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Michael Hardt | |
|---|---|
 Michael Hardt speaking at the Seminário Internacional Mundo. 2008 | |
| Born | 1960 (age 65–66) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.[1] |
| Education | |
| Education | Swarthmore College (B.S.) University of Washington (M.A.;Ph.D.) |
| Philosophical work | |
| Era | 20th-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Continental philosophy Autonomism |
| Main interests | Political philosophy Literary theory |
| Notable ideas | Theory ofEmpire,altermodernity |
Michael Hardt (born 1960) is an Americanpolitical philosopher andliterary theorist. Hardt is best known for his 2000 bookEmpire, which was co-written withAntonio Negri.
Hardt and Negri suggest that several forces which they see as dominating contemporary life, such asclass oppression,globalization and thecommodification of services (or production of affects), have the potential to spark social change of unprecedented dimensions. A sequel,Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire was published in August 2004. It outlines an idea first propounded inEmpire, which is that of themultitude as possible locus of a democratic movement of global proportions. The third and final part of the trilogy,Commonwealth, was published in 2009.
Hardt attendedWinston Churchill High School inPotomac,Maryland. He studied engineering atSwarthmore College inPennsylvania from 1978 to 1983. In college during the1970s energy crisis, he began to take an interest in alternative energy sources.[2] Talking about his college politics, he said, "I thought that doing alternative energy engineering for third world countries would be a way of doing politics that would get out of all this campus political posing that I hated. It seemed that way, but I was quickly disabused."[3]
During college, he worked for varioussolar energy companies. Hardt also participated, after college, in the Sanctuary Movement and later helped establish a project to bring donated computers from the United States and put them together for theUniversity of El Salvador. Yet, he says that this political activity did more for him than it did for the Salvadorans.[2]
In 1983, he moved toSeattle to studycomparative literature at theUniversity of Washington.[2] While working on his PhD, Hardt began to translate Antonio Negri's book onBaruch Spinoza,The Savage Anomaly, in order to come into contact with him.[4] He first met Negri in Paris in the summer of 1986 to discuss translation difficulties. After their meeting, Hardt decided to complete his graduate exams and move to Paris the following summer.[5] He received an M.A. in 1986 and completed his dissertation onGilles Deleuze in 1990, with which he earned his PhD.[6]
After briefly teaching at the University of Southern California, Hardt began teaching in the Literature Program atDuke University in 1994.[2] He is currently professor of Literature and Italian at Duke.
Hardt is concerned with the joy of political life, and has stated, "One has to expand the concept of love beyond the limits of the couple."[7] The politics of the multitude is not solely about controlling the means of productivity or liberating one's own subjectivity. These two are also linked to love and joy of political life and realizing political goals.[8]
Hardt does not consider teaching a revolutionary occupation, nor does he think the college is a particularly political institution. "But thinking of politics now as a project of social transformation on a large scale, I'm not at all convinced that political activity can come from the university."[9]
Hardt says visions of a public education and equal and open access to the university are gradually disappearing: the "war on terror" has promoted only limited military and technological knowledges, while the required skills of the biopolitical economy, "the creation of ideas, images, code, affects, and other immaterial goods" are not yet recognized as the primary key to economic innovation. Many of Hardt's works have been co-written withAntonio Negri.
In May 2012 Hardt and Negri self-published an electronic pamphlet on theoccupation and encampment movements of 2011–2012 calledDeclaration that argues the movement explores new forms of democracy.[citation needed]
