| metre sea water | |
|---|---|
 Hyperbaric chamber pressure gauge calibrated in msw and bar | |
| General information | |
| Unit of | pressure |
| Symbol | msw |
| Conversions | |
| 1 mswin ... | ... is equal to ... |
| SI units | = 10000.0 Pa |
| CGS units | = 100000 Ba |
| U.S. customary | ≈ 3.263 fsw ≈ 1.45038 psi |
| foot sea water | |
|---|---|
 Pressure gauge on Siebe Gorman manual diver's pump calibrated in fsw and psi | |
| General information | |
| Unit of | pressure |
| Symbol | fsw |
| Conversions | |
| 1 fswin ... | ... is equal to ... |
| SI units | ≈ 3064.3 Pa |
| CGS units | ≈ 30643 Ba |
| U.S. customary | ≈ 0.44444 psi |
Themetre (ormeter)sea water (msw) is ametric unit ofpressure used inunderwater diving. It is defined as one tenth of abar.[1][2] or as 1 msw = 10.0381 kPa according to EN 13319.[3]
The unit used in the US is thefoot sea water (fsw), based onstandard gravity and asea-water density of 64 lb/ft3. According to the US Navy Diving Manual, one fsw equals 0.30643 msw,0.030643 bar, or0.44444 psi,[1][2] though elsewhere it states that 33 fsw is14.7 psi (one atmosphere), which gives one fsw equal to about 0.445 psi.[4]
The msw and fsw are the conventional units for measurement ofdiver pressure exposure used indecompression tables and the unit of calibration forpneumofathometers andhyperbaric chamberpressure gauges.[5]
One atmosphere is approximately equal to 33 feet of sea water or 14.7 psi, which gives 4.9/11 or about 0.445 psi per foot. Atmospheric pressure may be considered constant at sea level, and minor fluctuations caused by the weather are usually ignored.[6] Pressures measured in fsw and msw aregauge pressure, relative to the surface pressure of 1 atm absolute, except when a pressure difference is measured between the locks of a hyperbaric chamber, which is also generally measured in fsw and msw.
The pressure of seawater at a depth of 33 feet equals one atmosphere. Theabsolute pressure at 33 feet depth in sea water is the sum of atmospheric and hydrostatic pressure for that depth, and is 66 fsw, or two atmospheres absolute. For every additional 33 feet of depth, another atmosphere of pressure accumulates.[7] Therefore at the surface the gauge pressure of 0 fsw is equivalent to an absolute pressure of 1 standard atmosphere (14.7 psi), and the gauge pressure in fsw at any depth is incremented by 1 ata to provide absolute pressure. (Pressure in ata = Depth in feet/33 + 1)[8]
In diving theabsolute pressure is used in most computations, particularly fordecompression andbreathing gas consumption but depth is measured by way ofhydrostatic pressure.[9] In metric units theambient pressure is usually measured in metres sea water (msw), and converted to bar for calculations. In US customary units ambient pressure is normally measured in feet of sea water (fsw), and converted to atmospheres absolute or pounds per square inch absolute (psia) for decompression computation. Feet and metres sea water are convenient measures which approximate closely to depth and are intuitively simple to grasp for the diver, compared to the options of more conventional units of pressure which give no direct indication of depth. The distinction between gauge and absolute pressure is important for calculation of gas properties and pressure must be identified as either gauge or absolute. Gauge pressure in msw or fsw is converted to absolute pressure in bar or atm for decompression andgas consumption calculation, butdecompression tables are usually provided ready for use directly with the gauge pressure in msw and fsw.Depth gauges anddive computers with readouts calibrated in feet and metres are actually displaying a pressure measurement, usually in feet or metres sea water, as most diving is done in the sea. If ambient pressure in fresh water and hyperbaric chambers is measured in feet and metres sea water, the samedecompression algorithms and tables can be used, which eliminates the need to use calibration factors when diving in these environments.[9]
In the metric system, a pressure of 10 msw is defined as 1 bar. Pressure conversion between msw and fsw is slightly different from length conversion between metres and feet; 10 msw = 32.6336 fsw and 10 m = 32.8083 ft.[1]
The US Navy Diving Manual gives conversion factors for "fw" (feet water) based on a fresh water density of 62.4 lb/ft3 and for fsw based on a sea water density of 64.0 lb/ft3.[1]
One standard metre sea water equals:[1]
One standard metre sea water is also approximately equal to:[1]
One standard foot sea water is approximately equal to:[1]
