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| Military Order of Saint James of the Sword Ordem Militar de Sant'lago da Espada | |
|---|---|
 Emblem of the Order | |
| Awarded by thepresident of Portugal | |
| Type | Ancient military order |
| Established |
|
| Country | Portugal |
| Ribbon | Violet |
| Motto | Ciências, Letras e Artes (Sciences, Letters and Arts) |
| Eligibility | Portuguese and foreigners; military and civilian |
| Criteria | Exceptional and outstanding merit in literature, science and the arts |
| Status | Active |
| Grand Master | President of Portugal |
| Chancellor | Jaime Gama |
| Grades |
|
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Military Order of Aviz |
| Next (lower) | Order of Prince Henry |
 Insignia of the Order  Ribbon bar of the order | |
TheMilitary Order of Saint James of the Sword (Portuguese:Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada), formerly known asthe Ancient, Most Noble and Enlightened Military Order of Saint James of the Sword, of the Scientific, Literary and Artistic Merit (Antiga, Nobilíssima e Esclarecida Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada, do Mérito Científico, Literário e Artístico), is one of the four former ancientPortuguesemilitary orders. It was formerly established in 1175 and secularized in 1789.
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The Order was founded in 1172, and has its origins in theOrder of Santiago, founded in theKingdom of León in 1170, probably as an order ofAugustiniancanons regular to escort pilgrims to the shrine ofSt. James the Greater inSantiago de Compostela. KingFerdinand II of León soon set it to garrison the southern frontiers of León against theAlmohads ofal-Andalus. In 1170, Ferdinand II granted the new order the castles ofCáceres andMonfragüe, which had been confiscated fromGerald the Fearless in 1169, and would make further donations thereafter. The new Leonese order was soon operating in neighboring kingdoms. His nephew, KingAlfonso VIII of Castile granted them the castles ofMora andOreja in 1171, and merged the arriving knights of Santiago with the older Castilian brotherhood of knights ofÁvila in 1172.[1]
The establishment of the Order of Santiago was endorsed bypapal legate Cardinal Hyacinthus of Acardo on a visit to Iberia in 1172–73.[2] The approval of the Order was confirmed three years later byPope Alexander III in a bull issued July 1175.
In January 1174, Alfonso VIII granted them the citadel ofUclés, which would later serve as the headquarters of the Order of Santiago as a whole after thereunification of the León and Castile in 1230.
The Order expanded into Portugal when KingAfonso I of Portugal donatedArruda dos Vinhos in June 1172. This was followed up by donations of theCastle of Monsanto in September 1173 andAbrantes in September 1174. Given the poor relations between Afonso and Ferdinand II, the arrival of the Leonese order in Portugal is a little surprising. Some historians have conjectured Afonso was trying to exploit a quarrel between order's grand masterPedro Fernández and king Ferdinand II, but it is likely that the Order's entry was part of some diplomatic agreement between the two kings.[1] Nonetheless, the donation documents explicitly nameRodrigo Álvarez as the administrator of all three Portuguese donations.[3] Although a founding knight of Santiago, Rodrigo Álvarez was known to be dissatisfied with its rules (Álvarez would resign shortly after and found his own separateOrder of Mountjoy inAragon). So it is possible Afonso may have been trying to encourage a switch or schism in the Order already at this stage. The foundation of theOrder of Évora (future Order of Aviz) in 1175/76 reveal Afonso's keen interest in a native Portuguese order.
Whatever the intentions of the original invitation, the knights of Santiago evidently did not meet Afonso's expectations. The Crown took back Monsanto in 1174, and in 1179, Afonso expelled the Order of Santiago from Portugal and cancelled all their donations, as a consequence of a war that erupted between Portugal and León that year.[4]
In 1186, after the death of Afonso I, KingSancho I of Portugal donated to theOrder of Santiago the Portuguese dominions ofPalmela,Almada andAlcácer do Sal, all in theSetúbal District, south ofLisbon), thus marking their return. But in 1190–91, all three citadels were conquered in an offensive led by theAlmohad caliphYaqub al-Mansur. They were recovered sometime between 1194 and 1204. The Order of Santiago established its Portuguese headquarters at Palmela shortly before 1210, and definitively by 1212.
One of the most notable of Portuguese knights of St. James wasPaio Peres Correia. Between 1234 and 1242, Correia led the conquest of much of the southerly Moorish dominions ofBaixo Alentejo and theAlgarve. In 1242, Paio Peres Correia was elevated to Grand Master of theOrder of St. James, the only known Portuguese to have held the supreme title of the Castilian-based Order.
In 1249, Paio Peres Correia and the Order of Santiago helpedAfonso III of Portugal sweep up the finalMoorish possessions in the Algarve. The possessions of the Order in Portugal were expanded and confirmed by Afonso III in 1255.
After the death of Correia in 1275, the Order of Santiago returned firmly into Castilian hands. Thus, in 1288, KingDenis of Portugal separated the Portuguese branch from the Castilian-Leonese Order. This was confirmed byPope John XXII in 1320.[5]
During the1383–1385 Portuguese succession crisis, D. Fernando Afonso de Albuquerque, master of the Order of Santiago in Portugal, backed the candidacy ofJohn, Master of Aviz, and served briefly as John's ambassador to the English Court.
Upon becoming king, having distributed much royal and seized land to reward his supporters, KingJohn I of Portugal was left with a slim royaldemesne, insufficient to maintain hismany sons with princely households. But the vast wealthy domains of the military orders were an alternative option. John promptly set his mind on acquiring the masterships of all the principal military orders in Portugal for his family.
In 1418, John secured the mastership of the Order of St. James for his son,John of Reguengos, the futureConstable of Portugal. In 1420, he secured the mastership of theOrder of Christ (ex-Templars) for another son,Henry the Navigator. After his death in 1433, John I's ownOrder of Aviz (ex-branch ofCalatrava) was passed to a third son,Ferdinand the Saint.[6] The mastership of the three major orders – St. James, Christ and Aviz – would remain in the hands of princes of the royal family (infantes) for much of the next century.
After the death of John of Reguengos in 1442, his brother, the regent princePeter of Coimbra appointed John's sonDiogo as master of Santiago. But Diogo died within a year, so Peter passed the mastership on to his nephew,Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Beja, the younger brother of KingAfonso V of Portugal. This was confirmed byPope Eugene IV in 1444.[7] In the 1452 bullEx apostolice sedis,Pope Nicholas V confirmed once more Ferdinand's appointment and put a definitive end to questions (up to then still being raised by Castile) about the autonomy of the Portuguese branch of Santiago.
At the death of Henry the Navigator in 1460, his title ofDuke of Viseu and the mastership of theOrder of Christ passed on to Infante Ferdinand, Henry's designated heir. Ferdinand was in an unusual position of holding two major military orders, but this was ratified byPope Pius II in 1461.[7]
At Infante Ferdinand's death in 1470, all his titles, including both the orders of Christ and Santiago, were inherited by his eldest son,João, Duke of Viseu. But the sickly João died just two years later, in 1472. The mastership of the orders was subsequently separated again: João's younger brother,Diogo, Duke of Viseu became master of the Order of Christ, while the Order of St. James passed to his brother-in-law,Infante John, the eldest son and heir of Afonso V of Portugal. (John had recently married Infante Ferdinand's daughter,Eleanor of Viseu).
With the ascension of Infante John as KingJohn II of Portugal in 1481, the fortunes of the Order of St. James rose with him. At the time, the Order of Christ, with their vast possessions (including the Atlantic islands), was the richest and most powerful military order in Portugal. To combat their influence, John II, a centralizing prince, doted on and deployed his Order of St. James at their expense.
The Order of Christ had been out of the explorations business since the death of Prince Henry in 1460. As A result, the Order of St. James supplied a greater share of the knights for the slate of new expeditions organized by John II in the 1480s.
The death of John II's only legitimate son and heirPrince Afonso in 1491 threw the kingdom into a succession crisis, as it left John II with only one legitimate successor, his cousin and brother-in-law, Manuel,Duke of Beja. Manuel of Beja had become the master of the Order of Christ in 1484 (following the death of his brother, Diogo of Viseu). John II did not trust Manuel, and suspected he might fritter away his hard-won gains. As a result, John II launched a campaign to legitimize his natural son,Jorge de Lencastre, as royal heir. FromPope Innocent VIII, John II received authorization to appoint Jorge de Lencastre as the Master of the Order of St. James in April 1492 (and also administrator of theOrder of Aviz). However, the Pope refused to legitimize his birth, and as a result, at the death of John II in 1495, Duke Manuel of Beja ascended as KingManuel I of Portugal.
In the first decade of Manuel's reign, D. Jorge de Lencastre was the leader of what might be called the political opposition to Manuel, composed mostly of loyalists of the late King John II. The Order of St. James was his power base, and its castle inPalmela served as something akin to an 'alternative' royal court.
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The Order of Santiago played a leading role in the earlyIndia expeditions, a legacy project from the reign of John II.Vasco da Gama,Paulo da Gama, D.Francisco de Almeida, D.Afonso de Albuquerque andDuarte de Meneses, were leading knights of the Order of Santiago.[8]
It is reported by chroniclerJoão de Barros (p. 274) that just before his departure for India in 1497, King Manuel I of Portugal presented Vasco da Gama with his personal standard – not the familiararmillary sphere flag later associated with Manuel, but rather the banner of the Order of Christ, of which Manuel was the grand master. But chroniclerGaspar Correia (p. 15) reports that as soon as the ships left sight of Lisbon harbor, Paulo da Gama pulled 'the royal standard' down from the mast. Evidently the Gamas took the king's gesture as a calculated slight against their beloved Santiago.
Nonetheless, in subsequent years Manuel I would set his Order of Christ to poach the knights of the Order of St. James. In January, 1505, Manuel managed to coax D.Francisco de Almeida to abandon Santiago and move over to the Order of Christ.Vasco da Gama himself eventually did the switch in 1507.Afonso de Albuquerque, by contrast, refused; he was buried in his Santiago vestments.[9]
Master Jorge de Lencastre spent much of his career trying to defend the Order of Santiago against Manuel's encroachments. In May 1505, he actually managed to secure a royal order prohibiting knights from leaving his orders without his express permission. But Manuel soon obtained fromPope Alexander VI two bulls to undermine him – one from July 1505, giving the King of Portugal the right to dispose of the property of all three Orders; another in January, 1506, authorizing knights to move freely from other Orders to the Order of Christ.
In 1509, D. Jorge de Lencastre introduced a new set of rules for the Order of Santiago, overhauling its administration in a centralized fashion, bringing it closer in line with the rules of theirSpanish brethren. This was done perhaps to gain the support of the Spanish monarchy and the Pope, but to no avail. In 1516, Manuel secured fromPope Leo X the authority to appoint Jorge's successor as grand master of Santiago.
Manuel died in 1521, and he was succeeded by his sonJohn III of Portugal. When Jorge de Lencastre died in July 1550, John III received a bull fromPope Julius III a couple of weeks later appointing him personally as the master of both the Order of Santiago and theOrder of Aviz. This was followed by a second bull,Praeclara carissimi, issued by the pope under great diplomatic pressure by John III in December 1551, appointing theKings of Portugal as masters in perpetuity of all three military orders (Christ, Santiago and Aviz), thus bringing an end to the independence of the military orders in Portugal.
Pope Pius VI (1789) and QueenMaria I reformed the order into a secular institution.
In 1834, when the civil government of Portugal becameanti-clerical after the defeat of KingMiguel in theCivil War, under theconstitutional monarchy, the order lost its properties. The ancient military orders were transformed by theliberal constitution and subsequent legislation into mereorders of merit. The privileges which once had been an essential part of the membership of the old military orders also ceased.
In 1910, when the Portuguese monarchy ended, theRepublic of Portugal abolished all of the orders except theMilitary Order of the Tower and Sword.
In 1917, at the end of World War I, some of these Orders were re-established to reward outstanding services to the state, the office of Grand Master belonging to the Head of State – thePresident of the Republic. The Military Order of St. James, together with the other Portuguese Orders of Merit, had its statutes revised on several occasions, during the First Republic (1910–1926), then in 1962, and again in 1986.
The Military Order of Saint James, together with the Military Orders ofChrist and ofAviz, form the group of the "Ancient Military Orders", governed by a Chancellor and a Council of eight members, appointed by the President of the Republic, to assist him as Grand Master in all matters concerning the administration of the Order. The Order, despite its name, can be conferred to Portuguese and foreigners for outstanding services to science, literature or art. The highest grade of the Order, that of Grand Collar, is a special award, conferred only to foreignheads of state.
The Order of Santiago possessed many domains granted by thePortuguese Crown, almost all of them south of theTagus river, clustered in theSado region andlower Alentejo. As the most southerly of the four Portuguese military orders, the Santiago knights were the first frontline against incursions from the MoorishAlgarve in the 13th century. These domains were partitioned intocomendas, and granted by the Orderin commendam to a Santiago knight (comendador) entrusted with the obligation of defending them. After the completion of the conquest of the Algarve, thecomendas continued to be a source of revenue for the Order, granted to distinguished individual knights of the Order, still contingent on military service, and run according to the Order's regulations. In principle, thecomendador was just a temporary manager of the Order's property, although over time somecomendadors treated thecomenda as their own property.
The vast size and compactness of the domains of the Order of Santiago, its self-contained system of knights andcomendas, and the extensive privileges of the Order, including civil and criminal jurisdiction, over these domains, has led some commentators to refer to it as a "state within a state". The grand masters of the Order were among the most powerful men in Portugal, andcomendadors stood at the peak of rural society in their districts.[10]
By the 15th century the largecomendas of the Order of Santiago were (from north to south):Arruda andSantos (both north of the river), thenPalmela,Setúbal,Sesimbra,Cabrela,Alcácer do Sal,Torrão,Grândola,Ferreira,Santiago do Cacém,Sines,Aljustrel,Messejana,Casével,Garvão,Castro Verde,Mértola,Almodôvar, and (on the southeast Algarve coast)Cacela.[11]
The Order of St. James of the Sword, as awarded by the Portuguese government today, comes in six classes:
| Ribbon bars | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Grand Collar (GCollSE) |  Grand Cross (GCSE) |  Grand Officer (GOSE) |  Commander (ComSE) |  Officer (OSE) | Knight (CavSE) / Dame (DamSE) |
The insignia of the order prominently features theCross of St. James.[12]
1774 Port. ed. trans. 1875–84 by Walter de Gray Birch, asThe Commentaries of the great Afonso Dalboquerque, second viceroy of India, 4 volumes, London: Hakluyt Society
first pub. 1858–64
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