adelaar, Alexander (2005). "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective". In Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.).The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.

External links

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Minahasan atEthnologue (23rd ed., 2020).
Classification of Sulawesi Languages

Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Kapampangan
Sambalic	Abellen Ambala Bolinao Botolan Mag-antsi Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal

Greater Central
Philippine

Central Philippine

Bikol	Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada
Bisayan	Aklanon Asi Bantayanon Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray
Mansakan	Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka
Tagalic	Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño Filipino
(unclassified)	Ata †

Western Subanon

Northern Alta Southern Alta
Central Cordilleran	Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali
Southern Cordilleran	Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan

Northern Mindoro

Sangiric

Other branches

Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget
Manide–Alabat	Inagta Alabat Manide ?Katabangan †

Reconstructed

Proto-Philippine †

† indicatesextinct status
? indicates classification dispute

Austronesian languages

Formosan

Malayo-Polynesian

Western

Philippine

Greater Barito*

Barito
Basap*

Greater North Borneo*

North Borneo *
- Sabahan
- North Sarawakan
Melanau–Kajang
Kayan–Murik
Land Dayak
Malayo–Chamic *
Sundanese
Rejang?
Moklenic?

Admiralty St. Matthias Temotu Southeast Solomonic Micronesian Central Pacific
Western	Meso-Melanesian North New Guinea Papuan Tip
Southern	Vanuatu North Central South Loyalties–New Caledonia