Cream City,[1] Brew City,[2] Beer Capital of the World,[3] Miltown,[4] The Mil, MKE, The City of Festivals,[5] The German Athens of America,[6]The 414[7]
The etymological origin of the nameMilwaukee is disputed.[29][30] Wisconsin academic Virgil J. Vogel has said, "the name [...] Milwaukee is not difficult to explain, yet there are a number of conflicting claims made concerning it.[31]
One theory says it comes from theAnishinaabemowin/Ojibwe wordmino-akking, meaning "good land",[29][32] or words in closely related languages that mean the same.[33] These included Menominee and Potawatomi.[31] This theory was popularized by a line byAlice Cooper in the 1992 comedy filmWayne's World.[29] Another theory is that it stems from theMeskwaki language, whose term for "gathering place" ismahn-a-waukee.[29][32] The city of Milwaukee itself claims that the name is derived frommahn-ah-wauk, a Potawatomi word for "council grounds".[34]
The name of the future city was spelled in many ways prior to 1844.[35] People living west of theMilwaukee River preferred the modern-day spelling, while those east of the river often called itMilwaukie.[29] Other spellings includedMelleokii (1679),Millioki (1679),Meleki (1684),Milwarik (1699),Milwacky (1761),Milwakie (1779),Millewackie (1817),Milwahkie (1820), andMilwalky (1821). TheMilwaukee Sentinel usedMilwaukie in its headline until it switched toMilwaukee on November 30, 1844.[35]
Indigenous cultures lived along the waterways for thousands of years. The first recorded inhabitants of the Milwaukee area were variousNative American tribes: theMenominee,Meskwaki,Mascouten,Sauk,Potawatomi, andOjibwe (all Algic/Algonquian peoples), and theHo-Chunk (Winnebago, a Siouan people). Many of these people had lived aroundGreen Bay[36] before migrating to the Milwaukee area at about the time of European contact.
In the second half of the 18th century, the Native Americans living near Milwaukee played a role in all the major European wars on the American continent. During theFrench and Indian War, a group of "Ojibwas and Pottawattamies from the far [Lake] Michigan" (i.e., the area from Milwaukee to Green Bay) joined the French-CanadianDaniel Liénard de Beaujeu at theBattle of the Monongahela.[37] In theAmerican Revolutionary War, the Native Americans around Milwaukee were some of the few groups to ally with the rebel Continentals.[38]
After theAmerican Revolutionary War, the Native Americans fought the United States in theNorthwest Indian War as part of theCouncil of Three Fires. During theWar of 1812, they held a council in Milwaukee in June 1812, which resulted in their decision to attackChicago[39] in retaliation against American expansion. This resulted in theBattle of Fort Dearborn on August 15, 1812, the only known armed conflict in Chicago. This battle convinced the American government toremove these groups of Native Americans from their indigenous land.[dubious –discuss] After being attacked in theBlack Hawk War in 1832, the Native Americans in Milwaukee signed the1833 Treaty of Chicago with the United States. In exchange for ceding their lands in the area, they were to receive monetary payments and lands west of the Mississippi inIndian Territory.[40]
Statue ofSolomon Juneau, who helped establish the city of Milwaukee
Europeans arrived in the Milwaukee area before the 1833 Treaty of Chicago. French missionaries and traders first passed through the area in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Alexis Laframboise, coming from Michilimackinac (now in Michigan), settled a trading post in 1785 and is considered the first resident of European descent in the Milwaukee region.[41]
One story on the origin of Milwaukee's name says,
[O]ne day during the thirties of the last century [1800s] a newspaper calmly changed the name to Milwaukee, and Milwaukee it has remained until this day.[42]
The spelling "Milwaukie" lives on inMilwaukie,Oregon, named after the Wisconsin city in 1847, before the current spelling was universally accepted.[43]
Milwaukee has three "founding fathers":Solomon Juneau,Byron Kilbourn, andGeorge H. Walker. Solomon Juneau was the first of the three to come to the area, in 1818. He founded a town called Juneau's Side, or Juneautown, that began attracting more settlers. In competition with Juneau, Byron Kilbourn established Kilbourntown west of theMilwaukee River. He ensured the roads running toward the river did not join with those on the east side. This accounts for the large number of angled bridges that still exist in Milwaukee today.[44] Further, Kilbourn distributed maps of the area which only showed Kilbourntown, implying Juneautown did not exist or the river's east side was uninhabited and thus undesirable. The third prominent developer was George H. Walker. He claimed land to the south of the Milwaukee River, along with Juneautown, where he built a log house in 1834. This area grew and became known as Walker's Point.[45]
The first large wave of settlement to the areas that would later become Milwaukee County and the City of Milwaukee began in 1835, following removal of the tribes in the Council of Three Fires. Early that year it became known that Juneau and Kilbourn intended to lay out competing town-sites. By the year's end both had purchased their lands from the government and made their first sales. There were perhaps 100 new settlers in this year, mostly from New England and other Eastern states. On September 17, 1835, the first election was held in Milwaukee; the number of votes cast was 39.[46]
By 1840, the three towns had grown, along with their rivalries. There were intense battles between the towns, mainly Juneautown and Kilbourntown, which culminated with theMilwaukee Bridge War of 1845. Following the Bridge War, on January 31, 1846, the towns were combined to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee, and elected Solomon Juneau as Milwaukee's first mayor.[47]
Milwaukee began to grow as a city as high numbers of immigrants, mainlyGerman, made their way to Wisconsin during the 1840s and 1850s. Scholars classifyGerman immigration to the United States in three major waves, and Wisconsin received a significant number of immigrants from all three. The first wave from 1845 to 1855 consisted mainly of people fromSouthwestern Germany, the second wave from 1865 to 1873 concerned primarilyNorthwestern Germany, while the third wave from 1880 to 1893 came fromNortheastern Germany.[48][48] By 1900, 34 percent of Milwaukee's population was of German background.[48] The largest number of German immigrants to Milwaukee came fromPrussia, followed byBavaria,Saxony,Hanover, andHesse-Darmstadt. Milwaukee gained its reputation as the most German of American cities not just from the large number of German immigrants it received, but also for the sense of community that the immigrants established.[49]
Most German immigrants came to Wisconsin in search of inexpensive farmland.[49] However, immigration began to change in character and size in the late 1840s and early 1850s, due to the1848 revolutionary movements in Europe.[50] After 1848, hopes for a united Germany had failed, and revolutionary and radical Germans, known as the "Forty-Eighters", immigrated to the U.S. to avoid imprisonment and persecution by German authorities.[51]
One of the most famous "liberal revolutionaries" of 1848 wasCarl Schurz. He later explained in 1854 why he came to Milwaukee,
"It is true, similar things [cultural events and societies] were done in other cities where the Forty-eighters [sic] had congregated. But so far as I know, nowhere did their influence so quickly impress itself upon the whole social atmosphere as in 'German Athens of America' as Milwaukee was called at the time."[52]
Schurz was referring to the various clubs and societies Germans developed in Milwaukee. The AmericanTurners established its ownNormal College for teachers of physical education and theGerman-English Academy.[53] Milwaukee's German element is still strongly present; the city celebrates its German culture by annually hosting a German Fest in July[54] and anOktoberfest in October. Milwaukee boasts a number of German restaurants, as well as a traditional German beer hall. A German languageimmersion school is offered for children in gradesK–5.[55]
Wisconsin Street and thePabst Building in the early 20th century
In addition to the Germans and Poles, Milwaukee received a large influx of otherEuropean immigrants fromLithuania,Italy,Ireland,France,Russia,Bohemia, andSweden, who includedJews,Lutherans, andCatholics.Italian Americans total 16,992 in the city, but in Milwaukee County, they number at 38,286.[60] The largest Italian-American festival in the area,Festa Italiana, is held in the city, whileIrishfest is the largest Irish-American festival in southeast Wisconsin.[62] By 1910, Milwaukee shared the distinction withNew York City of having the largest percentage of foreign-born residents in the United States.[63] In 1910, European descendants ("Whites") represented 99.7% of the city's total population of 373,857.[64] Milwaukee has a strongGreek Orthodox Community, many of whom attend theAnnunciation Greek Orthodox Church on Milwaukee's northwest side, designed by Wisconsin-born architectFrank Lloyd Wright. Milwaukee has a sizableCroatian population, with Croatian churches and their own historic and successful soccer clubThe Croatian Eagles at the 30-acre Croatian Park in Franklin, Wisconsin.[citation needed]
Milwaukee also has a largeSerbian population, who have developed Serbian restaurants, aSerbian K–8 School, and Serbian churches, along with an American Serb Hall. The American Serb Hall in Milwaukee is known for its Friday fish fries and popular events. Many U.S. presidents have visited Milwaukee's Serb Hall in the past. The Bosnian population is growing in Milwaukee as well due to late-20th-century immigration after the war inBosnia-Herzegovina.[citation needed]
During this time, a small community ofAfrican Americans migrated from theSouth in theGreat Migration. They settled near each other, forming a community that came to be known asBronzeville. As industry boomed, more migrants came, and African-American influence grew in Milwaukee.[65]
In 1892,Whitefish Bay,South Milwaukee, andWauwatosa were incorporated. They were followed byCudahy (1895), North Milwaukee (1897) and East Milwaukee, later known asShorewood, in 1900. In the early 20th century,West Allis (1902), andWest Milwaukee (1906) were added, which completed the first generation of "inner-ring" suburbs.
During the first sixty years of the 20th century, Milwaukee was the major city in which theSocialist Party of America earned the highest votes. Milwaukee elected threemayors who ran on the ticket of the Socialist Party:Emil Seidel (1910–1912),Daniel Hoan (1916–1940), andFrank Zeidler (1948–1960). Often referred to as "Sewer Socialists", the Milwaukee Socialists were characterized by their practical approach to government and labor.[66] On November 24, 1917, Milwaukee was the site of aterrorist explosion when a large black powder bomb[67] exploded at the central police station at Oneida and Broadway.[68] Nine members of the department were killed in the blast, along with a female civilian, Catherine Walker.[67][69] It was suspected at the time that the bomb had been placed outside the church by anarchists, particularly theGalleanist faction led by adherents ofLuigi Galleani. At the time, the bombing was the most fatal single event in national law enforcement history.[70]
In the 1920s,Chicago gangster activity came north to Milwaukee during theProhibition era.Al Capone, noted Chicago mobster, owned a home in the Milwaukee suburbBrookfield, wheremoonshine was made. The house still stands on a street named after Capone.[71]
By 1925, around 9,000Mexicans lived in Milwaukee, but theGreat Depression forced many of them to move back south. In the 1950s, the Hispanic community was beginning to emerge. They arrived for jobs, filling positions in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. During this time there were labor shortages due to the immigration laws that had reduced immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe. Additionally, strikes contributed to the labor shortages.[72]
In the mid-20th century, African-Americans from Chicago moved to the North side of Milwaukee.[citation needed] Milwaukee'sEast Side has attracted a population of Russians and other Eastern Europeans who began migrating in the 1990s, after the end of theCold War.[citation needed] Many Hispanics of mostly Puerto Rican and Mexican heritage live on the south side of Milwaukee.[citation needed] In the 1930s the city was severely segregated viaredlining. In 1960, African-American residents made up 15 percent of Milwaukee's population, yet the city was still among the most segregated of that time. As of 2019, at least three out of four black residents in Milwaukee would have to move to create racially integrated neighborhoods.[21]
Milwaukee's population peaked at 741,324 in 1960, where the Census Bureau reported the city's population as 91.1% white and 8.4% black.[73] By the late 1960s, Milwaukee's population had started to decline as people moved to suburbs, aided by ease of highways and offering the advantages of less crime, new housing, and lower taxation.[74] Milwaukee had a population of 594,833 by 2010, while the population of the overall metropolitan area increased. Given its large immigrant population and historic neighborhoods, Milwaukee avoided the severe declines of some of its fellow "Rust Belt" cities.
Since the 1980s, the city has begun to make strides in improving its economy, neighborhoods, and image, resulting in the revitalization of neighborhoods such as theHistoric Third Ward,Lincoln Village, theEast Side, and more recently Walker's Point andBay View, along with attracting new businesses to its downtown area. These efforts have substantially slowed the population decline and have stabilized many parts of Milwaukee. Largely through its efforts to preserve its history, Milwaukee was named one of the "Dozen Distinctive Destinations" by theNational Trust for Historic Preservation in 2006.[75] Historic Milwaukee walking tours provide a guided tour of Milwaukee's historic districts, including topics on Milwaukee's architectural heritage, its glass skywalk system, and theMilwaukee Riverwalk.
Panorama map of Milwaukee, with a view of theCity Hall tower,c. 1898
Milwaukee's terrain is sculpted by the glacier path and includes steep bluffs along Lake Michigan that begin about a mile (1.6 km) north of downtown. In addition, 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Milwaukee is the Kettle Moraine and lake country that provides an industrial landscape combined with inland lakes.
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 96.80 square miles (250.71 km2), of which, 96.12 square miles (248.95 km2) is land and 0.68 square miles (1.76 km2) is water.[76] The city is overwhelmingly (99.89% of its area) inMilwaukee County, but there are two tiny unpopulated portions that extend into neighboring counties.[77][A]
North–south streets are numbered, and east–west streets are named. However, north–south streets east of 1st Street are named, like east–west streets. The north–south numbering line is along the Menomonee River (east of Hawley Road) and Fairview Avenue/Golfview Parkway (west of Hawley Road), with the east–west numbering line defined along 1st Street (north of Oklahoma Avenue) and Chase/Howell Avenue (south of Oklahoma Avenue). This numbering system is also used to the north byMequon inOzaukee County, and by someWaukesha County communities.
One of the distinctive traits of Milwaukee's residential areas are the neighborhoods full of so-calledPolish flats. These are two-familyhomes with separate entrances, but with the units stacked one on top of another instead of side-by-side. This arrangement enables a family of limited means to purchase both a home and a modestly pricedrentalapartment unit. SincePolish-American immigrants to the area prized land ownership, this solution, which was prominent in their areas of settlement within the city, came to be associated with them.[78]
The tallest building in the city is theU.S. Bank Center, completed in 1973. In 2024Architectural Digest, a prominent design publication, rated Milwaukee's skyline as the 15th most beautiful skyline in the world.[79]
Milwaukee's location in theGreat Lakes Region often has rapidly changing weather, producing ahumid continental climate (KöppenDfa), with cold, snowy winters, and hot, humid summers. The warmest month of the year is July, with a mean temperature of 73.3 °F (22.9 °C), while January is the coldest month, with a mean temperature of 24.0 °F (−4.4 °C).
Because of Milwaukee's proximity to Lake Michigan, a convection current forms around mid-afternoon in light wind, resulting in the so-called "lake breeze" – a smaller scale version of the more commonsea breeze. The lake breeze is most common between March and July. This onshore flow causes cooler temperatures to move inland usually 5 to 15 miles (8 to 24 km), with much warmer conditions persisting further inland. Because Milwaukee's official climate site,Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport, is only 3 miles (4.8 km) from the lake, seasonal temperature variations are less extreme than in many other locations of theMilwaukee metropolitan area.
As the sun sets, the convection current reverses and an offshore flow ensues causing a land breeze. After a land breeze develops, warmer temperatures flow east toward the lakeshore, sometimes causing high temperatures during the late evening. The lake breeze is not a daily occurrence and will not usually form if a southwest, west, or northwest wind generally exceeds 15 mph (24 km/h). The lake moderates cold air outbreaks along the lakeshore during winter months.
Aside from the lake's influence, overnight lows in downtown Milwaukee year-round are often much warmer than suburban locations because of theurban heat island effect. Onshore winds elevate daytimerelative humidity levels in Milwaukee as compared to inland locations nearby.
Thunderstorms in the region can be dangerous and damaging, bringinghail and high winds. In rare instances, they can bring atornado. However, almost all summer rainfall in the city is brought by these storms. In spring and fall, longer events of prolonged, lighter rain bring most of theprecipitation. A moderate snow cover can be seen on or linger for many winter days, but even during meteorological winter, on average, over 40% of days see less than 1 inch (2.5 cm) on the ground.[80]
Milwaukee tends to experience highs that are 90 °F (32 °C) or above on about nine days per year, and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on six to seven nights.[80] Extremes range from 105 °F (41 °C) set on July 24, 1934, down to −26 °F (−32 °C) on both January 17, 1982, and February 4, 1996.[81] The 1982 event, also known asCold Sunday, featured temperatures as low as −40 °F (−40 °C) in some of thesuburbs as little as 10 miles (16 km) to the north of Milwaukee.
According to the United States'Environmental Protection Agency, Milwaukee is threatened by ongoingclimate change which is warming the planet. These risks include worsened heat waves because many of its residents do not possessair conditioners, concerns about the water quality of Lake Michigan, and increased chances of flooding from intense rainstorms.[85] In 2018, Milwaukee mayorTom Barrett announced that the city would uphold its obligations under theParis Agreement, despite the United States' withdrawal, and set a goal moving a quarter of the city's electricity sources to renewable energy by 2025. These have included expansions in the city's solar power-generating capacity and awind turbine's installation near the Port of Milwaukee. Other actions being taken include local incentives for energy-saving upgrades to homes and businesses.[86]
In the 1990s and 2000s, Lake Michigan experienced largealgae blooms, which can threaten aquatic life. Responding to this problem, in 2009 the city became an "Innovating City" in theGlobal Compact Cities Program. The Milwaukee Water Council was also formed in 2009.[87] Its objectives were to "better understand the processes related to freshwater systems dynamics" and to develop "a policy and management program aimed at balancing the protection and utilization of freshwater". The strategy used theCircles of Sustainability method. Instead of treating the water quality problem as a single environmental issue, the Water Council draws on the Circles method to analyze the interconnection among ecological, economic, political and cultural factors.[88] This holistic water treatment helped Milwaukee win the US Water Alliance's 2012 US Water Prize.[89] In 2009 the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee also established theUniversity of Wisconsin–Milwaukee School of Freshwater Sciences, the first graduate school oflimnology in the United States.
As of 2021[update], there are more than 3,000 drinking fountains in the Milwaukee Public School District; 183 had lead levels above 15 parts per billion (ppb). 15 ppb is the federal action level in which effort needs to be taken to lower these lead levels.[90] In the city, more than 10% of children test positive for dangerous lead levels in their blood as of 2019[update].[91]
As of the2020 United States census,[94] the population was 577,222. Thepopulation density was 6,001.2 inhabitants per square mile (2,317.1/km2). There were 257,723 housing units at an average density of 2,679.5 per square mile (1,034.6/km2). Ethnically, the population was 20.1%Hispanic orLatino of any race. When grouping both Hispanic and non-Hispanic people together by race, the city was 38.6%Black orAfrican American, 36.1%White, 5.2%Asian, 0.9%Native American, 9.0% fromother races, and 10.1% from two or more races.
The 2020 census population of the city included 1,198 people incarcerated in adult correctional facilities and 9,625 people in university student housing.[95]
According to theAmerican Community Survey estimates for 2016-2020, the median income for a household in the city was $43,125, and the median income for a family was $51,170. Male full-time workers had a median income of $42,859 versus $37,890 for female workers. Theper capita income for the city was $24,167. About 19.6% of families and 24.6% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 35.1% of those under age 18 and 14.5% of those age 65 or over.[96] Of the population age 25 and over, 84.4% were high school graduates or higher and 24.6% had a bachelor's degree or higher.[97]
According to the 2010 Census, 44.8% of the population was White (37.0%non-Hispanic white), 40.0% was Black or African American, 0.8% American Indian and Alaska Native, 3.5% Asian, 3.4% from two or more races. 17.3% of Milwaukee's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race) (11.7% Mexican, 4.1% Puerto Rican).[99]
According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, 38.3% of Milwaukee's residents reported havingAfrican American ancestry and 20.8% reportedGerman ancestry. Other significant population groups includePolish (8.8%),Irish (6.5%),Italian (3.6%),English (2.8%), andFrench (1.7%). According to the 2010 United States census, the largest Hispanic backgrounds in Milwaukee as of 2010 were: Mexican (69,680), Puerto Rican (24,672), Other Hispanic or Latino (3,808), Central American (1,962), South American (1,299), Cuban (866) and Dominican (720).[100] Per the 2022 American Community Survey five-year estimates, theGerman American population was 87,601.[101] Per the 2023 American Community Survey one-year estimates, theMexican American population was 82,845, comprising over 60% of the city's Latino population.[102]
TheMilwaukee metropolitan area was cited as being the most segregated in the U.S. in aJet Magazine article in 2002.[103] The source of this information was a segregation index developed in the mid-1950s and used since 1964. In 2003, a non-peer-reviewed study was conducted by hired researchers at theUniversity of Wisconsin–Milwaukee which claimed Milwaukee is not "hypersegregated" and instead ranks as the 43rd most integrated city in America.[104] According to research by demographerWilliam H. Frey using theindex of dissimilarity method and data from the2010 United States Census, Milwaukee has the highest level of black-white segregation of any of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the United States.[105] Through continued dialogue between Milwaukee's citizens, the city is trying to reduce racial tensions and the rate of segregation.[106] With demographic changes in the wake ofwhite flight, segregation in metropolitan Milwaukee is primarily in the suburbs rather than the city as in the era ofFather Groppi.[107][108]
In 2015, Milwaukee was rated as the "worst city for black Americans" based on disparities in employment and income levels.[109] The city's black population experiences high levels ofincarceration and a severeeducational achievement gap.[110]
As of 2010, approximately 51.8% of residents in the Milwaukee area said they regularly attended religious services. 24.6% of the Milwaukee area population identified asCatholic, 10.8% asLutheran, 1.6% asMethodist, and 0.6% asJewish.[114] The Milwaukee metro area contains the majority of the state's Jewish population,[115] and has a longhistory of Jewish immigration from German-speaking and Eastern European countries.[116]
TheSt. Sava Serbian Orthodox Cathedral is a landmark of the Serbian community in Milwaukee, located by the American Serb hall, which the congregation also operated until putting it up for sale in January 2021 due to financial challenges caused by theCOVID-19 pandemic.[117]
Milwaukee was situated as a port city and a center for collecting and distributing produce. Some of the newimmigrants who were settling into the new state of Wisconsin during the middle of the 19th century were wheat farmers. By 1860, Wisconsin was one of the major producers of wheat.Rail transport was needed to transport this grain from the wheat fields of Wisconsin to Milwaukee's harbor. Improvements in railways at the time made this possible.[119]
There was intense competition for markets withChicago, situated across the state line inIllinois, and, to a lesser degree, withRacine andKenosha in Wisconsin. Eventually, Chicago won out due to its superior financial markets and transportation position, including theChicago Portage and being the hub of the railroad lines in the United States. Milwaukee did solidify its place as the commercial capital of Wisconsin and an important market in the Midwest.[120]
Reshaping of the valley began with therailroads built by city co-founderByron Kilbourn to bring product from Wisconsin's farm interior to the port. By 1862 Milwaukee was the largest shipper ofwheat on the planet, and related industry developed.Grain elevators were built and, due to Milwaukee's dominantGerman immigrant population,breweries sprang up around the processing ofbarley andhops. A number oftanneries were constructed, of which thePfister & Vogel tannery grew to become the largest in America.
In 1843 George Burnham and his brother Jonathan opened abrickyard near 16th Street. When a durable and distinct cream-colored brick came out of the clay beds, other brickyards sprang up to take advantage of this resource. Because many of the city's buildings were built using this material it earned the nickname "Cream City", and consequently the brick was calledCream City brick. By 1881 the Burnham brickyard, which employed 200 men and peaked at 15 million bricks a year, was the largest in the world.
TheMiller Brewery, viewed from the Wisconsin Avenue Bridge, was founded in Milwaukee in 1855.
The formerPabst Brewery Complex was closed in 1997 and later renovated into a mixed-use complex.
Milwaukee became synonymous withGermans andbeer beginning in the 1840s. The Germans had long enjoyed beer and set up breweries when they arrived in Milwaukee. By 1856, there were more than two dozen breweries in Milwaukee, most of them owned and operated by Germans. Besides making beer for the rest of the nation, Milwaukeeans enjoyed consuming the various beers produced in the city's breweries. As early as 1843, pioneer historian James Buck recorded 138 taverns in Milwaukee, an average of one per forty residents. Today,beer halls and taverns are abundant in the city, but only one of the major breweries—Miller—remains in Milwaukee.[120]
Milwaukee was once the home to four of the world's largest beer breweries (Schlitz,Blatz,Pabst, and Miller), and was the number one beer producing city in the world for many years. As late as 1981, Milwaukee had the greatest brewing capacity in the world.[124] Despite the decline in its position as the world's leading beer producer after the loss of two of those breweries, Miller Brewing Company remains a key employer by employing over 2,200 of the city's workers.[125] Because of Miller's position as the second-largest beer-maker in the U.S., the city remains known as a beer town. The city and surrounding areas are seeing a resurgence in microbreweries, nanobreweries and brewpubs with the craft beer movement.[126]
The historic Milwaukee Brewery in "Miller Valley" at 4000 West State Street, is the oldest functioning major brewery in the United States. In 2008,Coors beer also began to be brewed in Miller Valley. This created additional brewery jobs in Milwaukee, but the company's world headquarters moved from Milwaukee to Chicago.
Three beer brewers with Wisconsin operations made the 2009 list of the 50 largest beermakers in the United States, based on beer sales volume. Making the latest big-breweries list from Wisconsin isMillerCoors at No. 2. MillerCoors is a joint venture formed in 2008 by Milwaukee-based Miller Brewing Co. and Golden, Colorado-basedMolson Coors Brewing Company. TheMinhas Craft Brewery inMonroe, Wisconsin, which brews Huber, Rhinelander and Mountain Crest brands, ranked No. 14 andNew Glarus Brewing Company,New Glarus, Wisconsin, whose brands include Spotted Cow, Fat Squirrel and Uff-da, ranked No. 32.[129]
Milwaukee is a popular location for sailing, boating, and kayaking on Lake Michigan, ethnic dining, and cultural festivals. Often referred to as the City of Festivals,[5] Milwaukee has various cultural events which take place throughout the summer atHenry Maier Festival Park, on the lake. Museums and cultural events, such as Jazz in the Park, occur weekly in downtown parks. A 2011 study byWalk Score ranked Milwaukee 15th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.[134] In 2018, the city was voted "The Coolest City in the Midwest" by Vogue.[135]
TheMilwaukee Art Museum is perhaps Milwaukee's most visually prominent cultural attraction, especially its $100 million wing designed bySantiago Calatrava in his first American commission.[136] The museum includes abrise soleil, a moving sunscreen that unfolds similarly to the wing of a bird. TheGrohmann Museum at theMilwaukee School of Engineering contains the world's most comprehensive art collection dedicated to the evolution of human work.[137]Haggerty Museum of Art on the Marquette University campus houses several classical masterpieces and is open to the public. TheVilla Terrace Decorative Arts Museum is the former home of Lloyd Smith, president of theA.O. Smith corporation, and has a terraced garden, an assortment of Renaissance art, and rotating exhibits.[138]Charles Allis Art Museum, in the Tudor-style mansion of Charles Allis, hosts several changing exhibits every year in the building's original antique furnished setting.
TheMilwaukee Public Museum has been Milwaukee's primarynatural history andhuman history museum for 125 years, with over 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) of permanent exhibits.[139] Exhibits feature Africa, Europe, the Arctic, Oceania, and South and Middle America, ancient Western civilizations, dinosaurs, the tropical rainforest, streets of Old Milwaukee, a European Village, live insects and arthropods, aSamson gorilla replica, the Puelicher Butterfly Wing, hands-on laboratories, and animatronics. The museum also contains anIMAX movie theater/planetarium. Milwaukee Public Museum owns the world's largest dinosaur skull.[140]
Discovery World, Milwaukee's largest museum dedicated to science, is just south of the Milwaukee Art Museum along the lakefront. Visitors are drawn by its interactive exhibits, saltwater and freshwater aquariums, as well as touch tanks and digital theaters. Adouble helix staircase wraps around the 40-foot (12 m) kinetic sculpture of a human genome. The S/V Dennis Sullivan Schooner Ship docked at Discovery World is the world's only re-creation of an 1880s-era three-masted vessel and the first schooner to be built in Milwaukee in over 100 years. It teaches visitors about the Great Lakes and Wisconsin's maritime history.Betty Brinn Children's Museum[141] is geared toward children under ten years of age and is filled with hands-on exhibits and interactive programs, offering families a chance to learn together. Voted one of the top ten museums for children byParents Magazine, it exemplifies the philosophy that constructive play nurtures the mind.
Pabst Mansion was built in 1892 by beer tycoonFrederick Pabst and was once considered the jewel of Milwaukee's famous avenue of mansions called the "Grand Avenue". Interior rooms have been restored with period furniture, to create an authentic replica of a Victorian Mansion. TheMilwaukee County Historical Society features Milwaukee during the late 19th century through the mid-20th century, including a research library. The Wisconsin Black Historical Society documents and preserves the historical heritage of African descent in Wisconsin, exhibiting collecting and disseminating materials depicting this heritage.[142]America's Black Holocaust Museum, founded bylynching survivorJames Cameron, featured exhibits which chronicle the injustices suffered throughout history by African Americans in the United States.[143][144][145] TheJewish Museum Milwaukee is dedicated to preserving and presenting the history of the Jewish people in southeastern Wisconsin and celebrating the continuum of Jewish heritage and culture.[146]
Additionally, Milwaukee has a burgeoning mural arts scene.Black Cat Alley is a well-known arts destination in a one-block alleyway in theEast Side neighborhood of Milwaukee, recognized for its street art mural installations. It is behind the historicOriental Theatre and includes both temporary and semi-permanent installations by a variety of artists and art groups. Another highly visible corridor of street art in Milwaukee is on the south side in the Walker's Point neighborhood, especially along 5th and 2nd streets.
Milwaukee hosts a variety of primarily ethnically themed festivals throughout the summer. Held generally on the lakefrontSummerfest grounds, these festivals span several days (typically Friday plus the weekend) and celebrate Milwaukee's history and diversity. Festivals for theLGBT (PrideFest) andPolish (Polish Fest) communities are typically held in June. Summerfest spans 11 days at the end of June and beginning of July. There areFrench (Bastille Days),Greek,Italian (Festa Italiana) andGerman (German Fest) festivals in July. TheAfrican,Arab,Irish (Irish Fest),Mexican, andAmerican Indian events wrap it up from August through September.[149] Milwaukee is also home toTrainfest, the largest operating model railroad show in America, in November.
Milwaukee has a long history of musical activity. The first organized musical society, called "Milwaukee Beethoven Society" formed in 1843, three years before the city was incorporated.[152]
The large concentrations of German and other European immigrants contributed to the musical character of the city.Saengerfeste were held regularly.[153]
In the early 20th century, guitaristLes Paul and pianistLiberace were some of the area's most famous musicians. Both Paul, born in Waukesha, and Liberace, born in West Allis, launched their careers in Milwaukee music venues.Paramount Records, primarily a jazz and blues record label, was founded inGrafton, a northern suburb of Milwaukee, in the 1920s and 1930s.Hal Leonard Corporation, founded in 1947, is one of the world's largest music print publishers, and is headquartered in Milwaukee.[154] More recently, Milwaukee has a history ofrock,hip hop,jazz,soul,blues,punk,ska,industrial music,electronica,world music, andpop music bands.
Milwaukee's most famous music venue isSummerfest. Founded in 1968, Summerfest features 700–800 live musical acts across 12 stages during 11 days over a 12-day period beginning in late June; while the dates adjust each year, Summerfest always includes July 4. On the Summerfest grounds, the largest venue is the American Family Insurance Amphitheater with a 23,000 person capacity. Adjacent is the BMO Harris Pavilion, which has a capacity of roughly 10,000. The BMO Harris Pavilion also hosts numerous concerts and events outside of Summerfest; other stages are also used during the numerous other festivals held on the grounds.
Milwaukee also has a strong history of nonprofessional sports dating back to the 19th century.Abraham Lincoln watchedcricket in Milwaukee in 1849 when he attended a game between Chicago and Milwaukee. In 1854, the Milwaukee Cricket Club had 150 members.[161]
Milwaukee was the host city of theInternational Cycling Classic, which included the men's and women'sSuperweek Pro Tour races, featuring cyclists and teams from across the United States and more than 20 other countries.[citation needed]
Milwaukee County is known for its well-developedParks of Milwaukee park system.[162] The "Grand Necklace of Parks", designed byFrederick Law Olmsted, designer of New York's Central Park, includesLake Park, River Park (now Riverside Park), and West Park (nowWashington Park). Milwaukee County Parks offer facilities for sunbathing, picnics, grilling,disc golf, and ice skating.[163] Milwaukee has over 140 parks with over 15,000 acres (6,100 ha) of parks and parkways.
Mitchell Park Horticultural Conservatory is a conservatory at Mitchell Park. It is owned and operated by the Milwaukee County Park System, and replaced the original Milwaukee Conservatory which stood from 1898 to 1955. Its three domes display a large variety of plant and bird life. The conservatory includes the Tropical Dome, the Arid Dome and the Show Dome, which hosts four seasonal (cultural, literary, or historic) shows and one Christmas exhibit held annually in December for visitors to enjoy. The Domes are deteriorating rapidly "and the popular horticultural conservatory will close within a few years unless $30 million is found to do just basic repairs."[166]
The Monarch Trail, on the Milwaukee County Grounds in Wauwatosa, is a 1.25-mile (2 km) trail that highlights the fall migration of themonarch butterflies.[170]
During the summer months,Cathedral Park in Downtown Milwaukee hosts "Jazz in the Park" on Thursday nights.[171] Nearby Pere Marquette Park hosts "River Rhythms" on Wednesday nights.
Milwaukee Public Market, in theThird Ward neighborhood, is an indoor market that sells produce, seafood, meats, cheeses, vegetables, candies, and flowers from local businesses.
Milwaukee County Farmers Markets, held in season, sell fresh produce, meats, cheeses, jams, jellies, preserves and syrups, and plants. Farmers markets also feature artists and craftspeople. Locations include: Aur Farmers Market, Brown Deer Farmers Market, Cudahy Farmers Market, East Town Farm Market, Enderis Park Farmers Market, Fondy Farmers Market, Mitchell Street Market, Riverwest Gardeners' Market, Silver Spring Farmers Market, South Milwaukee Farmers Market, South Shore Farmers Market, Uptown Farmers Market, Wauwatosa Farmers Market, West Allis Farmers Market, and Westown Market on the Park.
Milwaukee has amayor-council form of government. With the election of MayorJohn O. Norquist in 1988, the city adopted a cabinet form of government with the mayor appointing department heads not otherwise elected or appointed—notably the Fire and Police Chiefs. While this gave the mayor greater control of the city's day-to-day operations, the Common Council retains almost complete control over the city's finances and the mayor, with the exception of his proposed annual budget, cannot directly introduce legislation. The Common Council consists of 15 members, one from each district in the city.[citation needed]
Milwaukee has a history of giving long tenures to its mayors; fromFrank Zeidler toTom Barrett, the city had only four elected mayors (and one acting) in a 73-year period.[172] When 28-year incumbentHenry Maier retired in 1988, he held the record for longest term of service for a city of Milwaukee's size,[citation needed] and when Barrett retired in 2021, he was the longest-serving mayor of any of the United States' 50 largest cities.[173]
In 2001 and 2007, Milwaukee ranked among the ten most dangerous large cities in the United States.[182][183] Despite its improvement since then, Milwaukee still fares worse when comparing specific crime types to the national average (e.g., homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault)[184][185]TheMilwaukee Police Department's Gang Unit was reactivated in 2004 afterNannette Hegerty was sworn in as chief. In 2006, 4,000 charges were brought against suspects through Milwaukee's Gang Unit.[186] In 2013 there were 105 murders in Milwaukee and 87 homicides the following year.[187] In 2015, 146 people were killed in the city.[188] In 2018, Milwaukee was ranked the eighth most dangerous city in the US.[189]
As of 2016[update], Milwaukee currently ranks as the second poorest U.S. city with over 500,000 residents, falling behind onlyDetroit.[190] In 2013, a Point-In-Time survey estimated 1,500 people were homeless on Milwaukee's streets each night,[191] although as of 2022 the estimate has reduced to 832.[192] The city's homeless and poor are aided by several local nonprofits, including theMilwaukee Rescue Mission.
Milwaukee is also home to over two dozen private or parochial high schools, such asMarquette University High School, and many private andparochial middle and elementary schools. In 1990, Milwaukee became the first city in the United States to offer aschool voucher program.
Of persons in Milwaukee aged 25 and above, 89.2% have a high school diploma, and 32.4% have a bachelor's degree or higher.[201]
Milwaukee's dailynewspaper is theMilwaukee Journal Sentinel, which was formed when the morning paper theMilwaukee Sentinel merged with the afternoon paperMilwaukee Journal. The city has two free distribution alternative publications,Shepherd Express andWisconsin Gazette. Other local newspapers, city guides, and magazines with large distributions includeMilwaukee Magazine,Milwaukee Neighborhood News Service,Milwaukee Independent,Riverwest Currents,The Milwaukee Courier andMilwaukee Community Journal.Urban Milwaukee andOnMilwaukee.com are online-only publications providing political and real-estate news as well as stories about cultural events and entertainment. TheUWM Post is the independent, student-run weekly at theUniversity of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.[citation needed]
There are numerousradio stations throughout Milwaukee and the surrounding area.
There are two cablePEG channels in Milwaukee: channels 13 and 25.
Until 2015,Journal Communications (aNYSE-traded corporation) published theJournal Sentinel and well over a dozen local weekly newspapers in the metropolitan area. At that time, Journal was split into the Journal Media Group for publishing, while the television and radio stations went to theE. W. Scripps Company (Journal founded WTMJ-TV, along withWTMJ andWKTI). As a result, it was criticized for having a near-monopoly in local news coverage.[202][203] Journal Media Group merged withGannett in 2016, while Scripps sold the radio stations in 2018 toGood Karma Brands, effectively splitting off the monopoly completely.
Milwaukee's health care industry includes several health systems. The Milwaukee Regional Medical Complex, between 8700 and 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, is on the Milwaukee County grounds. This area includes theChildren's Hospital of Wisconsin,Froedtert Hospital, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, theRonald McDonald House, Curative Rehabilitation, and theMedical College of Wisconsin.Aurora Health Care includesSt. Luke's Medical Center, Aurora Sinai Medical Center, Aurora West Allis Medical Center, and St. Luke's SouthShore.Wheaton Franciscan Healthcare includes St. Joseph's Hospital, St. Francis Hospital, The Wisconsin Heart Hospital, Elmbrook Memorial (Brookfield), and other outpatient clinics in the Milwaukee area. Columbia St. Mary's Hospital is on Milwaukee's lakeshore and has established affiliations with Froedtert Hospital and the Medical College of Wisconsin. The Medical College of Wisconsin is one of two medical schools in Wisconsin and the only one in Milwaukee.
Mitchell is served by twelve airlines,[204] which offer roughly 240 daily departures and 245 daily arrivals. Approximately 90 cities are served nonstop or direct from Mitchell International. It is the largest airport in Wisconsin and the 34th largest in the nation.[205] The airport terminal is open 24 hours a day. Since 2005, Mitchell International Airport has been connected by the Amtrak Hiawatha train service, which provides airport access via train to Chicago and downtown Milwaukee.Southwest,Frontier Airlines,American Airlines,United Airlines,Air Canada, andDelta Air Lines are among the carriers using Milwaukee's Mitchell International Airport gates.[204] In July 2015, it served 610,271 passengers.[206]
In 2010, $800 million in federal funds were allocated to the creation of high-speed rail links from Milwaukee to Chicago andMadison, but the funds were rejected by Wisconsin governorScott Walker.[207][208] In 2016,WisDOT andIDOT conducted studies to upgrade service on the AmtrakHiawatha line from seven to ten times daily between downtown Milwaukee and downtown Chicago.[209][210] As a result of the 2021 infrastructure bill and the "Amtrak Connects Us" initiative, the Milwaukee Intermodal Station is again projected to serve passenger trains to Madison and Green Bay, with the goal of the new routes being operational by 2035.[211]
TheMilwaukee County Transit System provides bus services within Milwaukee County. TheBadger Bus station in downtown Milwaukee provides bus service between Milwaukee and Madison. An East/WestBus Rapid Transit (BRT) line between downtown and the Milwaukee Regional Medical Center is also currently under construction.[212]
A modernstreetcar system,The Hop, connects Milwaukee Intermodal Station, downtown Milwaukee, and Ogden Avenue on the city'sLower East Side. The initial M-Line opened for service on November 2, 2018.[213][214] Service to the lakefront, through theCouture, on the L-Line opened on October 29, 2023.[215]
Milwaukee has no commuter rail system.Previous efforts to develop one proposed a 0.5% sales tax[216] in Milwaukee,Racine andKenosha counties to fund an expansion ofMetra'sUnion Pacific / North Line to Milwaukee Intermodal Station.[217] A 1990s Wisconsin DOT plan determined the path forward for east-west transportation in Milwaukee to be a mix of a comprehensive light rail system, an expansion of I-94 withHOV lanes, and increased bus service to Waukesha County. Despite being awarded $289 million for this plan from the federal government, local Republican leaders rescinded support for light rail. The "locally preferred alternative" would have connected destinations including downtown Milwaukee, UW-Milwaukee, and the Milwaukee Regional Medical Center.[218]
Three of Wisconsin'sInterstate highways intersect in Milwaukee.Interstate 94 (I-94) comes north from Chicago to enter Milwaukee and continues west toMadison. The stretch of I-94 from Seven Mile Road to theMarquette Interchange in Downtown Milwaukee is known as the North-South Freeway. I-94 from downtown Milwaukee west to Wisconsin 16 is known as the East-West Freeway.
I-43 enters Milwaukee fromBeloit in the southwest and continues north along Lake Michigan toGreen Bay viaSheboygan andManitowoc. I-43 southwest of I-41/I-894/US 41/US 45Hale Interchange is known as the Rock Freeway. I-43 is cosigned with I-894 East and I-41/US 41 South to I-94 is known as the Airport Freeway. At I-94, I-43 follows I-94 to the Marquette Interchange. I-43 continues north known as the North-South Freeway to Wisconsin Highway 57 near Port Washington.
Approved in 2015,Interstate 41 follows I-94 north from the state line before turning west at theMitchell Interchange to the Hale Interchange and then north to Green Bay viaFond du Lac,Oshkosh andAppleton. I-41/US 41/US 45 from the Hale Interchange to Wisconsin Hwy 145 is known as the Zoo Freeway.
Milwaukee has two auxiliary Interstate Highways,I-894 andI-794. I-894 bypasses downtown Milwaukee on the west and south sides of the city from theZoo Interchange to the Mitchell Interchange. I-894 is part of the Zoo Freeway and the Airport Freeway. I-794 extends east from the Marquette Interchange to Lake Michigan before turning south over theHoan Bridge toward Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport, turning intoHighway 794 along the way. This is known as the Lake Freeway.
Milwaukee is also served by threeUS Highways.U.S. Highway 18 (US 18) provides a link from downtown to points west heading toWaukesha along Wells Street, 17th/16th Streets, Highland Avenue, 35th Street, Wisconsin Avenue, and Blue Mound Road.US 41 andUS 45 both provide north–south freeway transportation on the western side of the city. The freeway system in Milwaukee carries roughly 25% of all travel in Wisconsin.[219]
Milwaukee County is also served by severalWisconsin highways. These include the following:
Hwy. 32 (Chicago Avenue, College Avenue, S. Lake Drive, Howard Avenue, Kinnickinnic Avenue, 1st Street, Pittsburgh Avenue, Milwaukee Street, State Street, Prospect Avenue NB/Farwell Avenue SB, Bradford Avenue, N. Lake Drive, Brown Deer Road)
Milwaukee's main port,Port of Milwaukee, handled 2.4 million metric tons of cargo through its municipal port in 2014.[221]Steel andsalt are handled at the port.
Milwaukee connects withMuskegon, Michigan, through theLake Express high-speedauto and passengerferry. The Lake Express travels across Lake Michigan from late spring to the fall of each year.
As of 2022[update], Milwaukee has 195 miles (314 km) of on-street bicycle facilities, including various kinds of bicycle lanes, bicycle boulevards, and trails. In the following year, the city set a goal of increasing theirprotected bicycle lanes from 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to 50 miles (80 km) by 2026.[222]
In 2006, Milwaukee obtained bronze-level status from the League of American Bicyclists,[223] a rarity for a city its size,[224] then silver-level status in 2019.[225]
The Bicycle Federation of Wisconsin[226] holds an annual Bike to Work Week. The event, held in May each year, has frequently featured a commuter race between a car, a bus, and a bike; and also a morning ride into work with the mayor.
In 2008, the city identified over 250 miles (400 km) of streets on which bike lanes will fit. It created a plan labeling 145 miles (233 km) of those as high priority for receiving bike lanes.[227] As part of the city's Bicycle and Pedestrian Task Force's mission to "make Milwaukee more bicycle and pedestrian friendly", as of 2008[update], over 700 bike racks have been installed throughout the city.[228] Since October 2018, when it enacted a Complete Streets policy, the city continuously considers the addition of bicycle facilities to roadways as part of new road projects.[229]
In 2009, theMilwaukee County Transit System began installing bicycle racks to the front of county buses.[230] This "green" effort was part of a settlement of anasbestos lawsuit filed by the state against the county in 2006.[231] The lawsuit cites the release of asbestos into the environment when theCourthouse Annex was demolished.[232]
In August 2014, Milwaukee debuted abicycle sharing system calledBublr Bikes, which is a partnership between the City of Milwaukee and a local non-profit, Midwest Bike Share (dba Bublr Bikes).[233][234] As of August 2023[update], the system operates over 100 stations in the city and neighboring West Allis and Wauwatosa.[235]
A 2015 study byWalk Score ranked Milwaukee as the 15th most walkable out of the 50 largest U.S. cities.[236] As a whole, the city has a score of 62 out of 100. However, several of the more densely populated neighborhoods have much higher scores: Juneautown has a score of 95; theLower East Side has a score of 91; Yankee Hill scored 91; and the Marquette and Murray Hill neighborhoods both scored 89 each.[237] Those ratings range from "A Walker's Paradise" to "Very Walkable."
According to the 2022American Community Survey, 66% of working city of Milwaukee residents commuted by driving alone, 11.1% carpooled, 4.5% used public transportation, and 4.3% walked. About 2% used all other forms of transportation, including taxicab, motorcycle, and bicycle. About 12.1% of working city of Milwaukee residents worked at home.[238] In 2015, 17.9% of city of Milwaukee households were without a car, which increased to 18.7% in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Milwaukee averaged 1.3 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.[239]
On February 10, 2015, a streetcar connecting the Milwaukee Intermodal Station with the city'sLower East Side was approved by the Common Council, bringing decades of sometimes acrimonious debate to a pause. On a 9–6 vote, the council approved a measure that established the project's $124 million capital budget, its estimated $3.2 million operating and maintenance budget and its 2.5-mile (4.0 km) route, which includes a lakefront spur connecting the line to the proposed $122 million, 44-story Couture. Construction on the Milwaukee Streetcar began March 2017, with initial operation by mid-2018.[214][240] This project was later named to The Hop, and became a free transit system.[241][242] The Lakefront service was expected to start operation by 2019.[214]
Fiserv Forum, a new multipurpose arena at 1111 Vel R. Phillips Avenue, has been built to accommodate theMilwaukee Bucks andMarquette Golden Eagles, as well as college and professional ice hockey games. Construction on the $524 million project began in November 2015 and opened to the public on August 26, 2018.[245] The arena is intended to be the focal point of a "live block" zone that includes public space surrounded by both commercial and residential developments. The arena has a transparent facade and a curved roof and side that is meant to evoke the water forms of nearby Lake Michigan and theMilwaukee River.[246]
The AmericansitcomHappy Days was set in Milwaukee and ran for 11 seasons from 1974 to 1984, becoming one of the most successful sitcoms in American television history. It presented an idealized vision of life in the 1950s and early-1960sMidwestern United States.
The American sitcom,Laverne & Shirley, a spin-off ofHappy Days, which played for eight seasons on ABC from January 27, 1976, to May 10, 1983, followed the lives of Laverne DeFazio and Shirley Feeney, two friends and roommates who work as bottle-cappers in the fictitious Shotz Brewery in late 1950s Milwaukee.
In the 1992 movie,Wayne's World, the two main characters, Wayne and Garth, meet rock starAlice Cooper after a show in Milwaukee. Cooper engages in a discussion with them and his band about Milwaukee and where the city's name comes from.[248][249]
^The part inWashington County is bordered by the southeast corner ofGermantown, while the part inWaukesha County is bordered by the southeast corner ofMenomonee Falls, north of the village ofButler. Both areas were annexed to Milwaukee for industrial reasons; the Waukesha County portion contains aCargill plant for Ambrosia Chocolate (known as "the Ambrosia triangle"), while the Washington County portion contains aWaste Management facility.[77]
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Records kept January 1871 to February 1941 at the Weather Bureau Office and at General Mitchell Int'l since March 1941. For more information, seeThreadex
^The total for each race includes those who reported that race alone or in combination with other races. People who reported a combination of multiple races may be counted multiple times, so the sum of all percentages will exceed 100%.
^Hispanic and Latino origins are separate from race in the U.S. Census. The Census does not distinguish between Latino origins alone or in combination. This row counts Hispanics and Latinos of any race.
^St-Pierre, T.Histoire des Canadiens du Michigan et du comté d'essex, Ontario.Cahiers du septentrion, vol. 17. Sillery, Québec: Septentrion. 2000; 1895.
^Bruce, William George (1936).A Short History of Milwaukee. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: The Bruce Publishing Company. pp. 15–16.LCCN36010193.
^abcBungert, Heike, Cora Lee Kluge and Robert C. Ostergren.Wisconsin German Land and Life. Madison:Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies, 2006.
^abConzen, Kathleen Neils.Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836–1860. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England:Harvard University Press, 1976.
^Conzen, Kathleen Neils."'The German Athens' Milwaukee and the Accommodation of Its Immigrants 1836–1860." PhD diss., vol. 1, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1972.
^The Indianapolis Star, "Bomb Mystery Baffles Police", November 26, 1917
^"Archived copy". Archived fromthe original on February 20, 2009. RetrievedJanuary 4, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) "Milwaukee Police Department Officer Memorial Page"
^Glabere, Michael. "Milwaukee:A Tale of Three Cities" in,From Redlining to Reinvestment: Community Responses to Urban Disinvestment edited by Gregory D. Squires. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2011; p. 151 andpassim
^Frey, William H. (2018).Diversity Explosion: How New Racial Demographics Are Remaking America (Second ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 177.ISBN978-0-8157-2398-1.
^Flannery, Jerome.The American Cricket Annual for 1890. p. 9.
^The Milwaukee County Parks Department was named the 2009 winner of the National Recreation and Park Association's (NRPA) Gold Medal Award in the Park and Recreation Management Program.nrpa.org
^Geller, Alyson L. (September 2003)."Smart Growth: A Prescription for Livable Cities".American Journal of Public Health.93 (9):1410–1415.doi:10.2105/ajph.93.9.1410.PMC1447984.Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. RetrievedMarch 11, 2023. Milwaukee's RiverWalk project, launched in 1994, transformed a heavily industrialized and isolated riverfront area. A partnership between the city and downtown property owners turned the river into a city hub that has fueled a housing boom, spawned a number of new restaurants, shops, and green space, and in the process created a broader constituency for cleaning up the Milwaukee River.
^Borsuk, Alan J. (October 30, 2007)."Local 'drop-out factories'".Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived fromthe original on December 8, 2010. RetrievedMarch 27, 2009.
Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds.Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980.online; see index at p. 409 for list.
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