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Michael III of Constantinople

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Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1170 to 1178

Michael III of Constantinople
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
Seal of Michael III
Church	Church of Constantinople
In office	January 1170 – March 1178
Predecessor	Luke of Constantinople
Successor	Chariton of Constantinople
Personal details
Died	March 1178 (1178-04)
Denomination	Eastern Orthodoxy

Michael III of Constantinople (Greek:Μιχαήλ; died March 1178) wasEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from January 1170 to March 1178.

Michael was appointed patriarch by theByzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos, culminating what had been a highly distinguished intellectual and administrative career.^[1] Before becoming Patriarch, Michael III had held a progression of important church administrative offices, includingreferendarios,epi tou sakelliou, andprotekdikos, the last of which was in charge of the tribunal which adjudicated claims for asylum within theGreat Church. The most important of his appointments before receiving the Patriarchal throne was the office ofhypatos ton philosophon (ὕπατος τῶν φιλοσόφων, "chief of the philosophers"), a title given to the head of the imperialUniversity of Constantinople in the 11th–14th centuries.^[2] In this role he condemned theneoplatonist philosophers and encouraged study ofAristotle's work on the natural sciences as an antidote.^[3] As Patriarch, Michael III continued to deal with the theological issue of the relation betweenthe Son andthe Father in theHoly Trinity. The issue was created due to the explanation that one Demetrius of Lampi (inPhrygia) gave to the phrase of theGospel of John«ὁ Πατήρ μου μείζων μου ἐστίν», which meansmy Father is bigger than me (John, XIV.29). Michael III acted as the Emperor's chief spokesman on this issue. Michael III also ordered a review ofEastern Orthodox ecclesiastical and imperial laws and decrees byTheodore Balsamon,Patriarch of Antioch, known as the "Scholia" (Greek: Σχόλια) (c. 1170).

Michael III's patriarchy was marked by Emperor Manuel I's attempts to forge a union with theCatholic Church. Continuing a longstanding papal policy,Pope Alexander III demanded recognition of their religious authority over all Christians everywhere, and wished themselves to reach superiority over the Byzantine Emperor; they were not at all willing to fall into a state of dependence from one emperor to the other.^[4] Manuel I, on the other side, wanted an official recognition of his secular authority over both East and West.^[5] Such conditions would not be accepted by either side. A council did meet in Constantinople in the year 1170, for the purpose of union, but it failed to achieve this purpose.^[6] The ruling of the council was described by Macarius of Ancyra,Metropolis of Ancyra:"And when, after having said and heard many things, as chance would have it, they [the Latins] were for making no concessions, but insisted that everybody should give way to them unreservedly, and adopt their customs, all hope being gone, the emperor, the council, and the whole senate, gave their vote in favour of a total separation from the pope and those who thought with him, and referred it all to the judgment of God. However, it was not thought proper to consign them, a great and distinguished nation as they were, to a formal anathema, like other heresies, even while repudiating union and communion with them".^[7]

Even if a pro-western Emperor such as Manuel I agreed to it, the Greek citizens of the Empire would have rejected outright any union of this sort, as they did almost three hundred years later when the Orthodox and Catholic churches were briefly united under the Pope. In existing correspondence, Michael III presents a deeply courteous but unbending position on the authority of his Church. The correspondence also show a good working relationship with the Emperor.

Some of Michael III's correspondence with Manuel I survive,^[8] as does his inaugural address ashypatos.^[9] Other documents including correspondence withPope Alexander III have been attributed to him, though they are more likely laterapocryphal creations of the 13th century.^[10] Michael III can also take credit for acting as patron to the youngMichael Choniates, who composed anencomium in his honour, still extant.^[11]

Notes and references

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^Magdalino, p. 301.
^Kazhdan 1991, p. 964.
^Hussey, p. 155.
^Alexander Vasiliev,History of the Byzantine Empire, 1952, chapter 7,in passim.
^J. W. Birkenmeier,The Development of the Komnenian Army, 114.
^Archbishop Methodios Fouyas,Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism & Anglicanism, 1972,Oxford University Press, p. 16.
^Macarius of Ancyra, quoted inEdmund Ffoulkes,Christendom's Divisions, p. 137, Retrieved from:https://books.google.com/books?id=kDlDEAAAQBAJ&dq=edmund+s.+ffoulkes+macarius+of+ancyra&pg=PA137.
^P. Magdalino,The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, p. 21.
^R. Browning, "A New Source on Byzantine-Hungarian Relations",Balkan Studies, 2 (1961), pp. 173–214.
^Hussey, p. 173.
^P. Magdalino, p. 301.

Bibliography

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Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο.
J. M. Hussey,The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire,Oxford University Press, 1986.
Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991).The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
Kurtz, Johann Heinrich (1860). "Dogmatic Controversies, 12th and 14th Centuries".History of the Christian Church to the Reformation.T&T Clark.
Magdalino, Paul (2002) [1993].The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-52653-1.

Eastern Orthodox Church titles
Preceded by Luke	Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 1170 – 1178	Succeeded by Chariton

v t e Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs ofConstantinople
Bishops ofByzantium (Roman period, 38–330 AD)	Andrew Stachys Onesimus Polycarpus I Plutarch Sedecion Diogenes Eleutherius Felix Polycarpus II Athenodorus Euzois Laurence Alypius Pertinax Olympianus Marcus I Philadelphus Cyriacus I Castinus Eugenius I Titus Dometius Rufinus Probus Metrophanes Alexander
Archbishops ofConstantinople (Roman period, 330–451 AD)	Alexander Paul I Eusebius Macedonius I Eudoxius Evagrius Demophilus Maximus I Gregory I Nectarius John I Chrysostom Arsacius Atticus Sisinnius I Nestorius Maximianus Proclus Flavian Anatolius
Patriarchs of Constantinople (Byzantine period, 451–1453 AD)	Anatolius Gennadius I Acacius Fravitta Euphemius Macedonius II Timothy I John II Epiphanius Anthimus I Menas Eutychius John III John IV Cyriacus II Thomas I Sergius I Pyrrhus Paul II Peter Thomas II John V Constantine I Theodore I George I Paul III Callinicus I Cyrus John VI Germanus I Anastasius Constantine II Nicetas I Paul IV Tarasius Nicephorus I Theodotus I Antony I John VII Methodius I Ignatios Photios I Stephen I Antony II Nicholas I Εuthymius I Stephen II Tryphon Theophylact Polyeuctus Βasil I Αntony III Nicholas II Sisinnius II Sergius II Eustathius Alexius Michael I Constantine III John VIII Cosmas I Eustratius Nicholas III John IX Leo Michael II Cosmas II Nicholas IV Theodotus II Neophytus I Constantine IV Luke Michael III Chariton Theodosius I Basil II Nicetas II Leontius Dositheus George II John X Michael IV^† Theodore II^† Maximus II^† Μanuel I^† Germanus II^† Methodius II^† Manuel II^† Arsenius^† Nicephorus II^† Germanus III Joseph I John XI Gregory II Athanasius I John XII Nephon I John XIII Gerasimus I Isaias John XIV Isidore I Callistus I Philotheus Macarius Nilus Antony IV Callistus II Matthew I Euthymius II Joseph II Metrophanes II Gregory III Athanasius II
Patriarchs of Constantinople (Ottoman period, 1453–1923 AD)	Gennadius II Isidore II Joasaph I Sophronius I Mark II Symeon I Dionysius I Raphael I Maximus III Nephon II Maximus IV Joachim I Pachomius I Theoleptus I Jeremias I Joannicius I Dionysius II Joasaph II Metrophanes III Jeremias II Pachomius II Theoleptus II Matthew II Gabriel I Theophanes I Meletius I Neophytus II Raphael II Cyril I Timothy II Gregory IV Anthimus II Cyril II Athanasius III Neophytus III Parthenius I Parthenius II Joannicius II Cyril III Paisius I Parthenius III Gabriel II Parthenius IV Dionysius III Clement Methodius III Dionysius IV Gerasimus II Athanasius IV James Callinicus II Neophytus IV Gabriel III Neophytus V Cyprianus Athanasius V Cyril IV Cosmas III Jeremias III (Callinicus III) Paisius II Seraphim I Neophytus VI Cyril V Callinicus IV (III) Seraphim II Joannicius III Samuel Meletius II Theodosius II Sophronius II Gabriel IV Procopius Neophytus VII Gerasimus III Gregory V Callinicus V (IV) Jeremias IV Cyril VI Eugenius II Anthimus III Chrysanthus Agathangelus Constantius I Constantius II Gregory VI Anthimus IV Anthimus V Germanus IV Meletius III Anthimus VI Cyril VII Joachim II Sophronius III Joachim III Joachim IV Dionysius V Neophytus VIII Anthimus VII Constantine V Germanus V Meletius IV
Patriarchs of Constantinople (Turkish period, since 1923 AD)	Gregory VII Constantine VI Basil III Photius II Benjamin Maximus V Athenagoras Demetrius Bartholomew
^† in exile atNicaea Christianity portal

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