English Army
Theroyal arms of England
Active	886–1661 1661–1707 (as professionalstanding army)
Country	Kingdom of England
Allegiance	The Crown
Type	Army
Engagements	Second Anglo-Dutch War Franco-Dutch War Monmouth Rebellion Nine Years' War War of the Spanish Succession
Commanders
Captain-General	George Monck,John Churchill
Notable commanders	Prince Rupert,James Scott,James Butler,Henri de Massue,James Stanhope

TheEnglish Army was thearmy of theKingdom of England from 1661 to 1707. It was raised by KingCharles II after theStuart Restoration of 1660 saw him ascend to theEnglish throne, and consisted partly of personnel who were veterans of either theRoyalist units Charles II maintained while exiled in France or theNew Model Army. The English army was the secondstanding army of the English state after the New Model Army, and was raised at the same time as theIrish andScottish armies.

It consisted of a number ofinfantry,cavalry andartillery units, and fought in numerous conflicts in bothGreat Britain and abroad, including theSecond andThird Anglo-Dutch wars,Nine Years' War andWar of the Spanish Succession. The first Englishmarines, which later became theRoyal Marines, were formed as part of the English Army in 1664. In 1707, England was merged with theKingdom of Scotland under theActs of Union 1707 to form theKingdom of Great Britain, and the English Army was merged with its Scottish counterpart to form theBritish Army.^[1]

Primitive steps towards standing armed forces began in the Middle Ages, theAssize of Arms of 1252 issued by KingHenry III provided that small landholders should be armed and trained with a bow, and those of more wealth would be required to possess and be trained with sword, dagger and longbow. That Assize referred to a class of Forty shilling freeholders, who became identified with 'yeomanry', and states "Those with land worth annual 40s–100s will be armed/trained with bow and arrow, sword, buckler and dagger".^[2]

Henry VIII of England on Horseback by Hans Liefrinck (between 1561 and 1599.) (left)Edward III Crossing the Somme byBenjamin West (1788). English armies campaigned intermittently in France from the 14th century to the mid-16th century.^[3] (right)

Prior to theEnglish Civil War in 1642 the English Tudor and Stuart monarchs maintained a personalbodyguard ofYeomen of the Guard (created by Henry VII) and theHonourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms or "gentlemen pensioners" (created by Henry VIII), and a few locally raised companies to garrison important places such asBerwick on Tweed,Portsmouth, andCalais (before it was recaptured by France in 1558). Troops for foreign expeditions were raised on an ad hoc basis in either country by its King, when required.^[4] This was a development of thefeudal concept offief (in which a lord was obliged to raise a certain quota ofknights,men-at-arms andyeomanry, in return for his right to occupy land).

In practice,noblemen and professional regular soldiers werecommissioned by the monarch to supply troops, raising their quotas byindenture from a variety of sources.^[5] ACommission of Array would be used to raise troops for a foreign expedition, while variousMilitia Acts directed that (in theory) the entire male population who ownedproperty over a certain amount in value, was required to keep arms at home and periodically train or report to musters. The musters were usually chaotic affairs, used mainly by theLord Lieutenants and other officers to draw their pay and allowances, and by the troops as an excuse for a drink after perfunctory drill.^[6]

In 1642, at the start of the English Civil War both the Royalists (Cavaliers) and Parliament (Roundheads) raised men when and where they could, and both claimed legal justification. Parliament claimed to be justified by its own recent "Militia Ordinance", while the king claimed the old-fashioned "Commissions of Array".^[7] For example, inCornwall the Royalist leader SirRalph Hopton indicted the enemy before thegrand jury of the county for disturbing the peace, and expelled them by using theposse comitatus. In effect, both sides assembled local forces wherever they could do so by valid written authority.^[7]

After two years of ruinous but indecisive military campaigning, Parliament passed theSelf-denying Ordinance (by which members of both Houses of Parliament were deprived of military office, a measure originally introduced to replace some high-ranking officers who were suspected of disloyalty or defeatism),^[8] and created theNew Model Army, the first professional standing army in Modern English history.^[9] An experienced soldier, SirThomas Fairfax, was appointed its Lord General.

The New Model Army proved supreme in field, no more so than in theSecond English Civil War which was succinctly described by SirWinston Churchill:

The Story of the Second English Civil War is short and simple. King, Lords and Commons, landlords, merchants, the City and the countryside, bishops and presbyters, the Scottish army, the Welsh people, and the English Fleet, all now turned against the New Model Army. The Army beat the lot!^[10]

From its foundation, the New Model Army adopted social and religious policies which were increasingly at odds with those of Parliament. The Army's senior officers (the "Grandees") formed another faction, opposed both to Parliament and to the more extreme radicals (Levellers and dissentingNonconformist sects) within the lower ranks.^[8]

In the aftermath of the Second English Civil War, Parliament was made subservient to the wishes of theArmy Council whose leading political figure wasOliver Cromwell. In an episode known asPride's Purge, troops used force to prevent members of the House of Commons opposed to the Army Council from attending Parliament.^[11] The resultingRump Parliament passed the necessary legislation to have King Charles I tried and executed by beheading, and to declareEngland a Commonwealth.^[12]

The next two years saw the New Model Army invadefirst Ireland andthen Scotland defeating their armies and occupying their territory. The New Model Army with the aid of English militias easily defeated a predominantly Scottish Royalist army under the command ofCharles II at theBattle of Worcester on 3 September 1651 bringing the Civil War to an end.^[13]

During the Interregnum (1649–1660) the power of all the republican experiments in governance relied on the military might of the New Model Army, which, whenever it was called upon, was easily able to meet the challenges of its enemies, both foreign and domestic.^[14]

Two particularly notable events of the interregnum were to have long-lasting effects. The first was political; the army's complete seizure of power when Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament in 1653 is the closest to acoup d'état that England has had,^[15] and the subsequentRule of the Major-Generals. The other was theBattle of the Dunes (1658), where soldiers of the New Model Army fighting in theirred-coats^[16] astonished both their French allies and Spanish enemies by the stubborn fierceness of their assault up a sand-hill 150 feet (46 m) high and strongly defended by Spanish veterans who were forced to retreat.^[17]

It was only after the death ofOliver Cromwell and the loss of his influence that the other members of the army could not agree on an alternative to the restoration of Charles II. Even so, it was under the firm guidance and with the agreement of GeneralGeorge Monck of the New Model Army that the restoration of the monarchy took place in 1660.^[14]

Stuart Asquith argues:

Many authorities quote the Restoration of 1660 as the birth date of our modern British Army. While this may be true as far as continuity of unit identity is concerned, it is untrue in a far more fundamental sense. The evidence of history shows that the creation of an efficient military machine and its proving on the battlefield, predates the Restoration by 15 years. It was on the fields ofNasby,Dunbar andDunes that the foundations of the British professional army were laid.^[14]

On 26 January 1661,Charles II issued the Royal Warrant that created the first regiments of what would become theBritish Army,^[18] although Scotland and England maintained separate military establishments until theActs of Union 1707. A third military establishment, theIrish Army also existed in theKingdom of Ireland. For some of his enforced exile King Charles II had lived at the court ofLouis XIV; he had witnessed the changes introduced in France into the organisation of the troops maintained in time of peace as well as of war. On his return to England in 1660, Charles took measures to support hisrecently restored throne on the fidelity of his soldiers; he moreover endeavoured to fix the hitherto unstable basis of a military government. As no system is improvised, a precedent for the innovation was to be found in the history of England. Two regiments created in the reign of Henry VIII, still subsist, theGentlemen Pensioners and theYeomen of the Guard formed in those days a sort of transition between the system of accidental armies and permanent armies.^[19][20]

This latter state of things was however so contrary to the constitutional customs of England that Charles II introduced it by degrees, gradually filling up the cadres of his battalions and, although contemporary writers considered it a formidable army, it did not exceed 5,000 men.^[19] King Charles put into these regiments thoseCavaliers who had attached themselves to him during his exile on the European continent and had fought for him at theBattle of the Dunes against theRoundheads of the Protectorate and their French allies. For political expediency he also included some of the elements of theNew Model Army. The whole force consisted of two corps of horse and five or six of infantry. It is, however, on this narrow and solid basis that the structure of the English army was gradually erected. The horse consisted of two regiments theLife Guards (formed from exiled Cavaliers); andThe Blues (or The Oxford Blues), formed by Lord Oxford, out of some of the best New Model Army horse regiments. The foot regiments wereGrenadier Guards (initially two regimentsLord Wentworth's Regiment andJohn Russell's Regiment of Guards which amalgamated in 1665), theColdstream Guards (theNew Model Army regiment of GeneralMonck), theRoyal Scots (formed from the Scotch guard in France), and theSecond Queen's Royals.^[19]

It will thus be seen that the military system prevailed in England almost at the same time as in France; the two people, however, hailed in a very different manner an innovation, which changed, especially in time of peace, the character of the armed force. In France, under the absolute rule of Louis XIV, it does not appear that the establishment of standing armies met with the shadow of opposition. This was not the case in free England. Pamphleteers wrote tracts voicing the fear of a people who within living memory had experienced theRule of the Major-Generals and had liked neither the imposition of military rule, nor the costs of keeping theNew Model Army in being when the country was not at war with itself or others. People also remembered the "Eleven Years' Tyranny" of Charles I and feared that a standing army under royal command would allow monarchs in the future to ignore the wishes of Parliament.^[21]

There was a long tradition ofEnglish resistance to a standing army until the reign ofWilliam III when the near perpetual wars with other European states made a modest standing army a necessity to defend England and to maintain its prestige in the world. But public opinion, always anxious of the bad old days, was resolved to allow itself no rest until it had defined the prerogatives of the Crown on this delicate point. Parliament finally succeeded in acquiring a control over the army, and under a general bill, commonly called theMutiny Act, laid down the restrictions which, whilst respecting the rights of the sovereign, were likewise to shield the liberty of the people. It did this by making the standing army conditional on an annually renewed act of parliament.^[22]

Supreme command of the English Army was vested in the sovereign, though monarchs (with the notable exception of King William III) seldom led their forces in battle after the Stuart Restoration. Instead, executive command was generally delegated, in time of war, to a soldier.^[24] In 1660, erstwhileparliamentarian commanderGeneral Monck was appointedcaptain general by King Charles II on hisrestoration and was given wide-ranging powers. Following his death in 1670 command was vested in a committee of colonels for a time; subsequently, individuals were from time to time appointedcommander-in-chief with regard to particular actions or particular geographical areas, and the Duke of Monmouth served briefly as captain general from 1678 to 1679. A captain general was not appointed either byJames II orWilliam III; but in 1702 Queen Anne appointedher husband generalissimo and theDuke of Marlborough captain general.

Strategic control of the army was in the hands of thePrivy Council.^[24] By the early the eighteenth century, the power to raise an army, to issue marching orders and to administer army pay and finances lay with theSecretary at War, a member of the Government. (In origin the Secretary at War had been secretary to the captain general; but at times when no captain general or Commander-in-Chief was appointed the Secretary took on greater importance, gaining access to the sovereign and counter-signing orders; until, even when a new captain general was appointed, the Secretary at War retained distinct responsibilities and functioned independently.) An earlier official, the Treasurer at War, did not outlast theInterregnum.^[24]

The captain general was assisted by a number of 'general officers' in the wake of the Restoration (called 'general' officers to distinguish them from those with 'particular' responsibility, e.g. to a regiment, rather than to the army as a whole):^[25] theCommissary General of the Musters (1660), thepay master general (from 1661), thesurgeon general (1664),scoutmaster general (1664–1689) and thejudge advocate general (1666); these were later joined by theadjutant-general (from 1680), thequartermaster-general (1686), theProvost marshal general and others.^[24]

In 1679, the captain general being absent, alieutenant-general was appointed to act in his stead (Lord Gerard of Brandon). Later, in 1685, King James II created three lieutenants-general 'over all our Forces, as wellHorse asFoot';^[25] threemajors-general were also appointed at the same time along with several 'brigadeers' (also referred to as colonels of brigade andbrigadeers-general). The first appointment of a full general (apart from the captain general) was in 1689.^[25]

This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(June 2015)

TheSecond Anglo-Dutch War was predominately a maritime war but English army soldiers were involved inHolmes's Bonfire (19–20 August 1666), theRaid on the Medway (June 1667), theBattle of Landguard Fort (2 July 1667), theCapture of Cayenne (1667), andRecapture of Fort Zeelandia (1667).

TheThird Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1674) was a maritime war, but English soldiers and officers (includingJohn Churchill (the future Duke ofMarlborough) saw service under French command (for example at theSiege of Maastricht (1673)).^[26] TheBlackheath Army of freshly-raised regiments was intended to take part an expedition toZeeland in 1673, but this had to be abandoned following the naval defeat at theBattle of Texel (August 1673).^[27]

After the marriage ofMary, the daughter of theJames, Duke of York, toWilliam of Orange, the English sent anexpeditionary force (with its own services and supply chain) to Flanders in 1678 to join the Dutch against the French in theFranco-Dutch War. The expeditionary force was commanded by theDuke of Monmouth. The English force saw little action but some British units saw action at theBattle of Saint-Denis (the last battle of the war). During the battle, a Scottish regiment under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Dougles attacked the French camp and the Anglo-Dutch Brigade fought in the vanguard of the Dutch Spanish army suffering many casualties.^[28]

TheMonmouth Rebellion and theBattle of Sedgemoor (6 July 1685).

• Glorious Revolution (1689),
• Williamite War in Ireland (1688–1691)
• Nine Years War (1688–1697)
  • King William's War (1688–1697).

War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714)

Shortly after theAct of Union in 1707 the English andScottish armies were amalgamated to form theBritish Army.^[29]

The order of seniority for the most senior line regiments in the British Army is based on the order of seniority in the English army. Scottish and Irish regiments were only allowed to take a rank in the English army from the date of their arrival in England or the date when they were first placed on the English establishment. For example, in 1694 a board of general officers was convened to decide upon the rank of English, Irish, and Scots regiments serving in the Netherlands, when the regiment that became known as theScots Greys was designated as the 4th Dragoons because there were three English regiments raised prior to 1688, when the Scot Greys were first placed on the English establishment. In 1713, when a new board of general officers was convened to decide upon the rank of several regiments, the seniority of the Scots Greys was reassessed and was based on their entry into England in June 1685. At that time, there was only one English regiment of dragoons, so after some delay the Scots Greys obtained the rank of 2nd Dragoons in the British Army.^[30]

• Battle of Ethandun
• Wars of Scottish Independence
• Hundred Years' War
• Anglo-Scottish Wars

• Asquith, Stuart (1981),New Model Army 1645–60 (illustrated ed.), Osprey, p. 3,ISBN 978-0-85045-385-0
• Barker, Juliet (2005),Agincourt: the King the Campaign the Battle, London: Little Brown,ISBN 978-0-316-72648-1
• Bartlett, Clive (1995),The English Longbowman, 1330-1515, Osprey Publishing,ISBN 978-1-85532-4916
• Childs, John (2013),Army of Charles II, Routledge, pp. 185–190,ISBN 978-1-134-52859-2
• Delbrück, Hans (1990), Renfroe, Walter J. Jr (ed.),Medieval Warfare, History of the Art of War, vol. 3, p. 177,ISBN 978-0-8032-6585-1
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911),"Fronde, The" ,Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 11 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 248
• Churchill, Sir Winston (12 November 1956), "English-Speaking Peoples, Continued",Life, pp. 195–200–204
• Gardiner, Samuel (2010),History of the Great Civil War, 1642–1649, vol. 2, Nabu Press,ISBN 978-1-147-19694-8
• Mallinson, Allan (2009),The Making of the British Army, Bantam Press,ISBN 978-0-593-05108-5
• Royal Scots Greys (1840),Historical record of the Royal regiment of Scots dragoons: now the Second, or Royal North British dragoons, commonly called the Scots greys, to 1839, p. 56-57
• Underdown, David (1985),Pride's Purge: Politics in the Puritan Revolution, G. Allen & Unwin,ISBN 978-0-04-822045-5
• Wilson, Ben (2013),Empire of the Deep: The Rise and Fall of the British Navy (illustrated ed.), UK: Hachette, p. 204,ISBN 9780297864097
• Young, Peter;Holmes, Richard (2000),The English Civil War, Wordsworth Editions, p. 30,ISBN 978-1-84022-222-7

Attribution

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911), "Great Rebellion", inChisholm, Hugh (ed.),Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 12 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 403–421
• This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain:Colburn, H. (December 1860), "French view of our military institutions: The English Army",The United Service Magazine, Part 3 (385):566–567

• Chandler, David G. (2003),"The Restoration Army 1660–1702",The Oxford History of the British Army,Oxford University Press, pp. 46–66,ISBN 978-0-19-280311-5
• Childs, John (2013) [1976],Army of Charles II, Routledge, pp. 181–182,ISBN 978-1-134-52866-0
• Dalton, Charles (1904),English army lists and commission registers, 1661–1714, vol. 1, London: Eyre & Sporttiswoode
• Firth, C. H. (1898),"Royalist and Cromwellian Armies in Flanders, 1657–1662",Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, London, pp. 69–119
• Firth, C.H. (January–June 1894),"The army or the Commonwealth and Protectorate-II",Notes and Queries, eighth series,5:161–162
• Folkers, Maarten (6 March 2015),"The English Army",The Spanish Succession and the War of the Spanish Succession, retrieved13 June 2015
• Konstam, Angus (2011),Marlborough (illustrated ed.), Osprey Publishing, p. 7,ISBN 9781780962320
• Sprigg, Joshua (1854) [1646],Anglia rediviva: England's recovery: being the history of the motions, actions, and successes of the army under the immediate conduct of Sir Thomas Fairfax, Oxford University Press, pp. 329–332
• White-Spunner, Barney (2006),"Part one: Royal Guard and Standing Army 1660–1685",Horse Guards (illustrated ed.), Pan Macmillan,ISBN 9781405055741

• English Army
• Kingdom of England
• Military history of England
• Military history of Great Britain
• Military units and formations established in 1661
• Military units and formations disestablished in 1707
• 1661 establishments in England
• 1707 disestablishments in Great Britain
• 1707 disestablishments in England

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