Bachelet's great-great-grandfather, Louis-Joseph Bachelet Lapierre (1820–1864), was aFrench wine merchant fromChassagne-Montrachet who immigrated to Chile with his Parisian wife, Françoise Jeanne Beault, in 1860. He was hired as a wine-making expert by theSubercaseaux vineyards inSantiago. Bachelet Lapierre's son, Germán, was born in Santiago in 1862 and, in 1891, married Luisa Brandt Cadot, a Chilean of French andSwiss descent. They had a son, Alberto Bachelet Brandt, born in 1894.
Bachelet's maternal great-grandfather, Máximo Jeria Chacón, of Spanish (Basque) and Greek heritage, was the first person in Chile to earn a degree inagronomic engineering. He founded several agronomy schools in the country[10] and married Lely Johnson, the daughter of an English physician working in Chile. Their son, Máximo Jeria Johnson, married Ángela Gómez Zamora, and they had five children, with Bachelet's mother being the fourth.[9]
Bachelet was born inLa Cisterna,[11] a middle-class suburb ofSantiago. She was named after French actressMichèle Morgan.[12] Bachelet spent many of her childhood years traveling around her native Chile, moving with her family from onemilitary base to another. She lived and attended primary schools in, among other places,Quintero,Antofagasta, andSan Bernardo. In 1962, she moved with her family to the United States, where her father was assigned to the military mission at the Chilean Embassy inWashington, D.C. Her family lived for almost two years inBethesda, Maryland, where she attendedWestern Junior High School and learned to speak English fluently.[13]
Returning to Chile in 1964, she graduated in 1969 fromLiceo Nº 1 Javiera Carrera, a prestigious girls' public high school, finishing near the top of her class.[14][15] There she was class president, a member of the choir and volleyball teams, and part of a theater group and a band, "Las Clap Clap", which she co-founded and which toured around several school festivals. In 1970, after obtaining a relatively high score on the university admission test, she entered medical school at theUniversity of Chile, where she was selected in the 113th position (out of 160 admitted applicants).[14][15][16] She originally intended to study sociology or economics, but was prevailed upon by her father to study medicine instead.[17] She has said she opted for medicine because it was 'a concrete way of helping people cope with pain' and 'a way to contribute to improve health in Chile.'[7]
Facing growing food shortages, the government ofSalvador Allende placed Bachelet's father in charge of the Food Distribution Office. When GeneralAugusto Pinochet suddenly came to power via the11 September 1973 coup d'état, Bachelet's father was detained at the Air War Academy on charges of treason. Following months of daily torture at Santiago's Public Prison, he suffered a cardiac arrest that resulted in his death on 12 March 1974. In early January 1975, Bachelet and her mother were detained at their apartment by twoDINA agents,[18] who blindfolded them and drove them toVilla Grimaldi, a notorious secret detention center in Santiago, where they were separated and subjected to interrogation and torture.[19]
In 2013, Bachelet said she had been interrogated by DINA chiefManuel Contreras there.[20] Some days later, Bachelet was transferred toCuatro Álamos ("Four Poplars") detention center, where she was held until the end of January. Thanks to the assistance ofRoberto Kozak,[21] Bachelet was able to go into exile in Australia,[22] where her older brother, Alberto, had moved in 1969.[14]
Of her torture, Bachelet said, in 2004, that "it was nothing in comparison to what others suffered". She was "yelled at using abusive language, shaken", and both she and her mother were "threatened with the killing of the other". She was "nevertortured with electricity", but she did see it done to other prisoners.[23][24]
Commemoration ofOrlando Letelier, a former Chilean minister, who was assassinated by Pinochet's secret police in Washington, D.C., in 1976
In May 1975, Bachelet left Australia and later relocated to East Germany, where she was assigned an apartment inAm Stern,Potsdam by theGerman Democratic Republic (GDR). Her mother joined her a month later and lived separately inLeipzig. In October 1976, Bachelet began working at a communal clinic in theBabelsberg neighborhood as a stepping stone to furthering her medical studies at a university in East Germany. During this time, she met architect Jorge Leopoldo Dávalos Cartes, another Chilean exile, and they married in 1977. In January 1978, Bachelet went to Leipzig to study German at theHerder Institute of Karl Marx University (now theUniversity of Leipzig). She gave birth to her first child with Dávalos, Jorge Alberto Sebastián, in June 1978. She returned to Potsdam in September 1978 to continue her medical studies at theHumboldt University of Berlin for two years. Five months after enrolling as a student, however, she obtained authorization to return to her country.[25]
After four years in exile, Bachelet returned to Chile in 1979. Her medical school credits from the GDR were not recognized, so she had to restart her studies where she left off before she fled the country.[26] Despite this setback, she graduated as physician-surgeon[27] on 7 January 1983.[28] Bachelet wanted to work in the public sector where she could make the most impact, but her request to work as ageneral practitioner was denied by the military government on "political grounds".[7]
However, Bachelet's academic achievements and published papers earned her a scholarship from the Chilean Medical Chamber to specialize inpediatrics andpublic health at the Roberto del Río Children's Hospital at the University of Chile' (1983–86). She completed the program with excellent grades but did not receive her certification for "financial reasons".[29]
During this time, Bachelet also worked atPIDEE (Protection of Children Injured by States of Emergency Foundation), a non-governmental organization that provided support for the children of the missing and the tortured in Santiago andChillán. She served as the head of the Medical Department of the foundation from 1986 and 1990. Some time after the birth of her second child with Dávalos, Francisca Valentina, in February 1984, she and her husband legally separated. Between 1985 and 1987, Bachelet had a romantic relationship with Alex Vojkovic Trier,[30] an engineer and spokesman for theManuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front, an armed group that, among other actions,attempted to assassinate Pinochet in 1986. The affair was a minor issue during her presidential campaign, during which she stated that she never supported any of Vojkovic's activities.[10]
AfterChile's transition to democracy in 1990, Bachelet worked for the Ministry of Health's West Santiago Health Service and served as a consultant for thePan-American Health Organization, theWorld Health Organization, and theDeutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit. While working for the National AIDS Commission (Conasida), she became romantically involved with Aníbal Hernán Henríquez Marich, a fellow physician and a right-wing supporter of Pinochet, who fathered her third child, Sofía Catalina, in December 1992. Their relationship ended a few years later. From March 1994 and July 1997, Bachelet worked as Senior Assistant to the Deputy Health Minister.[31] Driven by an interest in civil-military relations, Bachelet began studyingmilitary strategy at theNational Academy of Political and Strategic Studies (ANEPE) in Chile in 1996, earning first place in her class.[7] This achievement earned her a presidential scholarship, allowing her to continue her studies in the United States at theInter-American Defense College in Washington, D.C., where she completed a Continental Defense Course in 1998. That same year she returned to Chile to work for the Defense Ministry as the Senior Assistant to the Defense Minister and went on to graduate from aMaster's program inmilitary science at theChilean Army's War Academy.[citation needed]
In 1970, during her first year as a university student, Bachelet joined theSocialist Youth and was an active supporter of thePopular Unity. In the immediate aftermath of the coup, she and her mother worked as couriers for the undergroundSocialist Party directorate, which was trying to organize aresistance movement. Eventually, almost all of them were captured anddisappeared.[32]
In the second half of the 1980s, Bachelet, after her return from exile, became politically active, fighting for the restoration of democracy in Chile, although not on the front line. In 1995, she became a member of the party's Central Committee and, from 1998 to 2000, she was an active member of the Political Commission.[citation needed] In 1996, she ran against future presidential opponentJoaquín Lavín for the mayorship ofLas Condes, a wealthy suburb of Santiago and a right-wing stronghold.[citation needed] Lavín won the 22-candidate election with nearly 78% of the vote, while Bachelet finished fourth with 2.35%.[citation needed]
On 11 March 2000, virtually unknown at the time, Bachelet was appointedMinister of Health by President Ricardo Lagos. She conducted an in-depth study of the public healthcare system which resulted in the creation of the AUGE plan a few years later. During her tenure, she was given the challenging task of eliminating the waiting lists in the overburdened public hospital system within the first 100 days of Lagos's government. Although she was successful in reducing the waiting lists by 90%, she was unable to completely eliminate them[10] and offered her resignation, which was promptly rejected by the President. Bachelet authorized the free distribution of themorning-after pill for victims ofsexual abuse, which sparked controversy.[citation needed]
On 7 January 2002 Bachelet was appointedMinister of National Defense, becoming the first woman in a Latin American country and one of the few in the world to hold this position.[33] As Minister of Defense, she fostered reconciliatory gestures between the military and victims of the dictatorship, leading to GeneralJuan Emilio Cheyre, head of the army, making a historic declaration in 2003 that the military would "never again" subvert democracy in Chile. Additionally, she oversaw reforms of the military pension system and continued with the modernization process of the Chilean armed forces, including purchasing of new military equipment and participating in international peace operations. One key moment that has been cited as a factor in Bachelet's chances to the presidency occurred in mid-2002, during a flood in northern Santiago. As Defense Minister, she led a rescue operation while wearing a cloak and military cap, perched atop anamphibioustank.[10][34][35]
By the end of 2004, Bachelet's surging popularity in opinion polls made her the only politician within theCoalition of Parties for Democracy («Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia»; CPD) who was capable of defeatingJoaquín Lavín in the presidential election. As a result, she was chosen as theSocialist Party's candidate for the presidency.[36] Initially hesitant to accept the nomination, as it was never a goal of hers, she eventually agreed as she felt she could not let her supporters down.[37] On 1 October of that year, she stepped down from her government position to fully focus on her campaign and to support the CPD in the municipal elections held later that month. On 28 January 2005 she was officially named the Socialist Party's presidential candidate. Anopen primary was scheduled for July 2005 to determine the CPD's sole presidential candidate, but it was canceled after Bachelet's only rival,Christian DemocratSoledad Alvear, a cabinet member in the first three CPD administrations, withdrew early due to a lack of support within her own party and in opinion polls.[citation needed]
In the December 2005 election, Bachelet ran against three candidates:Sebastián Piñera from the center-right (RN), Joaquín Lavín from the right-wing (UDI), andTomás Hirsch from the left (JPM). As predicted by opinion polls, she didn't receive theabsolute majority needed to win the election outright, obtaining 46% of the vote. On 15 January 2006, she went on to face Piñera in the runoff election and won the presidency with 53.5% of the vote, becoming Chile'sfirst female president and the first woman in Latin America to reach the presidency through adirect election without being the wife of a previous head of state or political leader.[38][39]
On 30 January 2006, Bachelet was declared President-elect by the Elections Certification Court (Tricel) and announced her cabinet, which, for the first time, was composed of an equal number of men and women, as promised during her campaign. To reflect thebalance of power within the Coalition, Bachelet named seven ministers from theChristian Democrat Party (PDC), five from theParty for Democracy (PPD), four from theSocialist Party (PS), one from theSocial Democrat Radical Party (PRSD), and three without party affiliation.[citation needed]
Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile on 11 March 2006 in a ceremony held in a plenary session of theNational Congress inValparaíso attended by many foreign heads of states and delegates.[35] Much of Bachelet's first three months as president were spent working on 36 measures she had promised during her campaign to implement during her first 100 days in office. They ranged from simple presidential decrees, such as providing free health care for older patients, to complex bills to reform the social security system and the electoral system. For her firststate visit, Bachelet chose Argentina, arriving inBuenos Aires on 21 March. There she met with presidentNéstor Kirchner, with whom she signed strategic agreements on energy and infrastructure, including the possibility of launching a bidding process to operate theTransandine Railway.[40]
In March 2006 Bachelet created an advisory committee to reform the pension system, which was headed by former budget director Mario Marcel.[41] The commission issued its final report in July 2006,[42] and in March 2008 Bachelet signed the bill into law. The new legislation established a Basic Solidarity Pension (PBS) and a Solidarity Pension Contribution (APS), guaranteeing a minimum pension for the 60% poorest segment of the population, regardless of their contribution history.[43] The reform also grants a bonus to female pensioners for every child born alive.[44]
In October 2006 Bachelet enacted legislation to protectsubcontracted employees, which would benefit an estimated 1.2 million workers.[45] In June 2009 she introducedpay equality legislation, guaranteeing equal pay for equal work in the private sector, regardless of gender.[46]
In September 2009 Bachelet signed the "Chile Grows with You" plan into law, providing comprehensive social services to vulnerable children from ages zero to six. That law also established a social welfare management framework called the "Intersectoral Social Protection System", made up of subsystems such as "Chile Solidario" and "Chile Grows with You".[47]
Between 2008 and 2010 the Bachelet administration delivered a so-called "literary briefcase" (a box of books including encyclopedias, dictionaries, poetry works and books for both children and adults) to the 400,000 poorest families with children attending primary school from first to fourth grade.[48]
In March 2009, Bachelet launched the "I Choose my PC" program, awarding free computers to poor seventh-graders with excellent academic performance attending government-subsidized schools.[49] During 2009 and 2010 Bachelet deliveredmaternity packages to all babies born in public hospitals, which are about 80% of total births.[50][51] In January 2010, Bachelet promulgated a law allowing the distribution ofemergency contraception pills in public and private health centers, including to persons under 14, without parental consent. The law also requires high schools to add asexual education program to their curriculum.[52]
Bachelet's first political crisis came in late April 2006, when massivehigh school student demonstrations – unseen in three decades – broke out throughout the country, demanding better public education. In June 2006, she sought to dampen the student protests by setting up an 81-member advisory committee, including education experts from all political backgrounds, representatives of ethnic groups, parents, teachers, students, school owners, university rectors, people from diverse religious denominations, etc. Its purpose was to propose changes to the country's educational system and serve as a forum to share ideas and views. The committee issued its final report in December 2006.[53] In August 2009, she signed the education reform bill into law, which created two new regulatory bodies: a Superintendency on Education and a Quality Agency.[54]
During her presidency Bachelet opened 18 new subway stations in Santiago, nine in 2006, one in 2009 and eight in 2010.[55][56] In December 2009 Bachelet announced the construction of a new subway line in Santiago, to be operational by 2014[57] (the date was later changed to mid-2016[58]).
In February 2007 Santiago'stransport system was radically altered with the introduction ofTransantiago, designed under the previous administration.[38] The system was nearly unanimously condemned by the media, the users and the opposition, significantly damaging her popularity, and leading to the sacking of her Transport minister. On her decision not to abort the plan's start, she said in April 2007 she was given erroneous information which caused her to act against her "instincts".[59]
In September 2008, Chile's Constitutional Court declared a US$400 million loan by theInter-American Development Bank to fund the transport system unconstitutional. Bachelet – who had been forced to ask for the loan after Congress had refused to approve funds for the beleaguered program in November 2007 – made use of an emergency clause in theConstitution that grants funds equivalent to 2% of the fiscal budget.[60] In November 2008, she invoked the emergency clause again after Congress denied once again funds for the system for 2009.
On 27 February 2010, during the last week ofsummer vacations[61] and less than two weeks before Bachelet's term was set to expire, Chile was struck by an8.8-magnitude earthquake that killed over 500 people and caused widespread damage, including the collapse of apartment buildings and bridges and tsunamis that destroyed fishing villages. Bachelet and the government faced criticism for their slow response to the disaster, which hit on a Saturday at 3:34 am[38] and left most of the country without electricity, phone, and Internet access.[62][63][64] Bachelet declared astate of catastrophe and, on Sunday afternoon, sent military troops to the most affected areas in an effort to quell instances oflooting and arson.[38] She also imposed nightcurfews in the most affected cities,[65] but was criticized for not deploying the troops quickly enough.[66][67]
In January 2010 Bachelet opened theMuseum of Memory and Human Rights in Santiago, documenting the horrors of Pinochet's16+1⁄2-year dictatorship.[68] In November she promulgated a law (submitted to Congress during the previous administration) creating the National Institute for Human Rights, with the goal of protecting and promoting human rights in the country.[69] The law also allowed for the reopening of theRettig andValech commissions for 18 months.[70] She used her power as president to send a bill to legalize gay marriages, and sponsored a reproductive rights bill.[71]
On 10 August 2018 the outgoing UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein warmly welcomed theUN General Assembly's appointment of Michelle Bachelet to succeed him. He said that "She has all the attributes – courage, perseverance, passion, and a deep commitment to human rights".[72]
In August 2008, Bachelet signed afreedom of information bill into law, which became effective in April 2009.
In January 2010, Bachelet enacted a law creating the Ministry for the Environment. The new legislation also created the Environmental Evaluation Service and the Superintendency for the Environment.[71][73]
Half of the ministries in her first government were occupied by women; in her successor's team,Sebastián Piñera, 18% were.[74]
Bachelet was widely credited for resisting calls from politicians within her own coalition to spend the country's huge copper revenues to close the income gap.[38][75] Instead in 2007 she created theEconomic and Social Stabilization Fund, asovereign wealth fund which accumulates fiscal surpluses above 1% of GDP.[76] This allowed her to finance new social policies and provide economic stimulus packages when the2008 financial crisis hit the country.[38]
During her four years in office, the economy grew at an average rate of 3.3% per year (2.3% on per capita basis), reaching a high of 5.7% in 2006 and a low of −1.0% in 2009 due to the2008 financial crisis. The realminimum wage increased an average of 2% per year, the lowest increase of any president since 1990, while unemployment hovered between 7 and 8% for the first three years, then rose to nearly 11% during 2009. Inflation averaged 4.5% per year, reaching close to 9% in 2008 due to rising food prices.[77] Absolute poverty fell from 13.7% in November 2006 to 11.5% in November 2009.[78]
Bachelet began her term with an unprecedentedabsolute majority in both chambers of Congress. Prior to the elimination of appointed senators in the 2005 constitutional reforms, the CPD had never held a majority in the Senate. However, she was soon met with internal opposition from several discontented lawmakers in both chambers of Congress, known asdíscolos ("disobedient", "ungovernable"). This opposition jeopardized the coalition's fragile and historic[79] congressional majority on a number of key executive-sponsored bills during much of her first two years in office and forced Bachelet to negotiate with a right-wing opposition that she perceived as "obstructionist".[80][81] By 2007, the CPD had lost its absolute majority in both chambers of Congress as several senators and deputies from the coalition became independent.
In December 2006, Pinochet died. Bachelet decided not to grant him astate funeral, an honour bestowed upon constitutionally elected Chilean presidents, but amilitary funeral as formercommander-in-chief of the Army appointed by President Salvador Allende. She also refused to declare an officialnational day of mourning, but did authorize flags at military barracks to fly athalf staff. Pinochet's coffin was also allowed to be draped in a Chilean flag. Bachelet did not attend his funeral, saying it would be "a violation of [her] conscience", and sent Defense MinisterVivianne Blanlot instead.[82]
In April 2008, Bachelet's Education Minister,Yasna Provoste, wasimpeached by Congress for her handling of a scandal involving mismanagement of school subsidies. Her conviction was the first for a sitting minister in 36 years.[83][84][85]
During her first year in office Bachelet faced continuing problems from neighbors Argentina and Peru. In July 2006, she sent aletter of protest to Argentine presidentNéstor Kirchner after his government issued a decree increasing export tariffs on natural gas to Chile, which was considered by Bachelet to be a violation of a tacit bilateral agreement.[citation needed]
In early 2007, Peru accused Chile of unilaterally redefining their shared sea boundary in a section of a law passed by Congress that detailed the borders of the new administrative region ofArica and Parinacota. The impasse was resolved by the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal, which declared that section unconstitutional. In March 2007, the Chilean state-owned and independent public broadcasterTelevisión Nacional de Chile (TVN) canceled the broadcast of a documentary about theWar of the Pacific after a cautionary call was made to the stations' board of directors by Chilean Foreign Relations MinisterAlejandro Foxley, apparently acting on demands made by the Peruvian ambassador to Chile;[citation needed] the show was finally broadcast in late May of that year. In August 2007 the Chilean government filed a formal diplomatic protest with Peru and summoned home its ambassador after Peru published an official map claiming a part of the Pacific Ocean that Chile considers its sovereign territory. Peru said this was just another step in its plans to bring the dispute to theInternational Court of Justice inThe Hague. In January 2008 Peru asked the court to consider the dispute, prompting Bachelet to summon home the Chilean ambassador inLima for consultations.[86]
TheUnited Nations Security Council election held on 16 October 2006, which saw a deadlock between Venezuela and Guatemala for the two-year, non-permanent Latin American and Caribbean seat on theSecurity Council, developed into a significant ideological issue in Chile and was viewed as a test for Bachelet. The governing coalition was split, with the Socialists supporting Venezuela's bid and the Christian Democrats strongly opposing it. The day before the vote, the president announced through her spokesman that Chile would abstain, citing the lack of regional consensus on a single candidate, ending months of speculation. In March 2007, Chile's ambassador to Venezuela,Claudio Huepe, said in an interview withteleSUR that Bachelet personally told him that she had initially intended to vote for Venezuela but then "there were a series of circumstances that forced me to abstain".[87] The government quickly recalled Huepe and accepted his resignation.
In May 2008, Bachelet became the firstPresident pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations (Unasur) and in September she called for an urgent summit after Bolivian PresidentEvo Morales warned of a possiblecoup attempt against him. The presidents of Bolivia, Ecuador, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil and Colombia, and the Secretary-General of theOrganization of American States, met with Bachelet at theLa Moneda Palace in Santiago, where they agreed to send two commissions to Bolivia: one to mediate between the executive and the opposition, and another to investigate the killings inPando Department.[88]
In February 2009, Bachelet visited Cuba and met withFidel Castro. There she urged the United States to put an end to theembargo. No Chilean head of state had visited the country in 37 years.[89] Despite petitions from theChristian Democratic Party of her own governing coalition, and of theopposition parties, Bachelet did not meet withCuban dissidents during her visit.[90] Soon after the meeting, Castro wrote that the "fascist and vengeful Chilean oligarchy is the same which more than 100 years ago robbed Bolivia of its access to the Pacific and of copper-rich lands in ahumiliating war".[91][92][93]
Continuing the coalition's free-trade strategy, in August 2006 Bachelet promulgated afree trade agreement with the People's Republic of China (signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos), the first Chinese free-trade agreement with a Latin American nation; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007. In October 2006, Bachelet promulgated a multilateral trade deal with New Zealand, Singapore and Brunei, theTrans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4), also signed under Lagos's presidency. She held free-trade talks with other countries, including Australia, Vietnam, Turkey and Malaysia. Regionally, she signed bilateral free trade agreements with Panama, Peru and Colombia.[citation needed]
In October 2007, Bachelet granted amnesty toundocumented migrants from other Latin American countries. The measure was expected to benefit around 15,000 Peruvians and 2,000 Bolivians.[96] In December 2007 she signed in Bolivia a trilateral agreement with the presidents of Brazil and Bolivia to complete and improve a 4,700 km road to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, viaArica andIquique in Chile andSantos in Brazil. In May 2008, following months of intense lobbying, Chile was elected as member of theUnited Nations Human Rights Council, obtaining the largest vote among Latin American countries.[97]
In December 2009 Chile became the first country in South America, and the second in Latin America after Mexico, to receive an invitation to join theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[98] Bachelet signed the accession agreement in January 2010,[99] but it formally became a member in May 2010, after she had left office.[100]
Job-approval ratings. Blue is approval; red is disapproval.
Bachelet enjoyed an approval rating above 50% for her first three months in office, during the so-called "honeymoon period". Her popularity fell during the student protests that year, hovering in the mid-40s. In July she had a disastrous public relations incident when a group of residents she was visiting in the southern city ofChiguayante who were affected by a landslide berated her publicly on television, accusing her of using their tragedy to boost her falling popularity. One woman demanded that she leave the scene so rescue efforts could continue.[101][102] In July, after only four months in office, Bachelet was forced to reshuffle her cabinet, in what was the fastest ministerial adjustment since 1990.[103]
Bachelet's popularity dipped further in her second year, reaching a low of 35% approval, 46% disapproval in September 2007. This fall was mainly attributed to the Transantiago fiasco.[104] That same month she had a second negative incident when a group of earthquake andtsunami victims she was visiting in the southern region ofAisén received her bearing black flags and accused her of showing up late.[105][106] The city mayor, who told Bachelet to "go to hell", later apologized.[107][108] Over the following 12 months, however, Bachelet's approval ratings did not improve.
At the onset of the2008 financial crisis, in September 2008, Bachelet's popularity was at 42%, but gradually her job approval ratings began to rise. When she left office in March 2010 her popular support was at a record 84%, according to conservative polling institute Adimark GfK.[109]
In April 2010, Bachelet inaugurated her ownthink-tank, "Fundación Dialoga". Its headquarters are located inProvidencia, a suburb of Santiago.[111]
Bachelet is a member of theClub of Madrid, the world's largest forum of former heads of state and government.[112] Since 2010 she has also been a member of theInter-American Dialogue, the leading think tank on Western Hemisphere relations and affairs, and served as the organization's co-chair.[113]
On 14 September 2010, Bachelet was appointed head of the newly created United Nations bodyUN Women byUN Secretary-GeneralBan Ki-moon. She took office on 19 September 2010. On 15 March 2013 she announced her resignation.[114]
On 27 March 2013, Bachelet announced that she would seek a second term asPresident of Chile in the2013 elections.[115] The well-respected CEP released a poll in May 2012 suggesting that 51% of voters wished to see her become the next president, far ahead of any other would-be candidate.[116]
On 30 June 2013, Bachelet became theNueva Mayoría's candidate for president after she won a four-wayprimary election with the support of five center and left parties (PS,PPD,PC,IC,MAS) and 73% of the vote.[117]
In the17 November 2013 presidential election, Bachelet fell short of the absolute majority needed for an outright win. In the runoff election, held on 15 December of that year, she beat former senator and Minister of LaborEvelyn Matthei with over 62% of the vote; turnout was significantly lower than in the first round.[118]
Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile for her second term on 11 March 2014, at theNational Congress inValparaíso.Isabel Allende, the daughter of former PresidentSalvador Allende and newly elected President of theSenate, administered theaffirmation of office to Bachelet, marking the first time in the country's history that both parties involved were women.[119]
Among Bachelet's main campaign promises for the 2013 election was the introduction of free university education in Chile and the end of profit-making educational institutions, as a response to the2011–13 Chilean student protests. The intention was that revenue from the increase in corporate tax rate by 2017 would be used to fund free education. The proposals were criticized and quickly became unpopular due to the opposition from students who felt that the proposals did not go far enough in removing profit making. Opposition parties, lower middle class voters and certain members of Bachelet's Nueva Mayoría coalition attacked the proposals as the law that would prevent individuals from earning profits on public resources would not address making improvements in quality of education.[120]
In 2015, the Chile Constitutional Court rejected large portions of Bachelet's plan to offer free college education to half of the nation's poorest students on grounds that requiring them to attend certain schools participating in the program could be considered discrimination. However, what remained of the plan allowed Bachelet to send 200,000 students from low-income families to college free of cost.[121]
In January 2018, the Chilean Senate passed a law guaranteeing free education which was supported by conservative opposition parties as well, allowing the poorest 60% of students to study for free and doubled state funding for public universities. The new legislation created a higher education Superintendent empowered to supervise and penalize institutions which do not provide quality of education or have for-profit operations.[122]
In September 2014, the Chilean Congress passed Bachelet's tax reform proposal which aimed to increase revenue by 3% of gross domestic product. Measures included in the reform were:[123][124]
increased corporate tax rate from 20% to 25% or 27%
the maximum tax bracket for personal income tax lowered to 35 percent from 40 percent starting in 2018
increased excise taxes for sweetened beverages, alcohol and tobacco
"Green" taxes including a tax on carbon emissions for thermoelectric plants bigger than 50 MW and a tax on the import of diesel vehicles with higher cylinder capacity, excluding work vehicles
measures against tax evasion
Critics blamed tax reforms for complexity driving away investment and for the slowdown of the Chilean economy during Bachelet's second period in office. However, Bachelet's supporters argue that falling copper prices were more to blame for the economic slowdown. They argue that economic forecasts of faster growth in conjunction with rising copper prices and exports from 2018 onwards (after Bachelet's term) suggest that the tax reforms did not negatively affect the economy.[125] Others, such as MIT-trained economist and academic Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel, have found that Chile's overall terms of trade under Bachelet's second term worsened only marginally compared to those of her predecessor Sebastián Piñera, due in part to a lower cost of key imports like petroleum. Consequently, he concludes that Bachelet's reforms and governance likely were instrumental in causing a period of dampened growth throughout her presidency.[126]
After Easter Island's Rapa Nui inhabitants voted 73% in favor of establishing a conservation zone, Michelle Bachelet designated a new 720,000 square kilometer protection area in September 2017, protecting at least 142 endemic marine species, including 27 threatened with extinction.[127] Five new national parks in thePatagonia region were created under a presidential decree, covering 10 million acres in January 2018, including 1 million acres of land contributed by conservationistKris Tompkins.[128] On 9 March 2018, Bachelet created nine marine reserves to protect biodiversity with her final presidential decree, increasing the area of the sea under state protection from 4.2 percent to 42.4 percent. The measure is expected to benefit marine life in approximately 1.4 million square kilometers.[129]
When Michelle Bachelet again took office of President in March 2014, she made passing Piñera's civil union bill a priority.[130]The name of the bill was changed toCivil Union Pact (Pacto de Unión Civil) on 17 December, and Congress reiterated their intention to hold the final vote by January 2015.[131] On 6 January 2015, a provision recognizing foreign marriages as civil unions was approved in the Constitutional Committee while the child adoption clause was turned down. The bill went to a final vote before both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies as it was amended.[132] On 13 January, the full Chamber of Deputies reinserted the adoption provision. On 20 January 2015, the Chamber approved the bill on a vote of 86 to 23 with 2 abstentions. On 27 January, the Senate rejected all the Chamber's amendments, so the bill was headed to the joint committee of both houses.[133] The committee reached the agreement in regard to the text of the bill and changed its name toCivil Union Agreement (Acuerdo de Unión Civil) the same day. The bill was passed in both houses on 28 January 2015.[134][135] Several lawmakers asked the Chilean Constitutional Court to verify the bill's constitutionality, which was upheld by the court in a ruling released on 6 April 2015.[136] The bill was signed into law by President Bachelet on 13 April 2015.[137][138] It was published in the Official Gazette on 21 April 2015 and took effect on 22 October 2015.[139][140][141]
Chile's civil union provisions enable couples to claim pension benefits and inherit property if their civil partner dies as well as more easily co-own property and make medical decisions for one another. The Government estimated at the time of the law going into effect that some two million Chilean couples cohabiting could have their unions legally recognized. In the day following the law going into effect, approximately 1,600 couples signed up to register their unions.[142]
On 1 December 2016, the Chamber of Deputies unanimously approved (except for 6 abstentions) a bill to give couples who enter in a civil union five days off, like what married couples have.[143][144][145] The bill was approved by the Senate in October 2017, in a unanimous 15–0 vote.[146]
Claudia Pascual being appointed Minister of Women and Gender Equality, by President Bachelet, on 3 June 2016
A new Ministry for Women and Gender Inequality was formed, replacing the National Women's Service in June 2016 which aimed to formulate policies against abuse of women and gender inequality.[citation needed] Claudia Pascual was appointed as the first ever Minister for Women and Gender Inequality.[citation needed]
The Chilean Congress approved Bachelet'sabortion legalization bill in some circumstances in July 2017, but was subjected to challenge in the Constitutional Court.[147]Later, Chile's total abortion ban implemented under the Pinochet regime in 1989 was lifted in August 2017 after the Constitutional Court voted 6–4 to allow the procedure under some circumstances: in cases of pregnancy as a result of rape (up to 12 weeks), if the fetus endangers the mother's life, or if the fetus is not viable. Prior to this, Chile was one of only four nations in the Americas that had a total ban on abortions, the others being El Salvador, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic.[148][149]
The Chilean Congress passed Bachelet's proposed abolishment of thebinomial voting system introduced by theAugusto Pinochet regime and restoring proportional representation for election to both chambers of the Chilean Congress and requirements that 40% of candidates nominated are female in January 2015.[150] The new system took effect from the 2017 elections, increasing the members of the Chamber of Deputies from 120 to 155 seats and the Senate from 38 seats to 43 seats in 2017 and 50 seats in 2021. As a result, the 2017 election saw the end of the dominance of Bachelet's Nueva Mayoría and conservative coalitions and increased number of new political parties represented in Congress.
President Bachelet with the Engel Commission, 23 February 2015
Following revelations that President Bachelet's son and daughter in-law were caught in an influence-peddling scandal, she appointed a Presidential Advisory Council on Conflicts of Interest, Influence Peddling, and Corruption (known as theEngel Commission) headed by economistEduardo Engel. Subsequently, reforms recommended by the commission were implemented which included, ability to remove politicians from office if found guilty for transparency and election spending limits violations with disqualification for two subsequent elections and constitutional autonomy to Chile's electoral service (SERVEL), giving it complete independence from the government to more effectively oversee electoral processes and the functioning of politics in general.[125][151]
In 2016, overseas voting rights for Chilean women and men living outside the country were introduced, allowing Chilean citizens who live abroad to exercise their right to vote beginning from the 2017 elections.[152]
President Bachelet with Italian Prime MinisterMatteo Renzi in 2015
On 8 March 2018, three days before Bachelet left office, theComprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) multilateral trade agreement was signed in Santiago with Chile and 10 other signatory countries in the Asia Pacific region, following renegotiation of the originalTrans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) which was signed in February 2016. The TPP was renegotiated into the CPTPP following the United States' withdrawal from the original TPP in January 2017.[153]
In September 2015, Bachelet's approval rating was 24%, compared to 72% disapproval.[154] Chileans' support for her dropped sharply after revelations of corruption scandals such as the Caval scandal, which involved her son and daughter-in-law accepting millions of dollars in the form of a loan from vice-chairman of the Banco de ChileAndrónico Luksic Craig. The couple's company (Caval) used the money to purchase land and resell it at a $5 million profit after repaying the loan. Bachelet maintains that she was unaware of her family's actions and found out about the agreement between Luksic and her daughter-in-law through the press.[155][156] By August 2016, Bachelet's approval rating dropped to 15%, the lowest for any President since the return of free elections in 1990,[157] and in March 2017, Bachelet's approval rating remained low, at about 23%.[158]
Bachelet left office in March 2018 with an approval rating at 39% according to Adimark, in contrast to the 84% rating when she left office in 2010.[159]
On 10 September 2018, Bachelet urgedChina to allow observers intoXinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there. She said that: "The UN rights group had shown thatUyghurs and otherMuslims are being detained incamps across Xinjiang and I expect discussions with Chinese officials to begin soon".[160] China called for Bachelet to respect its sovereignty.[161]
On 5 October 2019, Bachelet said she was "troubled by the high levels of violence associated with some demonstrations" during the2019–20 Hong Kong protests, and stressed that any measures to quell the unrest must be grounded in law. She also stated that "Freedom of peaceful assembly … should be enjoyed without restriction to the greatest extent possible. But on the other hand, we cannot accept people who use masks to provoke violence."[162]
Regarding the November2019 Iranian protests,Nasrin Sotoudeh, a jailed Iranian lawyer, asked Bachelet to administrate an independent investigation into the alleged atrocities committed by theIranian security forces in the uprising.[163]
Bachelet with Finnish Prime MinisterSanna Marin in Helsinki, 5 February 2020
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Bachelet asked the United States to suspendits sanctions regimes as way to help alleviate the pandemic's impact on the people of sanctioned countries.[165]
In January 2021, in preparation for the 2021 spring session of the UN Human Rights Council, Bachelet has issued a report on Sri Lanka. The report criticizes the failure of the current Sri Lankan government to address documented accusations of grave and numerous human rights crimes perpetrated during and after the Civil war in Sri Lanka, even though the war ended in 2009.[167][168]
In February 2022, Bachelet report on Human rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory said that "there are serious concerns that steps taken thus far byIsrael and thePalestinian authorities to investigate alleged violations ofinternational humanitarian law during the escalation of hostilities in May 2021 have not been sufficient" and "there was an almost total failure to ensure accountability for numerous allegations of the excessive use of force by Israeli forces in the context of law enforcement operations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, resulting in the killing and injury of Palestinians. With regard to the Palestinian authorities, few steps were documented in the investigation and prosecution of members of Palestinian security forces or of the security forces in Gaza responsible for the alleged excessive use of force and other human rights violations committed against Palestinians."[169]
Bachelet's visited Xinjiang in May 2022 which marked the first time in 17 years that a UN high commissioner for human rights had travelled to China.[170] Bachelet's statement following the visit praised China's "[p]overty alleviation and the eradication of extreme poverty, 10 years ahead of its target date" as "tremendous achievements", noting also that China's "introduction of universal health care and almost universal unemployment insurance scheme go a long way in ensuring protection of the right to health and broader social and economic rights".[171] Bachelet stated that in Xinjiang she "raised questions and concerns about the application of counter-terrorism and de-radicalisation measures and their broad application – particularly their impact on the rights of Uyghurs and other predominantly Muslim minorities" and that "the Government assured me that the [Vocational and Educational Training Center] system has been dismantled".[171] She also "encouraged the Government to undertake a review of all counter terrorism and deradicalization policies to ensure they fully comply with international human rights standards, and in particular that they are not applied in an arbitrary and discriminatory way".[171]
On 13 June 2022, Bachelet announced that she would not seek a second term as UN High Commissioner on Human Rights following the expiration of her term on 31 August 2022. She said the decision was motivated by her desire to spend more time with her family in Chile and was unrelated to her recently concluded trip to Xinjiang.[179][180] According to Al Jazeera, the United Nation's Human Rights Office is politically charged and nearly all its high commissioners have avoided seeking term extensions.[180] In her final brief at the UN's summer session, Bachelet touched on a number of issues, including the work her office was doing to provide an updated assessment on the human rights situation in Xinjiang and supporting calls for investigation into Israel's alleged killing of journalistShireen Abu Akleh,[179][180] stating that the "now chronically high levels of killings and injuries of Palestinians, including children by Israeli forces in the occupied Palestinian territory, have continued in the first six months of 2022".[181] Bachelet'sreport on Xinjiang was published on her final day in the role of high commissioner, but unusually she did not sign off on the report with her signature.[182]
South American Football Honorary Order of Merit in the Extraordinary Great Collar degree byCONMEBOL in July 2009.[193] She is the first woman to receive such recognition.[194]
Bachelet, Michelle. 2002. Los estudios comparados y la relación civil-militar. "Reflexiones tras una década de consolidación democrática en Chile",Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad, 17(4): 29–35.
^"Certficado de Nacimiento" [Birth certificate](PDF). Dirección Nacional del Registro Civil Nacional de la República de Chile. 3 October 1951.Archived(PDF) from the original on 6 February 2021.
^"De 376 a 780 puntos: Los resultados de los políticos en la Prueba de Aptitud Académica" [From 376 to 780 points: The results of politicians in the Academic Aptitude Test] (in Spanish). El Mercurio. 5 January 2014.Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved6 January 2014.Michelle Bachelet. Año en que rindió: 1969. Verbal: 712. Matemáticas: 707. Biología: 724. Esp. Ciencias Sociales: 705. Física y Química: 603 575. Ciencias Naturales: 632. Ponderación: 720,6 para medicina en Universidad de Chile. Fue 113 de 160.
^"Chiles Vorzeigefrau Michelle Bachelet: Zurück zum Präsidentenjob?".cicero.de. Retrieved14 June 2022.„Ja, mein Kopf steckte in einer Kapuze. Ja, ich wurde bedroht, geschmäht, geschlagen. Aber die ‚parrilla' (der Grill) ist mir erspart geblieben." Das war jenes eiserne Gestell, an das die nackten Leiber der Gefangenen geschnallt wurden, um ihnen die Namen ihrer Freunde oder Komplizen zu entreißen.
^ab"Asumió Bachelet e hizo historia" [Bachelet took office and made history].La Nación. Lanacion.com.ar. 12 March 2006.Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved13 September 2011.
^Davis, Stuart (2023).Sanctions as War: Anti-Imperialist Perspectives on American Geo-Economic Strategy. Haymarket Books. p. 11.ISBN978-1-64259-812-4.OCLC1345216431.
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