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Michael Sattler | |
|---|---|
 Michael Sattler preaching in the woods. | |
| Born | 1490 (1490) |
| Died | May 20, 1527(1527-05-20) (aged 36–37) |
Michael Sattler (1490 – 20 May 1527) was a German monk who left theRoman Catholic Church during theProtestant Reformation to become one of the early leaders of theAnabaptist movement. He was particularly influential for his role in developing theSchleitheim Confession. His leadership has been seen as stabilizing and giving direction to the early Anabaptist movement after the first leaders had been scattered or martyred.[1]
He was convicted of heresy by Roman Catholic authorities and subsequently tortured and then burned to death at the stake.
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 A 1685 illustration byJan Luyken, published inMartyrs Mirror, ofDirk Willems saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake nearAsperen in the present-dayNetherlands |
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Sattler was born around 1490 inStaufen.[2] He became aBenedictine monk in theAbbey of Saint Peter in the Black Forest and probably became a prior.[2] He left St. Peter's probably in May 1525, when the monastery had been taken by troops from theBlack Forest fighting in theGerman Peasants' War.[3] He later married a formerBeguine named Margaretha.[4]
The date of Sattler's arrival inZurich is not known, but he was expelled from that city on 18 November, 1525, in a wave of expulsions of foreigners resulting from the disputation on baptism of 6–8 November.[5] Some believe that Sattler was the "Brother Michael in the white coat" mentioned in a document dated 25 March of that year,[6] which would place him in Zurich before Snyder's estimation of when he left St Peter's.[7] Snyder believed that Sattler may have arrived in Zurich to attend that disputation.[8] However, it may have been Michael Wüst who wore the white coat.[9]
Sattler became associated with the Anabaptists and was probably rebaptised in the summer of 1526. He was involved in missionary activity aroundHorb andRottenburg am Neckar, and eventually traveled toStrasbourg. While in Strasbourg, he had extended discussions with the Protestant leaders of the city,Martin Bucer andWolfgang Capito. Both of these men held Sattler in relative esteem for his character, even though they disagreed with him in certain points of doctrine and practice.[10] In February 1527 he chaired a meeting of theSwiss Brethren atSchleitheim, at which time theSchleitheim Confession was adopted.
In May 1527, Sattler was arrested by Austrian authorities, along with his wife and several other Anabaptists. He was kept a prisoner in the tower ofBinsdorf inBaden-Württemberg.[11]
The Catholic ruler of Austria,Archduke Ferdinand, urged that Sattler be immediatelyexecuted by drowning due to his prominence in the Anabaptist movement. However,Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg had an interest indue process,[a] and wanted Sattler to undergo a trial procedure at Rottenburg am Neckar. Joachim assembled Catholic theologians and a group of twenty-four judges, which he chaired. Jakob Halbmayer, mayor of Rottenburg and himself an opponent of Sattler, was appointed to be Sattler'sdefense attorney.
Sattler was charged withdefying the emperor, rejecting thereal presence of Christ in the Eucharist, rejectinginfant baptism, rejectingextreme unction, dishonoring thesaints, teaching againstoaths, practicing thelove feast, marrying, and advocatingnonresistance. Sattler denied that he had defied the imperial edicts or dishonored the saints, but defended the remaining charges as moral and biblical. He also denied that courts should have jurisdiction in religious doctrine.[13]
Sattler was convicted. The sentence to execution read, "Michael Sattler shall be committed to the executioner. The latter shall take him to the square and there first cut out his tongue, and then forge him fast to a wagon and there with glowing iron tongs twice tear pieces from his body, then on the way to the site of execution five times more as above and then burn his body to powder as an arch-heretic."[14] The other men in the group were executed by sword, and the women, including Margaretha, were executed by drowning.[citation needed]
A memorial plaque at the site of his execution near Rottenburg am Neckar reads: "The Baptist Michael Sattler was executed by burning after severe torture on 20 May 1527 here on the "Gallows Hill". His wife Margaretha and other members of the congregation were drowned and burned. They acted for the baptism of those who want to follow Christ, for an independent congregation of the faithful, for the peaceful message of theSermon on the Mount."[citation needed]
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