苗族 Hmong / Hmub / Xongb / ab Hmaob m̥oŋ˦˧/m̥ʰu˧/ɕoŋ˧˥/a˥˧m̥ao˥˧ | |
|---|---|
 Headdress of the Long-horn Miao—one of the small branches of Miao living in the 12 villages nearZhijin County,Guizhou | |
| Total population | |
| 13 million | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 China | 11,067,929 (2020) |
 Vietnam | 1,393,547 (2019) |
 Laos | 595,028 (2015) |
 United States | 299,000 (2015)[1][2] |
 Thailand | 250,070 (2015) |
 France | 13,000 |
 Australia | 2,190[3] |
| Languages | |
| Hmongic languages,Kim Mun language,Mandarin,Cantonese,Linglinghua,Maojia,Suantang,Vietnamese,Tai–Kadai languages (Lao andThai),French | |
| Religion | |
| Miao folk religion Minorities:Taoism,Atheism,Irreligion,Christianity,Buddhism | |
| Miao people | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 苗族 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Miao is a word used in modernChina to designate a category of ethnic groups living insouthern China andMainland Southeast Asia. The Miao are the largest ethnic minority group in China without anautonomous region. The Miao live primarily in the mountains of southern China encompassing the provinces ofGuizhou,Yunnan,Sichuan,Hubei,Hunan,Guangxi,Guangdong, andHainan. Some sub-groups of the Miao, most notably theHmong people, migrated out of China into Southeast Asia (Myanmar, NorthernVietnam,Laos, andThailand). Following thecommunist takeover of Laos in 1975, a large group of Hmong refugees resettled in several Western nations, mainly in theUnited States,France, andAustralia.
Miao is aChinese term referring to many groups that have their own autonyms such asHmong,Hmu,Xong (Qo-Xiong), andA-Hmao. These people (except those inHainan) speakHmongic languages, a subfamily of theHmong–Mien languages (Miao-Yao) including manymutually unintelligible languages such as the mother tongues of the four primary groups that make up the Miao:Hmong,Hmub,Xong andA-Hmao.[4]
The Miao umbrella group is not strictly defined by language or ethnicity. Not all Miao subgroups are Hmongic speakers, because theMienic-speakingKem Di Mun people inHainan are also designated as the Miao by the Chinese government, although their linguistically and culturally identical fellows in continental China are designated as theYao.[5] Not all Hmongic speakers belong to the Miao either; for example, the speakers of theBunu andBahengic languages are designated as the Yao, and the speakers of theSheic languages are designated as theShe or the Yao.
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The term "Miao" gained official status in 1949 as aminzu (ethnic group) encompassing a group of linguistically related ethnic minorities (Hmong, Hmao, Hmu, Xong) inSouthwest China. This was part of a larger effort to identify and classify minority groups to clarify their role in the national government, including establishingautonomous administrative divisions and allocating the seats for representatives in provincial and national government.[6] The push to appropriate Miao as the official name of theirminzu nationality received significant contributions from three Miao intellectuals.[7][8] According to Gary Yia Lee writing in theHmong Studies Journal, the choice to identify as Miao was a deliberate and strategic decision its members advocated for in recognition of its potential benefits. Rather than being split into multiple smaller groups with short and murky histories, the Miao chose to adopt one ethno-name representing 9.2 million people claiming a long history dating back to ancient China. Their larger population granted them the strength and support befitting of the fifth largest nationality in China. In addition, by claiming kinship to the San Miao referred to in ancient Chinese history, they positioned themselves as pre-existing inhabitants of China prior to the arrival of the Han, imparting a "legendary stature to the present-day Miao" that "bestows the dignity of great antiquity, authoritativeness and a firm standing in the documentary record".[9]
Historically, the term "Miao" was applied inconsistently to a variety of non-Han peoples. Early Chinese-based names use various transcriptions: Miao, Miao-tse, Miao-tsze, Meau, Meo, mo, Miao-tseu etc. In Southeast Asian contexts, words derived from the Chinese "Miao" took on a sense which was perceived as derogatory by the subgroups living in that region. The term re-appeared in theMing dynasty (1368–1644), by which time it had taken on the connotation of "barbarian". Being a variation of Nanman, it was used to refer to the indigenous people in southern China who had not been assimilated into Han culture. During this time, references to "raw" (生 Sheng) and "cooked" (熟 Shu) Miao appear, referring to the level of assimilation and political cooperation of the two groups, making them easier to classify. Not until the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) do more finely grained distinctions appear in writing. Even then, discerning which ethnic groups are included in various classifications can be complex. There has been a historical tendency by the Hmong, who resisted assimilation and political cooperation, to group all Miao peoples together under the term Hmong because of the potential derogatory use of the term Miao. However it is uncertain if the Miao in historical records actually referred to the Hmong and the modern Miao supra-ethno national group includes several groups other than the Hmong. In modern China the term continues to be used regarding the Miao people there.[10]
According to Ruey (1962), the way in which Miao was used in Chinese can roughly be divided into three periods: a legendary period from 2300 BC to 200 BC, then a period when the term generally referred to southern barbarians until 1200 AD, and then a modern period during which the Hmong were probably included.[11][12][13] In the 20th century, Western missionaries called the Hmong andHmao the "Big Flowery Miao" (Da Hua Miao) and the "Little Flowery Miao" (Xiao Hua Miao).[14] Another source states that the Green and White Miao were the Hmong, the Flowery Miao were the Hmao, the Black Miao were theHmu, and the Red Miao wre theXong.[13] According to She Miaojun, the Miao only existed as an exonym in the imagination of outsiders all the way up to theQing dynasty. It did not refer to any self-defined ethnic group united by either territory or language. Others believe that Miao identity emerged during therebellions of the 18th and 19th centuries.[12]
Though the Miao themselves use various self-designations, the Chinese traditionally classify them according to the most characteristic color of the women's clothes. The list below contains some of these self-designations, the color designations, and the main regions inhabited by the four major groups of Miao in China:
Despite speaking related languages belonging to theHmongic language group, the four primary ethnic groups that make up the official Miao minority group have little in common and their languages are mutually unintelligible. Even the group closest to the Hmong, the Hmao, speak a language that is as different from Hmong as Italian is to French. They diverged significantly as early as a thousand years ago, after which they may have had no relation to each other at all. Without their official classification as the Miao minority after 1949, it is unlikely that they would be able to recognize any affinity with each other. However none of the four groups have obtained official status as distinct minorities in China. Their names are generally unrecognized by the Chinese and are only used as part of the local vernacular language. As a result, only a small portion of the modern Miao people initially identified as Hmong.[15][13] Of the nine million Miao (2005), around one-third (3 million) are Hmong.[16] Cheung (1996) notes that of the three main texts on Miao culture and history written by Miao people themselves, none were by a Hmong.[17]
The non-equivalence between the Miao and the Hmong was acknowledged in interactions between Hmong refugees and the Miao. When Hmong refugees from France and the US initially made contact with the Miao from China in officially sanctioned visits, they were introduced to the Xong Miao people who were neither Hmong nor spoke the Hmong language. An eyewitness recounts several occasions when a Hmong and a Hmao tried to understand each other's languages without success. They also met an assortment of Miao people who no longer spoke their native language and only knew Chinese. The visiting Hmong were themselves not from China but Southeast Asia. Some Hmong went further to seek out "really Hmong" people through unofficial channels with whom they could speak Hmong to. However even after successfully finding them, they found that there were dialect variations that differed from the Hmong that they grew up speaking. As Hmong refugees discovered the differences between themselves and the Chinese Miao, some non-Hmong Miao people such as the Hmu started referring to themselves as Hmong to express nationalistic sentiments. Contributing to this trend is the tendency of professional linguists to use the names of smaller ethnic groups to refer to the broader categories such asHmong–Mien languages rather than Miao-Yao languages. This is due to the outsized influence of groups outside of Asia such as the Hmong and Mien who are able to articulate their cause, thereby affecting some proto-nationalistic movements within the Miao to identify as Hmong despite not actually being Hmong.[13]
Compared to the Confucian principles traditionally exercised over women in some regions of China, the Miao culture is generally less strict in categorization of women's roles in society. Miao women exercise relatively more independence, mobility and social freedom.[18] They are known to be strong willed and politically minded. They actively contribute to their communities in social welfare, education, arts and culture, and agricultural farming.
Miao women demonstrate great skill and artistry when making traditional clothing and handicrafts. They excel at embroidering, weaving, paper-cutting, batik, and intricate jewelry casting. From vests, coats, hats, collars and cuffs, to full skirts, and baby carriers, the patterns on their clothes are extremely complicated and colorful with clean lines. Girls of around seven will learn embroidering from mothers and sisters, and by the time they are teenagers, they are quite deft. Additionally, Miao silver jewelry is distinctive for its design, style and craftsmanship. Miao silver jewelry is completely handmade, carved with fine decorative patterns. It's not easy to make and there is not one final masterpiece exactly the same as another. The Miao embroidery and silver jewelry are highly valued, delicate and beautiful.[citation needed]
Silver jewelry is a highly valuable craftwork of the Miao people. Apart from being a cultural tradition, it also symbolises the wealth of Miao women.[19] As a Miao saying goes, "decorated with no silver or embroidery, a girl is not a girl", Miao women are occasionally defined by the amount of silver jewelry she wears or owns.[19] It is especially important to wear heavy and intricate silver headdresses and jewelry during significant occasions and festivals, notably during weddings, funerals and springtime celebration.[19] Silver jewelry is an essential element of Miao marriages, particularly to the bride.[19] Miao families would begin saving silver jewellery for the girls at an early age, wishing their daughters could marry well with the large amount of silver jewelry representing the wealth of the family.[19] Although a growing Miao population is moving from rural Miao regions to cities, the new generation respects the families' silver heritage and is willing to pass on the practice as a cultural tradition more than a showcase of family wealth.[19]
Although Miao women are not strictly-governed, their social status is often seen as lower than that of men, as in most patriarchal societies. Be it in the subsistence economy or otherwise, men are the main economic force and provide the stable source of income for the family. Women are primarily involved in social welfare, domestic responsibilities, and additionally earn supplementary income.[18]
As tourism became a major economic activity to this ethnic group, Miao women gained more opportunities to join the labor force and earn an income. Women mostly take up jobs that require modern day customer service skills; for example, working as tour guides, selling craftwork and souvenirs, teaching tourists how to make flower wreaths, and even renting ethnic costumes.[18] These jobs require soft skills and hospitality and more visibility in public, but provide a low income.[18] On the contrary, Miao men take up jobs that require more physical strengths and less visibility in public, such as engineering roads, building hotels, boats and pavilions. These jobs generally provide a more stable and profitable source of income.[18]
The above example of unequal division of labor demonstrates, in spite of socioeconomic changes in China, men are still considered the financial backbone of the family.[18]
While the Miao people have had their own unique culture, the Confucian ideology exerted significant influences on this ethnic group. It is expected that men are the dominant figures and breadwinners of the family, while women occupy more domestic roles (like cooking and cleaning).[18] There are strict social standards on women to be "virtuous wives and good mothers", and to abide by "three obediences and four virtues", which include cultural moral specifications of women's behavior.[18]
A Miao woman has some cultural freedom in marrying a man of her choice.[18] However, like many other cultures in Asia, there are strict cultural practices on marriage, one being clanexogamy. It is a taboo to marry someone within the same family clan name, even when the couple are not blood related or from the same community.[18]
In contrast to the common practice of the right of succession belonging to the firstborn son, the Miao's inheritance descends to the youngest son.[18] The older sons leave the family and build their own residences, usually in the same province and close to the family.[18] The youngest son is responsible for living with and caring for the aging parents, even after marriage.[18] He receives a larger share of the family's inheritance and his mother's silver jewelry collection, which is used as bridal wealth ordowry.[18]
Some imperially commissioned Han Chinese chieftaincies assimilated with the Miao. Those became the ancestors of a part of the Miao population in Guizhou.[20]
The Hmong Tian clan in Sizhou began in the seventh century as a migrant Han Chinese clan.[21]
The origin of the Tunbao people traces back to the Ming dynasty when theHongwu Emperor sent 300,000 Han Chinese male soldiers in 1381 to conquer Yunnan, with some of the men marrying Yao and Miao women.[22][23]
The presence of women presiding over weddings was a feature noted in "Southeast Asian" marriages, such as in 1667 when a Miao woman in Yunnan married a Chinese official.[24] Some Sinicization occurred, in Yunnan a Miao chief's daughter married a scholar in the 1600s who wrote that she could read, write, and listen in Chinese and read Chinese classics.[25]
According to a Tang dynasty Chinese legend, the Miao who descended from the Jiuli tribe led byChiyou (Chinese:蚩尤;pinyin:Chīyóu) were defeated at theBattle of Zhuolu (涿鹿;Zhuōlù, a defunctprefecture on the border of present provinces ofHebei andLiaoning) by the military coalition of Huang Di (黃帝;Huángdì) and Yan Di, leaders of theHuaxia (華夏;Huáxià) tribe as the two tribes struggled for supremacy of theYellow River valley.
The San Miao, according to legend, are the descendants of the Jiuli Tribe. Chinese records record a San Miao (三苗, Three Miao) kingdom aroundDongting Lake. It was defeated byYu the Great. Another Miao kingdom may have emerged inYunnan around 704 BC that was subjugated by the Chinese in the 3rd century BC.[27] In 2002, theChu language has been identified as perhaps having influence fromTai–Kam andMiao–Yao languages by researchers atUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst.[28]
The Miao were not mentioned again in Chinese records until theTang dynasty (618–907). In the following period, the Miao migrated throughout southernChina andSoutheast Asia. They generally inhabited mountainous or marginal lands and took up swidden or slash-and-burn cultivation techniques to farm these lands.
During theMiao Rebellions of theMing dynasty, thousands of Miao were killed by the imperial forces.[29][30] Mass castrations of Miao boys also took place.[31]
During the Qing Dynasty the Miao fought three wars against the empire.[32] In 1725, a Miao rebellion in Weining, Guizhou, wa suppressed by the imperial army under the lead ofHa Yuanzheng[33] The issue was so serious that the Yongzheng emperor sent one of his most important officials,Ortai, to be the Viceroy of the provinces with significant Miao populations in 1726, and through 1731, he spent his time putting down rebellions.[34] In 1735 in the southeastern province of Guizhou,the Miao rose up against the government's forced assimilation. Eight counties involving 1,224 villages fought until 1738 when the revolt ended. According toXiangtan University Professor Wu half the Miao populations were affected by the war.
The second war (1795–1806) involved the provinces of Guizhou and Hunan. Shi Sanbao and Shi Liudeng led this second revolt. Again, it ended in failure, but it took 11 years to quell the uprising.[35]
The greatest of the three warsoccurred from 1854 to 1873. Zhang Xiu-mei led this revolt in Guizhou until his capture and death in Changsha, Hunan. This revolt affected over one million people and all the neighbouring provinces. By the time the war ended Professor Wu said only 30 percent of the Miao were left in their home regions. This defeat led to the Hmong people migrating out of China into Laos and Vietnam.
During Qing times, more military garrisons were established in southwest China. Han Chinese soldiers moved into the Taijiang region ofGuizhou, married Miao women, and the children were brought up as Miao.[36][37] In spite of rebellion against the Han, Hmong leaders made allies with Han merchants.[38]
The imperial government had to rely on political means to bring in Hmong people into the government: they created multiple competing positions of substantial prestige for Miao people to participate and assimilate into the Qing government system. During the Ming and Qing times, the official position ofKiatong was created in Indochina. The Miao would employ the use of theKiatong government structure until the 1900s when they entered into French colonial politics inIndochina.
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During the founding of thePeople's Republic of China (PRC), the Miao played an important role in its birth when they helpedMao Zedong to escape theKuomintang in the Long March with supplies and guides through their territory.
In Vietnam, a powerful Hmong named Vuong Chinh Duc, dubbed the king of the Hmong, aidedHo Chi Minh's nationalist move against the French, and thus secured the Hmong's position in Vietnam.[39] InĐiện Biên Phủ, Hmongs fought on the side of the communist Viet Minh against the pro-FrenchTai Dam aristocrats. During theVietnam War, Miao fought on both sides, the Hmong in Laos primarily for the US, across the border in Vietnam for the North-Vietnam coalition, the Chinese-Miao for the Communists. However, after the war the Vietnamese were very aggressive towards the Hmong who suffered many years of reprisals. Most Hmong in Thailand also supported a brief Communist uprising during the war.
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Some of the origins of the Hmong and Miao clan names are a result of the marriage of Hmong women to Han Chinese men,[40][41] with distinct Han Chinese-descended clans and lineages practicing Han Chinese burial customs.[42] These clans were called "Han Chinese Hmong" ("Hmong Sua") inSichuan, and were instructed in military tactics by fugitive Han Chinese rebels.[43] Such Chinese "surname groups" are comparable to the patrilineal Hmong clans and also practice exogamy.[44][45][46][47][48]
Han Chinese male soldiers who fought against the Miao rebellions during the Qing and Ming dynasties were known to have married with non-Han women such as the Miao because Han women were less desirable.[49][50][51] The Wang clan, founded among the Hmong in Gongxian county ofSichuan's Yibin district, is one such clan and can trace its origins to several such marriages around the time of the Ming dynasty suppression of the Ah rebels.[52] Nicholas Tapp wrote that, according toThe Story of the Ha Kings in the village, one such Han ancestor was Wang Wu.[53] It is also noted that the Wang typically sided with the Chinese, being what Tapp calls "cooked" as opposed to the "raw" peoples who rebelled against the Chinese.[54][52]
Hmong women who married Han Chinese men founded a new Xem clan among Northern Thailand's Hmong. Fifty years later in Chiangmai two of their Hmong boy descendants were Catholics.[55] A Hmong woman and Han Chinese man married and founded northern Thailand's Lau2, or Lauj, clan,[55] with another Han Chinese man of the family name Deng founding another Hmong clan. Some scholars believe this lends further credence to the idea that some or all of the present day Hmong clans were formed in this way.[56]
Jiangxi Han Chinese are claimed by some as the forefathers of the southeastGuizhou Miao, and Miao children were born to the many Miao women married Han Chinese soldiers inTaijiang in Guizhou before the second half of the 19th century.[57]
According toAndré-Georges Haudricourt and David Strecker's claims based on limited secondary data, the Miao were among the first people to settle in present-day China.[58] They claim that the Han borrowed a lot of words from the Miao in regard to rice farming. This indicated that the Miao were among the first rice farmers in China. In addition, some have connected the Miao to the Daxi Culture (5,300 – 6,000 years ago) in the middle Yangtze River region.[59] TheDaxi Culture has been credited with being amongst the first cultivators of rice in the Far East by Western scholars. However, in 2006 rice cultivation was found to have existed in the Shandong province even earlier than the Daxi Culture.[60] Though the Yuezhuang culture has cultivated rice, it is more of collected wild rice and not actual cultivated and domesticated rice like that of the Daxi.
A western study mention that the Miao (especially the Miao-Hunan) has its origins in southern China but have some DNA from the Northeast people of China. Recent DNA samples of Miao males contradict this theory. The White Hmong have 25% C, 8% D, & 6% N(Tat)[61] yet they have the least contact with the Han population.
According to the 2020 census, the number of Miao in China was estimated to be about 11 million. Outside of China, members of the Miao sub-group or nations of the Hmong live inThailand,Laos,Vietnam andBurma due to outward migrations starting in the 18th century. As a result of recent migrations in the aftermath of theIndochina andVietnam Wars from 1949 to 1975, many Hmong people now live in theUnited States,French Guiana,France andAustralia. Altogether, there are approximately 10 million speakers in the Miao language family. This language family, which consists of 6 languages and around 35 dialects (some of which are mutually intelligible) belongs to the Hmong/Miao branch of theHmong–Mien (Miao–Yao) language family.
A large population of the Hmong have emigrated to the northern mountainous reaches of Southeast Asia including Thailand,Laos, Vietnam, andBurma. However, many continue to live in far Southwest China mostly in the provinces ofYunnan,Guangxi and to a very limited extent inGuizhou.
Most Miao currently live in China. Miao population growth in China:
3,600,000 Miao, about half of the entire Chinese Miao population, were inGuizhou in 1990. The Guizhou Miao and those in the following six provinces make up over 98% of all Chinese Miao:
In the above provinces, there are 6 Miaoautonomous prefectures (shared officially with one other ethnic minority):
There are in addition 23 Miaoautonomous counties:
Most Miao reside in hills or on mountains, such as
Several thousands of Miao left their homeland to move to larger cities likeGuangzhou andBeijing. There are 789,000 Hmong spread throughout northernVietnam,Laos,Burma, and on other continents. 174,000 live inThailand, where they are one of the six mainhill tribes.
The2020 Chinese census recorded 11,067,929 Miao inChina.[62][63]
| Province-level division | % of China's Miao population | % of provincial total |
|---|---|---|
| Guizhou Province | 48.10% | 12.199% |
| Hunan Province | 21.49% | 3.037% |
| Yunnan Province | 11.67% | 2.463% |
| Chongqing Municipality | 5.62% | 1.647% |
| Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | 5.18% | 1.056% |
| Hubei Province | 2.40% | 0.360% |
| Sichuan Province | 1.65% | 0.179% |
| Guangdong Province | 1.35% | 0.142% |
| Hainan Province | 0.69% | 0.810% |
| Others | 1.85% | N/A |
(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >0.25% of China's Miao population.)
| Province-level division | Prefecture-level division | County-level division | Miao population | Miao as percentage of county population | % of China's Miao population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao andDong A. P. | Kaili City (凯里市) | 274,238 | 49.5% | 3.07% |
| Chongqing Municipality | Pengshui Miao andTujia A. C. (彭水苗族土家族自治县) | 273,488 | 50.2% | 3.06% | |
| Hunan | Huaihua City | Mayang Miao A. C. (麻阳苗族自治县) | 263,437 | 76.7% | 2.95% |
| Guizhou | Tongren City | Songtao Miao A. C. (松桃苗族自治县) | 228,718 | 47% | 2.56% |
| Hunan | Huaihua City | Yuanling County (沅陵县) | 217,613 | 37.4% | 2.43% |
| Hunan | Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. | Huayuan County (花垣县) | 192,138 | 66.7% | 2.15% |
| Hunan | Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. | Fenghuang County (凤凰县) | 185,111 | 52.9% | 2.07% |
| Hunan | Shaoyang City | Suining County (绥宁县) | 184,784 | 51.8% | 2.07% |
| Guangxi Zhuang A. R. | Liuzhou City | Rongshui Miao A. C. (融水苗族自治县) | 168,591 | 41.9% | 1.89% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. | Huangping County (黄平县) | 161,211 | 61.3% | 1.8% |
| Guizhou | Zunyi City | WuchuanGelao and Miao A. C. (务川仡佬族苗族自治县) | 157,350 | 48.9% | 1.76% |
| Hunan | Shaoyang City | Chengbu Miao A. C. (城步苗族自治县) | 136,943 | 46.9% | 1.53% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. | Taijiang County (台江县) | 135,827 | 81.2% | 1.52% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. | Congjiang County (从江县) | 129,626 | 44.6% | 1.45% |
| Guizhou | Liupanshui City | Shuicheng County (水城县) (incl. Zhongshan District) | 126,319 | 17.9% | 1.41% |
| Hunan | Huaihua City | Jingzhou Miao and Dong A. C. (靖州苗族侗族自治县) | 114,641 | 46.8% | 1.28% |
| Guizhou | Anshun City | Ziyun Miao and Buyei A. C. (紫云苗族布依族自治县) | 114,444 | 42.3% | 1.28% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. | Jianhe County (剑河县) | 112,950 | 62.6% | 1.26% |
| Hunan | Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. | Jishou City (吉首市) | 112,856 | 37.4% | 1.26% |
| Guizhou | Tongren City | Sinan County (思南县) | 112,464 | 22.5% | 1.26% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. | Leishan County (雷山县) | 110,413 | 93.0% | 1.24% |
| Hunan | Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. | Luxi County (泸溪县) | 107,301 | 39.3% | 1.2% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. | Tianzhu County (天柱县) | 106,387 | 40.3% | 1.19% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. | Danzhai County (丹寨县) | 104,934 | 85.7% | 1.17% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. | Rongjiang County (榕江县) | 96,503 | 27.5% | 1.08% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. | Huishui County (惠水县) | 91,215 | 26.6% | 1.02% |
| Yunnan | Wenshan Zhuang and Miao A. P. | Guangnan County (广南县) | 88,444 | 11.2% | 0.99% |
| Chongqing Municipality | Youyang Tujia and Miao A. C. (酉阳土家族苗族自治县) | 85,182 | 14.7% | 0.95% | |
| Guangxi Zhuang A. R. | Bose City | Longlin Various Nationalities A. C. (隆林各族自治县) | 84,617 | 19.3% | 0.95% |
| Guizhou | Bijie City | Zhijin County (织金县) | 81,029 | 10.3% | 0.91% |
| Yunnan | HongheHani andYi A. P. | Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai A. C. (金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县) | 80,820 | 22.7% | 0.9% |
| Guizhou | Anshun City | Xixiu District (西秀区) | 79,906 | 10.4% | 0.89% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. | Jinping County (锦屏县) | 78,441 | 22.7% | 0.88% |
| Guizhou | Zunyi City | DaozhenGelao and Miao A. C. (道真仡佬族苗族自治县) | 76,658 | 31.4% | 0.86% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. | Liping County (黎平县) | 75,718 | 14.1% | 0.85% |
| Yunnan | Wenshan Zhuang and Miao A. P. | Maguan County (马关县) | 73,833 | 20.1% | 0.83% |
| Guizhou | Bijie City | Nayong County (纳雍县) | 72,845 | 10.9% | 0.81% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. | Duyun City (都匀市) | 71,011 | 14.4% | 0.79% |
| Hubei | Enshi Tujia and Miao A. P. | Laifeng County (来凤县) | 70,679 | 29.1% | 0.79% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. | Majiang County (麻江县) | 68,847 | 41.1% | 0.77% |
| Chongqing Municipality | Xiushan Tujia and Miao A. C. (秀山土家族苗族自治县) | 66,895 | 13.3% | 0.75% | |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. | Shibing County (施秉县) | 66,890 | 51.3% | 0.75% |
| Yunnan | Wenshan Zhuang and Miao A. P. | Qiubei County (丘北县) | 66,826 | 14% | 0.75% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang City | Huaxi District (花溪区) | 62,827 | 10.3% | 0.7% |
| Hunan | Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. | Longshan County (龙山县) | 61,709 | 12.3% | 0.69% |
| Guizhou | Bijie City | Qianxi County (黔西县) | 60,409 | 8.7% | 0.68% |
| Yunnan | HongheHani andYi A. P. | Pingbian Miao A. C. (屏边苗族自治县) | 60,312 | 39.2% | 0.67% |
| Guizhou | Bijie City | Weining Yi,Hui, and Miao A. C. (威宁彝族回族苗族自治县) | 60,157 | 4.8% | 0.67% |
| Chongqing Municipality | Qianjiang District (黔江区) | 59,705 | 13.4% | 0.67% | |
| Hunan | Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. | Baojing County (保靖县) | 57,468 | 20.7% | 0.64% |
| Yunnan | Wenshan Zhuang and Miao A. P. | Wenshan County (文山县) | 57,303 | 11.9% | 0.64% |
| Hunan | Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. | Guzhang County (古丈县) | 54,554 | 37.7% | 0.61% |
| Hubei | Enshi Tujia and Miao A. P. | Lichuan City (利川市) | 53,590 | 8.2% | 0.6% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao A. P. | Qinglong County (晴隆县) | 53,205 | 21.6% | 0.6% |
| Guangxi Zhuang A. R. | Liuzhou City | Sanjiang Dong A. C. (三江侗族自治县) | 53,076 | 17.9% | 0.59% |
| Guizhou | Bijie City | Dafang County (大方县) | 52,547 | 6.8% | 0.59% |
| Yunnan | Wenshan Zhuang and Miao A. P. | Yanshan County (砚山县) | 51,624 | 11.1% | 0.58% |
| Guizhou | Liupanshui City | Liuzhi Special District (六枝特区) | 50,833 | 10.3% | 0.57% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. | Changshun County (长顺县) | 48,902 | 25.6% | 0.55% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. | Fuquan City (福泉市) | 48,731 | 17.2% | 0.55% |
| Yunnan | HongheHani andYi A. P. | Mengzi County (蒙自县) | 48,132 | 11.5% | 0.54% |
| Guizhou | Tongren City | Bijiang District (碧江区) | 47,080 | 13% | 0.53% |
| Yunnan | Wenshan Zhuang and Miao A. P. | Malipo County (麻栗坡县) | 45,655 | 16.4% | 0.51% |
| Yunnan | Zhaotong City | Yiliang County (彝良县) | 44,736 | 8.6% | 0.5% |
| Guizhou | Anshun City | Pingba County (平坝县) | 44,107 | 14.8% | 0.49% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. | SanduShui A. C. (三都水族自治县) | 43,464 | 15.4% | 0.49% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. | Guiding County (贵定县) | 42,450 | 18.4% | 0.47% |
| Guizhou | Tongren City | Yinjiang Tujia and Miao A. C. (印江土家族苗族自治县) | 42,431 | 14.9% | 0.47% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. | Longli County (龙里县) | 40,096 | 22.2% | 0.45% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang City | Qingzhen City (清镇市) | 39,845 | 8.5% | 0.45% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao A. P. | Wangmo County (望谟县) | 39,491 | 15.7% | 0.44% |
| Guizhou | Bijie City | Qixingguan District (七星关区) | 38,508 | 3.4% | 0.43% |
| Hunan | Xiangxi Tujia and Miao A. P. | Yongshun County (永顺县) | 37,676 | 8.8% | 0.42% |
| Guizhou | Bijie City | Hezhang County (赫章县) | 37,128 | 5.7% | 0.42% |
| Yunnan | Zhaotong City | Weixin County (威信县) | 36,293 | 9.4% | 0.41% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. | Sansui County (三穗县) | 35,745 | 23% | 0.4% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. | Luodian County (罗甸县) | 35,463 | 13.8% | 0.4% |
| Guizhou | Anshun City | Zhenning Buyei and Miao A. C. (镇宁布依族苗族自治县) | 34,379 | 12.1% | 0.38% |
| Hubei | Enshi Tujia and Miao A. P. | Xuan'en County (宣恩县) | 34,354 | 9.6% | 0.38% |
| Hunan | Huaihua City | Huitong County (会同县) | 33,977 | 10.7% | 0.38% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao A. P. | Anlong County (安龙县) | 32,926 | 9.2% | 0.37% |
| Guizhou | Bijie City | Jinsha County (金沙县) | 31,884 | 5.7% | 0.36% |
| Sichuan | Luzhou City | Xuyong County (叙永县) | 30,362 | 5.2% | 0.34% |
| Guizhou | Anshun City | Puding County (普定县) | 30,254 | 8% | 0.34% |
| Sichuan | Yibin City | Xingwen County (兴文县) | 30,020 | 8% | 0.34% |
| Guizhou | Anshun City | Guanling Buyei and Miao A. C. (关岭布依族苗族自治县) | 29,746 | 9.9% | 0.33% |
| Guangxi Zhuang A. R. | Bose City | Xilin County (西林县) | 28,967 | 19.25 | 0.32% |
| Guangxi Zhuang A. R. | Guilin City | Ziyuan County (资源县) | 27,827 | 16.4% | 0.31% |
| Hubei | Enshi Tujia and Miao A. P. | Xianfeng County (咸丰县) | 27,668 | 9.2% | 0.31% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang City | Nanming District (南明区) | 27,460 | 3.3% | 0.31% |
| Yunnan | Zhaotong City | Zhenxiong County (镇雄县) | 26,963 | 1.8% | 0.3% |
| Yunnan | Wenshan Zhuang and Miao A. P. | Funing County (富宁县) | 26,396 | 6.5% | 0.3% |
| Guangdong | Dongguan City | Dongguan District (东莞市辖区) | 26,241 | <1% | 0.29% |
| Guizhou | Tongren City | Jiangkou County (江口县) | 25,588 | 14.8% | 0.29% |
| Guizhou | Liupanshui City | Pan County (盘县) | 25,428 | 2.5% | 0.28% |
| Guangxi Zhuang A. R. | Guilin City | Longsheng Various Nationalities A. C. (龙胜各族自治县) | 24,841 | 14.7% | 0.28% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao A. P. | Xingren County (兴仁县) | 24,130 | 5.8% | 0.27% |
| Hunan | Huaihua City | ZhijiangDong A. C. (芷江侗族自治县) | 23,698 | 7% | 0.27% |
| Yunnan | HongheHani andYi A. P. | Kaiyuan City (开远市) | 23,504 | 7.9% | 0.26% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao A. P. | Zhenfeng County (贞丰县) | 23,054 | 7.6% | 0.26% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao A. P. | Pingtang County (平塘县) | 22,980 | 10.1% | 0.26% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong A. P. | Zhenyuan County (镇远县) | 22,883 | 11.2% | 0.26% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao A. P. | Pu'an County (普安县) | 22,683 | 8.9% | 0.25% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang City | Wudang District (乌当区) | 22,468 | 6% | 0.25% |
| Other areas of China | 1,246,040 | 13.94% |
Miao fish (苗鱼 miáo yǘ) is a dish made by steaming fish with a mixture of fresh herbs, green peppers, ginger slices and garlic.[64]
Huang et al. (2022) found that the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among many Hmongic-speaking ethnic groups (including Miao and Pa-Hng from Hunan, and Thailand Hmong) isO2a2a2a1a2a1a2-N5 (a subclade of O2a2a-M188), with a frequency of 47.1% among the Guangxi Miao.[65]
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Underlined: the 56 officially recognised ethnic groups ranked by population in their language families according to2020 census | |||||||||||
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