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Mikhail of Tver

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Prince of Tver from 1285 to 1318
For other people, seeMikhail II of Tver andMikhail III of Tver.

Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tver
Grand Prince of Vladimir
Prince of Tver
Mikhail and his mother Xenia standing before Christ, early 14th century miniature
Born1271
Died22 November 1318 (aged 46–47)
Sarai
SpouseAnna of Kashin
Issue
more...		Dmitry of Tver
Alexander of Tver
Konstantin of Tver
Vasily of Kashin
HouseRurik
FatherYaroslav III
MotherXenia of Tarusa

Mikhail[a] Yaroslavich (Russian:Михаил Ярославич; 1271 – 22 November 1318) wasPrince of Tver from 1285 andGrand Prince of Vladimir from 1304 to 1314 and again from 1315 until his death in 1318. He wascanonized and counted among thesaints of theRussian Orthodox Church.

Mikhail Yaroslavich was the second son ofYaroslav III Yaroslavich of Tver, the younger brother ofAleksandr Nevsky; he succeeded his elder brother Yaroslav as the prince of Tver in 1285. His mother Xenia was the second spouse to Yaroslav III and is known as the saintXenia of Tarusa. Upon the death ofAndrei Aleksandrovich, Aleksandr Nevsky's son and Yaroslav's nephew, Mikhail became the grand prince of Vladimir in 1304, as was consistent with traditional succession practices. He was confirmed in office byTokhta, the khan of theGolden Horde.[1]

Reign

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Troubles as grand prince and rivalry with Moscow

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Parting words of Grand Prince Mikhail byPimen Orlov (1847)

While he seemed secure in the throne, being the legitimate heir and having been confirmed by the khan inSarai, Grand Prince Mikhail suffered a series of setbacks as grand prince which led to him losing the grand princely office for both himself and, in some ways, ultimately for his descendants. He was, like most Grand Princes of Vladimir, accepted asPrince of Novgorod the Great in 1309,[2] but fought with Novgorod, going so far as to withdraw his lieutenants (namestniki) and cut off grain shipments into the city in 1312. While he was on decent terms withTokhta Khan, and initially with his successor,Uzbeg Khan (Mikhail paid homage on Uzbeg's accession to the throne in 1313 and remained inSarai until 1315), he eventually lost influence toYury of Moscow, who gained influence in Novgorod while the grand prince was away in Sarai. Mikhail did manage to finally take control of the city in 1316 with Mongol aid, but the following year Uzbeg Khan gave theyarlik or patent of office of the Grand Prince of Vladimir to Yury, who also married Uzbeg's sister.[3]

After granting Yury the iarlyk or patent of office, the Khan sent his army under the Mongol general Kavgadii to help Yuri in his struggle with Mikhail Yaroslavich. On 22 December 1317 Mikhail defeated Yuri at a village called Bortenevo (40 km from Tver). Mikhail captured Yuri's wife, who was the Khan's sister. When she died in Mikhail's custody, he was blamed for her death, although it seems unlikely that he would have killed her knowing how much it would hurt him politically for such little gain. He released Kavgadii, who returned to Sarai and accused Mikhail of murdering the Khan's sister, withholding tribute, and warring against his Mongol overlord. As a result, Mikhail was summoned to the Horde by theKhan and executed on 22 November 1318.[4]

Relations with the Church

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Mikhail Yaroslavich before the Mongol khan byVasili Vereshchagin (1896)

Mikhail also alienated the Church, particularlyMetropolitan Petr (ruled 1308–1326). WhenMetropolitan Maksim died in 1305, Mikhail nominated another candidate, but Petr was consecrated by thePatriarch of Constantinople. Petr sided with Moscow and opposed Mikhail on several occasions. In 1309, he appointed David asArchbishop of Novgorod and David was instrumental in the argument that led Mikhail to withdraw his lieutenants and cut the grain supplies to the city. In 1314, Novgorod called on Yury to be named grand prince and for Mikhail to be deposed. Thus the support of the Church aided Yury to Mikhail's detriment.[5] Despite his having been unfavored by theRussian Orthodox Church during his lifetime, the Church later declared Mikhail a saint because of his piousness during his summons by the Khan which he knew was to certain death and because his relics, when transported to his hometown, were discovered to beincorrupt.[6]

Family and children

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In 1294 Mikhail married PrincessAnna ofRostov, daughter ofDimitry of Rostov. They had five children:

  1. Prince Dmitry of Tver (1299–1326)
  2. Prince Alexander of Tver (1301–1339)
  3. Prince Konstantin of Tver (1306–1346)
  4. Prince Vasily of Kashin (d. after 1368)
  5. Feodora of Tver

Mikhail's sons and successors Dmitry the Terrible Eyes and Alexander were both also loved in the Horde, as was Alexander's elder son, Mikhail. Both Aleksandr Mikhailovich, and Mikhail Aleksandrovich briefly held the Grand Princely office (in 1326-1327 and 1371-1372 respectively)[7] but Mikhail's failure to defeat Yury of Moscow, followed by Aleksandr's role (real or perceived) in the Tver Uprising of 1327, led the Tver branch to lose the favor of the Khans, and the Danilovich - the Muscovite princes, held the title for all but two years after 1317.

Mikhail's wife took the veil inKashin's nunnery and died there on 2 October 1368. She is commemorated asAnna of Kashin by theRussian Orthodox Church and was canonized in 1677.

Yurievichi connection ofMoscow,Novgorod-Suzdal, andTver
Yaroslav II of Vladimir
G. P. of Vladimir (1238–1246)
Grandson ofYurievichi progenitorYuri Dolgorukiy
Alexander Nevsky
Prince of Novgorod (~1246~1259)
G. P. of Vladimir (1252–1263)		Andrey II of Vladimir
Prince of Suzdal (1256–1264)
G. P. of Vladimir (1249–1252)		Yaroslav of Tver
Prince of Tver (1247–1271)
G. P. of Vladimir (1263–1271)
Daniel of Moscow
Prince of Moscow (1283–1303)
Daniilovichi progenitor		Konstantin of Suzdal
Prince of Nizhny
Novgorod-Suzdal (1341–1355)		Mikhail of Tver
Prince of Tver (1285–1318)
G. P. of Vladimir (1304–1318)

Ancestry

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Ancestors of Mikhail of Tver
16.Yuri Dolgorukiy
8.Vsevolod the Big Nest
17. Helene Komnene
4.Yaroslav II of Vladimir
18. Shvarn, Governor of Kyiv
9.Maria Shvarnovna
2.Yaroslav of Tver
20. Gleb Rostislavich
11. Igor Glebovich
21. Euphrosyne of Pereyaslavl
5. Fedosia Igorevna
22.Rostislav I of Kiev
11. Agrafena of Kiev
1.Mikhail of Tver
24.Vsevolod IV of Kiev
12.Michael of Chernigov
25. Anastasia of Poland
6. Youri Mikhailovich
26.Roman the Great
13.Elena Romanovna
27.Predslava Rurikovna
3.Xenia of Tarusa

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Alsoanglicized asMichael.

References

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  1. ^Janet Martin Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 174.
  2. ^Michael C. Paul, "Was the Prince of Novgorod a 'Third-Rate Bureaucrat' after 1136?"Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 56, No. 1 (Spring 2008): 72-113.
  3. ^Martin, Medieval Russia, 175.
  4. ^Martin, Medieval Russia, 175; John Fennell, "Princely Executions in the Horde 1308-1339,"Forschungen zur Osteuropaischen Geschichte 38 (1988), 9-19.
  5. ^Martin,Medieval Russia, 193.
  6. ^Святой благоверный великий князь Михаил Ярославич, Тверской чудотворец + Православный Церковный календарь (in Russian). Pravoslavie.Ru. Retrieved12 June 2017.
  7. ^Paul, "Was the Prince of Novgorod a 'Third-rate Bureaucrat'", 111

External links

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Preceded byGrand Prince of Vladimir
1304–1318		Succeeded by
Preceded byPrince of Tver
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