Miloš Zeman (Czech:[ˈmɪloʃˈzɛman]ⓘ; born 28 September 1944) is a Czech politician who served as the third president of the Czech Republic from 2013 to 2023. He also previously served as theprime minister of the Czech Republic from 1998 to 2002. As leader of theCzech Social Democratic Party from 1993 to 2001, he is credited with the revival of the party into one of the country's major political forces. Zeman briefly served as thePresident of the Chamber of Deputies from 1996 to 1998.
In 2013, Zeman waselected president of the Czech Republic, becoming the first directly elected president in the nation's history; his predecessors were elected by theParliament. In 2018, he wasre-elected for a second term. His presidency was marked by deepening polarization and political discontent. Zeman has been a subject of widespread criticism and source of controversy. He was widely regarded as having pursued favourable policies towards Russia and China, while frequently clashing with traditional allies in the European Union andNATO.[1][2][3][4] However, some of his supporters contest this characterization, and Zeman subsequently strongly opposed theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[5][6][7] During his presidency, many of his high-level staff and associates were targets of investigations for mishandlingclassified information, corruption and fraud, among others.[8][9][10] Zeman left office in 2023 and was succeeded byPetr Pavel.
Zeman was born inKolín.[11] His parents divorced when he was two years old and he was raised by his mother, who was a teacher.[11][12] He studied at a high school in Kolín, then from 1965 at theUniversity of Economics in Prague, graduating in 1969.[11]
Zeman joined theCommunist Party of Czechoslovakia in 1968, during thePrague Spring,[12] but was expelled in 1970 due to his opposition to theWarsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.[12][13] He was dismissed from his job and spent more than ten years working for the sports organization Sportpropag (1971–84).[14] From 1984, he worked at the company Agrodat, but he lost his job again in 1989, as a result of a critical article he had written inTechnický magazín in August 1989, entitled "Prognostika a přestavba" (Forecasting and Perestroika).[11][15][16]
In summer 1989, he appeared onCzechoslovak Television criticising the poor state of the Czechoslovak economy. His speech caused a scandal, but his views helped him join the leaders of theCivic Forum a few months later, during theVelvet Revolution.[17]
In 1990 Zeman became a member of the House of the Nations of the CzechoslovakFederal Assembly. In 1992, he ran successfully for the House of the People of the Federal Assembly, already as a member of theCzechoslovak Social Democracy (ČSSD), which he joined the same year. In 1993, he was elected chairman of the party,[11] and in the following years he transformed it into one of the country's major parties.
In February 2012 Miloš Zeman announced his return to politics and intention to run in thefirst direct presidential election in the Czech Republic.[20] Polls indicated that he was one of the two strongest candidates in the election, alongsideJan Fischer.[21] Zeman narrowly won the first round of the elections and progressed to the second round to faceKarel Schwarzenberg, winning by a clearer margin.[22] His term began in March 2013.
Zeman drinking wine and smoking at a public appearance in 2008Zeman in theSenate of Poland, 24 May 2013
Zeman's alleged excessive alcohol consumption became a subject of public discussion and media attention on several occasions. Many Czechs believed he was drunk during his appearances atCzech TV headquarters, shortly after his victory in the 2013 presidential election, and during the exhibition of theBohemian Crown Jewels.[23]
In June 2013, thecoalition government led byPetr Nečas collapsed due to acorruption and spying scandal. Zeman, ignoring the political balance of power in theCzech Parliament, appointed his friend and long-term allyJiří Rusnok asPrime Minister, and tasked him with forming anew government. This was described in parts of the Czech and foreign media as a political power grab, underminingparliamentary democracy and expanding his powers.[25][26][27][28] On 10 July, during the appointment of Rusnok's cabinet, Zeman advised the new cabinet members not to "let yourself get annoyed by media criticism from jealous fools who have never in their lives done anything useful".[29] Rusnok's government was short-lived, and resigned after losing a vote of confidence.
Zeman played an important role in a scandal that occurred in October 2013, shortly after theCzech legislative election. ČSSD First Deputy ChairmanMichal Hašek and his allies in the party called for chairmanBohuslav Sobotka to resign following the party's poor election result, and excluded him from the team negotiating the next government. However, it subsequently emerged that Hašek and his allies had attended a secret post-election meeting with Zeman, where they were rumoured to have negotiated a 'coup' in ČSSD. Hašek initially denied the accusations, stating onCzech Television that "there was no meeting". However, his allies (deputiesMilan Chovanec,Zdeněk Škromach, Jeroným Tejc, and Jiří Zimola) later admitted that the meeting took place. The event sparked public protests in the country and eventually led to Hašek apologising and resigning his position in the party.[30] Zeman denied having initiated the meeting. HisParty of Civic Rights – Zemanovci (SPOZ) received 1.5% of the vote in the election, winning no seats.[31]
Zeman with Indian PresidentRam Nath Kovind on 7 September 2018
On 6 April 2014, in the wake of theannexation of Crimea, Zeman called for strong action to be taken, possibly including sendingNATO forces into Ukraine, if Russia tried to annex the eastern part of the country. Speaking on a radio show he said that, "The moment Russia decides to widen its territorial expansion to the eastern part of Ukraine, that is where the fun ends. There I would plead not only for the strictest EUsanctions, but even for military readiness of theNorth Atlantic Alliance, like for example NATO forces entering Ukrainian territory." The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999, when Zeman was prime minister. In the Czech constitutional system it is the government that has the main responsibility for foreign policy, although the president is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. TheČSSD government ofBohuslav Sobotka resisted strong EU sanctions against Russia after the annexation, because of the negative economic impact such sanctions would have had on the country.[32]
In November 2014, on the 25th anniversary of the 1989Velvet Revolution against communist rule, protests took place calling for Zeman's resignation. Protesters argued that Zeman had betrayed the legacy ofVáclav Havel, who helped Czechoslovakia and then Czech Republic become a champion ofhuman rights, by being too sympathetic toauthoritarian regimes and too close toRussia andChina. They carried football-stylered penalty cards as a warning ofejection to Zeman and threw eggs at him.[33][34]
An opinion poll conducted by the CVVM agency in March 2016 reported that 62% of Czechs trusted President Miloš Zeman,[35] up from 55% in September 2015.[36] By December 2016, his approval rating had fallen to 48% following a series of scandals, with around 49% of those surveyed stating that they didn't trust him.[37]
On 9 March 2017, during a meeting with his supporters, Zeman announced his intention to run again for the presidency,[38] confirming his decision the next day in a press conference. He said that he had been persuaded by the support of the people. He stated that he did not think he was the favourite in the election, and that he would not run a political campaign, attack his rivals, or participate in debates.[39] He also announced that he would participate in a television programme calledA week with the President.[40]
On 26 March 2017, during a radio interview, Zeman stated that someone had placedchild pornography onto a computer in the official residence. Zeman claimed that he had called "IT guys", who had found out that the hackers were fromAlabama in theUnited States.[41] Later, Zeman's spokesman added that "the President, like every night, googled his own name on the internet and one of the pages contained child pornography".[42] According to police, there was no evidence of a hacking attack on Zeman's computer.[43]
On 25 July 2019, theSenate, for the first time in the history of the Czech Republic, approved and delivered to theChamber of Deputies articles ofimpeachment against President Zeman, related to eight instances where he had allegedly acted in breach of theconstitution, including naming and dismissing cabinet ministers, interference in court cases, and acting against theforeign interests of the Czech government.[51] The Chamber of Deputies rejected indicting Zeman on 26 September 2019 with only 58 MPs voting for indictment out of 120 votes needed.[52]
On 10 October 2021, the day after the2021 Czech legislative election, Zeman was hospitalized, throwing the timeline for the start of government formation talks into doubt.[53][54] After eight days with almost no details about Zeman's health condition from his spokespersonJiří Ovčáček nor the head of the president's office Vratislav Mynář,Senate PresidentMiloš Vystrčil said at a press conference that he had received an update from the Central Military Hospital (UVN) and the President's chief physician Miroslav Zavoral that Zeman was "currently unable to perform any work duties due to health reasons".[55][56] On 25 November Zeman was discharged from the hospital after his condition improved. The hospital said it would have preferred Zeman to remain hospitalized, but accepted his decision.[57] However, on the same day, he tested positive forCOVID-19 and thus returned to the hospital for two more days.[58][59]
On 19 October 2022, Zeman announced he would retire from politics at the end of his second term, in March 2023.[60]
On 19 April 2023, Zeman opened a new office on Jaselská street inPrague 6, rented from thePrague Archbishopric. He said he expects to welcome visitors once a week.[61]
2016 demonstration against Zeman and China in Prague with picture of late PresidentVáclav Havel and Tibetan religious leader14th Dalai Lama with flags ofTibet andTaiwan
In 2014, he attracted criticism when he said he wished to learn how China had "stabilized" its society.[33] In 2016 he invited Chinese presidentXi Jinping on a state visit, which sparked a wave of protest.[75] He labeledpro-Tibet protestors "mentally impaired individuals" and used police to prevent protesters from reaching Prague Castle. Police also entered a building of theFilm and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts (FAMU) to remove a Tibetan flag which had been hung out of a window.[76]Finance MinisterMiroslav Kalousek accused Zeman of "bootlicking authoritarian and unfree regimes".[77] Those actions were seen by critics as a contravention of Czech society'sfreedom of expression, and protests were held by at least 50 members of the two chambers of theParliament, opposition leaders andcivil society groups as well as hundreds of supporters ofTaiwan,Tibet, and TurkicUyghur separatists inXinjiang.[78][79][80]
In 2016, following a number of terror attacks around Europe, Zeman joined a number of other Czech politicians and security professionals in urging the 240,000 gun owners in the country with concealed carry licences to carry their firearms, in order to be able to contribute to the protection ofsoft targets. Zeman's wife also obtained a concealed carry license and a revolver.[86]
Zeman has expressed both supportive and critical positions regarding theEuropean Union. As prime minister, he helped bring the Czech Republic into the EU,[87] and he has described himself as a "federalist" who supports EU membership.[64][88] Before becoming president, he promised to fly theflag of Europe atPrague Castle,[89] something that Zeman's predecessor,Václav Klaus, refused to do; he did so shortly after taking office.[88][90][91] On the same day, Zeman ratified theTreaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism, which Klaus had also refused to do, making the Czech Republic the last country to do so.[90][91] In June 2017, Zeman stated that Czech people are "irrationally afraid" of adopting the Euro as the Czech Republic's currency.[92]
Despite his pro-EU statements and actions, Zeman supports holding a referendum on Czech EU membership similar to theBrexit referendum held in theUnited Kingdom in 2016.[64][93] He also has been labelled aEurosceptic and opposes the EU's migrant quotas.[44][69][94] Some of his critics have accused him of having pro-Russia leanings, favouring it over the EU.[95]
Like his predecessor and former opponentVáclav Klaus, Zeman is aclimate change denier. He has said that in his opinion, human activity probably cannot influence global warming.[96]
When the environmental movementHnutí DUHA tried to protect a national park from illegal logging, Zeman said he would treat them in a "good old medieval way: burn them, piss on them and salt them".[97]
Zeman is a long-standing supporter of the State ofIsrael.[98] Zeman was one of the most prominent international leaders to support theU.S. recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital under PresidentDonald Trump,[99] and he voiced support for following the US in moving its Israeli embassy toJerusalem.[100] He criticized the EU's position on Jerusalem, calling its member states "cowards" and stating that they "are doing all they can so a pro-Palestinian terrorist movement can have supremacy over a pro-Israeli movement."[101][102]
In June 2021, Zeman described transgender people as "disgusting" in a TV interview, and said that Pride protests were minorities trying to put themselves on a superior footing to others. He also said that if he were younger, he would organize a counter-demonstration of heterosexuals. He also said during the interview that he supported recent laws passed inHungary banning the mention of LGBTQ issues in the education system.[104][105]
Zeman is opposed to having a Czech embassy inKosovo. He said that he is against therecognition of Kosovo, and has described it as a "terror regime financed by the illegal drug trade".[106][107] Whilst visitingBelgrade in 2014, he stated his opposition to the formation of an independent Kosovan army, equating it to theKosovo Liberation Army (KLA). He commented on the history of terrorist acts committed by the KLA, and noted that its disbanding was a component of the peace agreements.[108] During the same visit, he said he hopedSerbia would join theEuropean Union soon.[109]
Zeman has expressed concern about the growth ofIslamic terrorism and ofISIL.[68] In June 2011, Zeman said, referring to Islam, "The enemy is the anti-civilization spreading from North Africa to Indonesia. Two billion people live in it and it is financed partly from oil sales and partly from drug sales." He likened Muslims who believe in theQur'an to followers ofNazism.[110]
Zeman called for unified armed operation againstIslamic State (ISIL) led by theU.N. Security Council. In June 2015, Zeman commented that: "If European countries accept a wave of migrants, there will be terrorist groups among them, of which also a Libyan minister has warned. By accepting the migrants, we strongly facilitate Islamic State’s expansion to Europe."[111] Zeman described theMiddle Eastern refugees arriving in Europe as an "organized invasion".[112] In September 2015, Zeman rejected theEuropean Union's proposal ofcompulsory migrant quotas, saying, "Only the future will show that this was a big mistake".[113]
Zeman said thatTurkey should not be in the European Union and criticised Turkish PresidentErdoğan's anti-European rhetoric.[114] He also accused Turkey of allying withISIL in its fight against Syrian Kurds.[115][116]
Zeman, who played a role in the Czech Republic's accession to NATO,[87] has called for a referendum on NATO membership, though he supports remaining in the organization.[93] In November 2012, during a speech at theUniversity of Economics, Prague, Zeman explained his dislike forMadeleine Albright, formerUS Secretary of State. Zeman stated that Albright had promised that there would be no bombardment of civilians during the 1999NATO bombing of Serbia. "And Madeleine Albright made a promise, and Madeleine Albright didn't keep the promise. Since then, I don't like her."[117][unreliable source?]
Zeman with U.S. Secretary of StateMike Pompeo on 12 August 2020
In March 2015, Zeman criticised protests against the US Army's military convoy (called the "Dragoon Ride") crossing the Czech Republic following NATO exercises in Poland and the Baltic states:[118]
"In the past months I have been fighting anti-Russian fools, but most recently I have had to fight anti-American fools as well, since fools are evenly spread on both sides. ... I disagree with the U.S. troops being labelled an occupation army for one simple reason. We experienced occupation twice last century [1939 and 1968] and we know what it looks like."
— Miloš Zeman
On 18 May 2021, during a visit by the president of Serbia,Aleksandar Vučić, Zeman apologized to Serbia for the 1999 NATO bombing, describing it as a "mistake and worse than a crime".[119]
Zeman with Polish Prime MinisterMateusz Morawiecki in Warsaw, on 10 May 2018
In March 2016, Zeman defendedPoland's newly electedLaw and Justice government, saying: “I expressed the view that the Polish government, which was created as a result of free elections, has every right to carry out activities for which it received a mandate in these elections. It should not be subject to moralising or criticism from the European Union, which should finally focus on its primary task – to protect the external borders of the Union.”[120][121]
Zeman announced that he intended to visit Moscow for the 2015Victory Day celebrations and the 70th anniversary of the liberation fromNazi Germany. He said that he was not going to look at military equipment, but rather to honour the soldiers who had sacrificed their lives. He described his visit to Moscow as an "expression of thankfulness that we in this country don't have to speak German, if we would have become submissive collaborators of Aryan origin", and that "we don't have to sayHeilHitler,HeilHimmler,HeilGöring, and eventuallyHeilHeydrich, that would have been particularly interesting".[124] Most other EU leaders declared that they would not attend the events due to the conflict in eastern Ukraine.[125][126]U.S. ambassadorAndrew H. Schapiro criticized the decision, saying that it would "be awkward" if Zeman was the only politician from the EU at the ceremony. Zeman responded by banning him from thePrague Castle.[127]
"I cannot imagine that the Czech ambassador in Washington would advise the US president where he should travel. And I will not allow any ambassador to have a say in my foreign travel plans."
— Miloš Zeman
The ban was later lifted by Zeman's office.[128][when?]
In December 2019, Zeman criticised Russian protests against the Czech decision to recognise the anniversary of the Soviet-ledWarsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 as a day commemorating the victims, describing it as "absolute insolence".[129][130]
In April 2021, Zeman cast doubt on Russia's involvement in the2014 Vrbětice ammunition warehouses explosions, suggesting that the deadly blast could have been caused accidentally due to the mishandling of explosives, and that there was no conclusive evidence to accuse Russia.[131] In response, thousands of demonstrators took to the streets inPrague on 29 April 2021, calling Zeman "a servant" of Russia, and demanding he be tried for treason.[132]
In response to the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Zeman called for Russia to be cut off fromSWIFT.[7] He condemned Russia's invasion of Ukraine and called for tough sanctions to isolate "the madman" Putin.[6][5] On 1 March 2022, eight former signatories ofCharter 77 includingPetr Pithart andAnna Šabatová called on Zeman to resign over his previous support for Putin.[133]
In 2015, Zeman, in response to a letter from a group of Czech and Ukrainian historians defendingStepan Bandera, leader of theOrganization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), wrote: "I would like to point out that PresidentYushchenko declared Bandera a national hero, and a similar declaration in the case ofRoman Shukhevych, who became known to have shot thousands of Jews in Lvov in 1941, is now being prepared. I can not congratulate Ukraine on such national heroes."[134]
On 7 March 2022, Zeman decided to award Ukrainian PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy with the highest state award of the Czech Republic, theOrder of the White Lion, for "his bravery and courage in the face of Russia's invasion".[5]
Zeman (right) andMiroslava Němcová, formerPresident of the Chamber of Deputies (May 2013). In June 2013, theCivic Democratic Party (the leading party of the parliamentary coalition government) nominated her for the post of thePrime Minister; however, Zeman refused to appoint her and instead chose his long-time ally and friendJiří RusnokCzechs showingred cards to the President during the protest named "I Want to Talk to You, Mr. President", on 17 November 2014, the 25th anniversary of theVelvet Revolution.
In 1996, before thelegislative election, Zeman met with Czech-Swiss entrepreneur Jan Vízek in the German city ofBamberg. In the so-called "Bamberg Memorandum", a group of Swiss entrepreneurs allegedly agreed to fund the ČSSD pre-election campaign in exchange for economic influence in the Czech Republic after the election. The investigation ended in 2000, with Vízek convicted of falsification of the memorandum by copying signatures from earlier documents. He later admitted that he had intentionally publicised the case in order to compromise Zeman before thenext elections in 1998. Zeman was never charged with any wrongdoing, but the reason for the meetings between Zeman and Vízek in 1996 was never revealed.[135]
In 1999, one of Zeman's advisers, Jaroslav Novotný, allegedly blackmailed the director of the state-owned Štiřín Castle, Václav Hrubý. Novotný allegedly pressured him to falsify evidence in order to prove that former Foreign MinisterJosef Zieleniec corrupted journalists.[clarification needed] The police confirmed the blackmail, but no charges were ever brought.[136]
Zeman has been criticized for his contacts with the powerful Czech lobbyistMiroslav Šlouf, formerly his chief adviser. While Zeman was prime minister, Šlouf maintained contact with the controversial entrepreneurFrantišek Mrázek, nicknamed the "Godfather of Czech Organized Crime". Šlouf and Mrázek met and exchanged information at the Office of the Czech Government.[137] Mrázek was assassinated in 2006. In leaked wiretapping records, he nicknames Zemanmlha ("fog") and claims that Zeman "could not be bribed, and wanted only a sandwich, three pickles and for people to like him."[138] In 2010, Šlouf and Martin Nejedlý, a representative of the Russian oil companyLUKoil in the Czech Republic, were the main donors to hisParty of Civic Rights – Zemanovci,[139] but Zeman denied that he had any connection with Lukoil.[13]
In 2002, German chancellorGerhard Schröder cancelled an official visit to Prague after Zeman called the ethnic Germans in pre-war Czechoslovakia "Hitler'sFifth column".[140] Zeman stated that "the Czechs and Slovaks were doing theSudeten Germans a favor byexpelling them, because they granted them their wish to goHeim ins Reich".[141] Later, Zeman calledKarel Schwarzenberg, his rival in the presidential campaign of 2013, a "sudeťák" (Sudeten German),[142] leading the AustrianDie Presse to ascribe Zeman's victory to an "unprecedentedanti-German dirty campaign."[143]
On 26 May 2014, duringfestivities celebrating the independence of Israel, Zeman said "So let me quote one of their [Islamic] sacred texts to support this statement: "A tree says, there is a Jew behind me, come and kill him. A stone says, there is a Jew behind me, come and kill him."[144] I would criticize those calling for the killing of Arabs, but I do not know of any movement calling for mass murdering of Arabs. However, I know of one anti-civilization movement calling for the mass murder of Jews."[145] When criticized and urged to apologise by theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation, his office replied "President Zeman definitely does not intend to apologise. For the president would consider itblasphemy to apologise for the quotation of a sacred Islamic text."[146]
Zeman's comments on theJewish Museum of Belgium shooting and "Islamic ideology" in June 2014 caused a diplomatic dispute withSaudi Arabia. The diplomatic source said: "The Saudis had an exact list of what Zeman said on the issue in the past. The list had several pages. The [Czech] ambassador was in a very unpleasant situation as the protest had never gone so far before."[147]
On 17 November 2014, the 25th anniversary of theVelvet Revolution, thousands of Czechs took part in a demonstration against Zeman, protesting his pro-Russian stance and vulgar language.[122][148] Eggs were also thrown, with one accidentally hitting the German president,Joachim Gauck; German officials said it was just a piece of eggshell.[148] On the same day, a group of about 60 people held a counter-demonstration in support of president Zeman.[149]
Zeman has a long history of losing lawsuits regarding his public comments. In 1993 Zeman lost his lawsuit over his defamatory statement towards former police officer Milan Hruška. He falsely accused him of lack of intelligence and inadequate education. Zeman was fined, but ignored the court ruling and never apologised.[151]
In 1997 Zeman accused his party colleagueJozef Wagner of wanting to join theCommunist Party after leaving his faction in the Chamber of Deputies. Zeman lost the lawsuit and was ordered to apologise and pay compensation. Zeman initially ignored the ruling, before apologising in 2001.[152] In 2000, Prague City court ordered Zeman to apologise to politicianMiroslav Macek after he described him as a "thief".[153] In 2007, Prague City court ruled that Zeman had unlawfully accused journalist Ivan Brezina of corruption. Zeman was ordered to publicly apologise by means of a newspaper article and pay 50,000 CZK in damages.[154]
On 19 February 2012, theSupreme Administrative Court ruled that Zeman's campaign team had lied during the presidential campaign. According to the court ruling, this did not affect the outcome of the elections.[155]
On 2 March 2016, The Prague 1 District Court ruled that Zeman had falsely accused well-known journalistFerdinand Peroutka of comments that appeared to be positive aboutAdolf Hitler. According to the preliminary judgement the Office of the President had to publicly apologise to Terezie Kaslová, Peroutka's descendant.[156] After the final appeal failed, the president's office announced on 23 September that it would appeal in theSupreme Court.[157] Zeman said that he was not suffering fromsenile dementia and insisted that the article existed.[158] His spokesperson Jiří Ovčáček has been looking for it since February 2015.[159] The office was fined 100,000 Kč in October 2016 for failing to apologise. However, the Supreme Court stated on 28 October 2016 that the apology would not be necessary until the court had ruled on the Office's appeal.[160]
On 1 April 2024,Supreme Court of the Czech Republic ruled that Zeman in November 2017 had falsely informed about his former adviser Zdeňek Šarapatka of being fired for incompetence and was ordered to apologise.[161] On 17 April 2024, Šarapatka received a letter with Zeman's apology for his defamatory statement.[162]
In the 1970s, Zeman was married to Blanka Zemanová; the couple divorced in 1978.[163] In 1993, he married his assistant Ivana Bednarčíková[164] (born 29 April 1965).
He has an adult son named David from his first marriage. His daughter from the second, Kateřina Zemanová (born 1 January 1994), was one of the most visible faces in Zeman's presidential election team. In a post-election speech, Zeman asked her to be his "informalFirst Lady", as his wife is reportedly shy and does not like media attention.[165] When asked about his religious beliefs, he describes himself as a "tolerantatheist".[166][167]
Zeman is a heavy drinker and long-term chain smoker. He only slightly curbed his consumption of alcohol and cigarettes after being diagnosed with diabetes in 2015.[168] He is also suffering fromdiabetic neuropathy in the feet, which causes him difficulties when walking and sometimes requires him to use awheelchair.[169] In March 2024, he was hospitalized in serious but stable condition and underwent surgery following a blood clot in his leg.[170] He was discharged in April.[171]
^abWirnitzer, Jan (3 January 2013)."Neuděloval bych ani milosti, ani amnestie, napsal čtenářům Zeman".Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). Retrieved27 January 2013.Miloš Zeman byl členem KSČ v letech 1968–1970. "Ještě krátce po okupaci byla naděje, že demokratizační proces v tehdejším Československu bude pokračovat. Tato naděje vyhasla až právě v roce 1970," vysvětlil to politik,kterého vyloučili právě pro nesouhlas s okupací.
^ab"Czech Presidential Election Headed for Tight Run-Off Vote -Poll".Reuters. 21 January 2018. Retrieved27 January 2018.The Jan. 26-27 second round echoes other elections in the past two years across the European Union as well as U.S. President Donald Trump's battle with former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for the White House in 2016.
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