Amilitary tattoo is a performance of music or display of armed forces in general. The term comes from the early 17th-centuryDutch phrasedoe den tap toe ('turn off thetap'), a signal sounded by drummers or trumpeters to instruct innkeepers near military garrisons to stop serving beer and for soldiers to return to theirbarracks, and is unrelated to the inktattoo that was borrowed fromTahitian.[1]
Thetattoo was originally a form ofmilitary music but the practice has evolved into more elaborate shows involving theatrics and musical performances. It is also used to designate military exhibitions such as theRoyal International Air Tattoo.
The term dates from around 1600 during theThirty Years' War in theLow Countries (Belgium and theNetherlands). The Dutch fortresses were garrisoned withmercenary troops who had been under federal command since 1594. TheDutch States Army had become a federal army, consisting mostly ofProtestant German, Scottish, English and Swiss mercenaries, but commanded by a Dutch officer corps.Drummers from the garrison were sent out into the towns at 21:30 hrs (9:30 pm) each evening to inform the soldiers that it was time to return tobarracks and the innkeepers that no more beer was to be served, that the taps were to be closed. The drummers continued to play until thecurfew at 22:00 hrs (10:00 pm). Tattoo, earlier spelled tap-too then taptoo, are alterations of the Dutch wordstap toe, which have the same meaning. Taptoo was the earlier alteration of the phrase and was used in George Washington's papers[2] in which he said: "In future theReveille will beat at day-break; the troop at 8 in the morning; the retreat at sunset and taptoo at nine o'clock in the evening."
Over the years the process became more of a show and often included the playing of thefirst post at 21:30 hrs and thelast post at 22:00. Bands and displays were included and shows were often conducted byfloodlight orsearchlight. Tattoos were commonplace in the late 19th century, with most military andgarrison towns putting on some kind of show or entertainment during the summer months. Between theFirst World War and theSecond World War elaborate military tattoos were held in many towns and cities, with the largest held inAldershot in the United Kingdom.
Another well-known tattoo was theRoyal Tournament which was held annually in London from 1880 to 1999. The last producer of the Royal Tournament wasMajor Sir Michael Parker. TheBritish Military Tournament, its successor, was established in 2010 at the former venue of the Royal Tournament,Earl's Court, lasting until 2013. Another UK tattoo is theBirmingham Tattoo held annually at the National Indoor Arena in November, which has been attracting audiences to Birmingham since 1989.
TheRoyal International Air Tattoo is the world's largest military airshow, held annually at RAF Fairford in Gloucestershire in aid of the RAF Charitable Trust.
TheBasel Tattoo (Switzerland) was started in 2006 by the localTop Secret Drum Corps. It has grown to be the world's second-largest military tattoo in terms of performers and budget after the Edinburgh Military Tattoo.
TheNorwegian Military Tattoo is internationally famous for its quality and streamlined production. It has been held every two years since 1994 in the capital of Norway, Oslo. Since 1996 the shows have been presented indoors - in the Oslo Spektrum which is "tailor-made" for this kind of event.
Russia started the annual "Spasskaya Bashnya" (Russian for Spasskaya Tower) international military tattoo inMoscow in 2010 (withValery Khalilov as its founding executive producer until 2016). Its Russian name came from the name of the location where it is performed (at theRed Square's"Saviour Tower"). Although it is commonly referred to as "Spasskaya Bashnya Military Tattoo", its actual English name is "International Military Music Festival", and has been held since 2006. Its latest edition will be held in late August 2022, and the tattoo forms part of Moscow's city birthday celebrations.
Großer Zapfenstreich is an occasional military ceremony and tattoo that is currently or formerly conducted by the militaries ofGermany,Austria,East Germany andPrussia. This traditional event is only done by military bands of theBundeswehr and theAustrian Armed Forces and reflects the origins of the tattoo as an evening ceremony, and is done on special occasions.
Finale scene from the 2015 Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo
Canada'sRoyal Nova Scotia International Tattoo is the largest annual indoor tattoo in the world today, each year featuring over 2000 performers from around the world. The tattoo has been produced since 1979 byColonel Ian Fraser, who also produced the Canadian Armed Forces Tattoo 1967, the world's largest travelling show. Through the course of his career Fraser has produced and directed more than 1000 international tattoo productions across the globe. This tattoo is unique in that it is a full theatrical production, comprising costume designers, props designers, full wardrobe staff, and is presented as 'theatre in the round'. The show is intensely rehearsed over a two-week period and is a wholly combined military and civilian production. The Nova Scotia Tattoo was the first tattoo to receive a royal designation on the occasion of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II's 80th Birthday in 2006.[4]
Buglers playing the Last Post during scene 8 of Tattoo 1967
TheCanadian Armed Forces Tattoo 1967 was the largest mobile tattoo in history performing 155 performances in 47 cities from coast to coast from the end of March to the middle of October 1967. Tattoo 1967 was a completely military production involving over 1700 personnel from the Canadian Army, Navy and Air Force. The first leg of the tour involved transporting two shows across Canada by rail. The second phase saw "the show" performed in stadiums in major cities including a week-long run in Montreal, Quebec during EXPO 67. The third phase was a tour of East Coast cities and Quebec performing in arenas. The show received rave reviews and standing ovations and was called upon by the press to become an annual event and to have it tour not only throughout the United States but Europe as well but with the last performance on October 11, 1967, at Shawinigan, Quebec, the Tattoo was mothballed. Eventually, all the costumes and uniforms were sold off to museums or private collectors and the show that was hailed as "the greatest single presentation during Centennial year" has never been produced since. The producer of Tattoo 1967, Colonel Ian Fraser also produced the Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo.
The annual Fort Henry Tattoo is held each July atFort Henry[5] in Kingston, Ontario. The event combines military drill, with an assortment of musical acts from across Canada, and is capped off with a fireworks display at the end of the evening. It is one of the largest annual events held at the National Historic Site.
The largest tattoo in the United States, is theVirginia International Tattoo, held every year inNorfolk, Virginia. Over 850 performers play traditional music and many international acts join every branch of the United States Armed Forces.
TheUnited States Air Force holds tattoos for many different events and celebrations, like base openings and closures, and special events like the 21st AnnualLangley Tattoo.[11] The Air Force's largest tattoo is held the last Friday of June each year atWright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. The 2010 tattoo there drew an estimated 75,000 people and featured the rock group38 Special. The 2011 event featured aircraft flyovers and music by country groupLonestar.
The Cleveland International Tattoo (CIT)[14] in Cleveland, Ohio is traditionally held annually on the third weekend in May. Started in 1985, the CIT has performed at Masonic Hall, Jacobs Pavilion at Nautica, Playhouse Square, and presently atCleveland Public Auditorium.[15]
TheWest Point Military Tattoo is held annually at theUnited States Military Academy, West Point, NY. It is traditionally held on the 4th Sunday in April at the outdoor amphitheater onTrophy Point overlooking the Hudson River. The Tattoo is hosted by the Pipes and Drums of the US Corps of Cadets.[16]
The International Military Heritage Festival, organized by theRepublic of Korea Armed Forces, is the national military tattoo ofSouth Korea. Held every April inSeoul, it consists of performances from the military bands and drill teams of the ROKAF.
Hong Kong held international military tattoo events both in 2012 and 2017, on the occasion of the 15th and the 20th anniversary of the return of Hong Kong to ThePeople's Republic of China. TheMilitary Band of the People's Liberation Army of China and theHong Kong Police Band had essential roles to play. The performances also included military bands from Mongolia, The Netherlands, Russia, the United Kingdom (Scotland), and the United States.
Military tattoo-style events have been held in Indonesia in the context of major city and municipal district anniversaries in the form of the visits by the corps of drums and drum and bugle corps of theIndonesian National Armed Forces and theIndonesian National Police, which are invited to march past and perform on local anniversaries and holidays. Often the ones frequently present in these tattoo-style events are the corps of drums of the military and police academies and the drum and bugle corps from the two military high schools inMagelang andBandung, their appearances being a hit among the crowds attending these civic-military parades. A recent addition to these is the presence of the Corps of Drums of theIndonesian Army Officer Candidate School, also from Bandung. These events are also held within the academies' respective campuses during change of command, recognition and graduation parades as well as during their open house days, as well as during open days in military installations and anniversaries of the armed forces and police.
Malaysia has held special military tattoos at theStadium Merdeka inKuala Lumpur as part of Visit Malaysia Year and in important anniversary years of national independence.
InKazakhstan, the most notable military tattoo is theEskeri Kernei ("Military Trumpet") International Festival held onCapital City Day.
At the 10th anniversary of the formation of theRhodesian Light Infantry on 30 January 1971, a special commemorative military tattoo at Glamis Stadium in Salisbury was held. The tattoo, which was the first held by a single military unit in Rhodesia, saw the 1st Battalion spend three weeks rehearsing in terms of drilling, physical training and unarmed combat. a staged assault on a guerrilla camp was held by 2 Commando usingblank ammunition and dummy mortars. The tattoo culminated with a sky-dive by three members of the Battalion Parachute Club. A retreat ceremony was held after as well as a final march-past by all participants.[17]
In 2018, the South African Tattoo was revived. The performance included members of theSouth African National Defence Force performing military drills and a mock battle, as well as theJohannesburg Youth Orchestra, a collection of both local and international dancing groups and a combined performance of many of the South African Highlander Bagpipe groups.
^Little Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins Julia Cresswell - 2014- Page 106 0199683638 tattoo. Tattoos on the skin came into English in the 18th century from the Polynesian languages of the Pacific Islands—Captain Cook's journals are the first to record the word. The military tattoo sounded by drum or bugle to recall soldiers to their quarters in the evening was originally written tap-too. It comes from Dutch doe den tap toe, literally 'close the tap'. The tap was on a cask; closing it signalled time for drinking was over and soldiers should go home
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