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Mescalero-Chiricahua language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Language spoken in Oklahoma and New Mexico
Chiricahua
Ndee bizaa
Native toMexico andUSA
RegionSonora,Chihuahua,Oklahoma,New Mexico
EthnicityChiricahua,Mescalero
Native speakers
1,500 (2007)[1]
Dené–Yeniseian?
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byInstituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas
Language codes
ISO 639-3apm
Glottologmesc1238
ELPMescalero-Chiricahua
Mescalero-Chiricahua is classified as Severely Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[failed verification]
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Mescalero-Chiricahua (also known asChiricahua Apache) is aSouthern Athabaskan language spoken by theChiricahua andMescalero people inChihuahua andSonora,México and inOklahoma andNew Mexico.[2] It is related toNavajo andWestern Apache and has been described in great detail by the anthropological linguistHarry Hoijer (1904–1976), especially in Hoijer & Opler (1938) and Hoijer (1946). Hoijer & Opler'sChiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts, including a grammatical sketch and traditional religious and secular stories, has been converted into an online "book" available from the University of Virginia.

Virginia Klinekole, the first female president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe, was known for her efforts to preserve the language.[3]

There is at least one language-immersion school for children in Mescalero.[4]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]

Chiricahua has 31consonants:

BilabialAlveolarPost-
alveolar		PalatalVelarGlottal
plainsibilantlateral
Nasalsimplemn
post-stopped(mᵇ)nᵈ
Plosiveplainpttstˡ~tɬtʃkʔ
aspiratedtʰtsʰtɬʰtʃʰkʰ
ejectivetʼtsʼtɬʼtʃʼkʼ
Fricativevoicelesssɬʃxh
voicedzɮʒʝɣ

Vowels

[edit]

Chiricahua has 16vowels:

FrontCentralBack
shortlongshortlongshortlong
Highoraliiː
nasalĩĩː
Midoralɛɛːooː
nasalɛ̃ɛ̃ːõõː
Loworalaaː
nasalããː

Chiricahua hasphonemic oral,nasal, short, andlong vowels.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Chiricahua atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^"Historia de la lengua y cultura n'dee/n'nee/ndé".
  3. ^"Former tribal leader dies : Past Mescalero president, council member, writer remembered".Alamogordo Daily News. 2011-03-15. Archived fromthe original on 2014-05-25. Retrieved2013-03-26.
  4. ^"Udall visits Mescalero Apache Schools to talk language preservation - Alamogordo Daily News". Archived fromthe original on 2014-05-25. Retrieved2015-08-16.

Sources

[edit]
  • Hoijer, Harry. (n.d.). Chiricahua Apache stems. (Unpublished manuscript).
  • Hoijer, Harry (1938). "The southern Athapaskan languages".American Anthropologist.40 (1):75–87.doi:10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00080.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1939). "Chiricahua loan-words from Spanish".Language.15 (2):110–115.doi:10.2307/408729.JSTOR 408729.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1945). "Classificatory verb stems in the Apachean languages".International Journal of American Linguistics.11 (1):13–23.doi:10.1086/463846.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1945). "The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes".International Journal of American Linguistics.11 (4):193–203.doi:10.1086/463871.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1946). "The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense".International Journal of American Linguistics.12 (1):1–13.doi:10.1086/463881.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1946). "The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers".International Journal of American Linguistics.12 (2):51–59.doi:10.1086/463889.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1946). "Chiricahua Apache". In Osgood, C. (ed.).Linguistic structures in North America. New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.
  • Hoijer, Harry; Opler, Morris E. (1980) [1938, University of Chicago Press; 1964, University of Chicago Press; 1970, University of Chicago Press].Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts. New York: AMS Press.ISBN 0-404-15783-1.
  • Opler, Morris E.; Hoijer, Harry (1940). "The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache".American Anthropologist.42 (4):617–634.doi:10.1525/aa.1940.42.4.02a00070.
  • Pinnow, Jürgen (1988).Die Sprache der Chiricahua-Apachen: Mit Seitenblicken auf das Mescalero [The language of the Chiricahua Apache: With side glances at the Mescalero] (in German). Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
  • Webster, Anthony K. (2006). "On Speaking to Him (Coyote): The Discourse Functions of theyi-/bi- Alternation in Some Chiricahua Apache Narratives".Southwest Journal of Linguistics.25 (2):143–160.
  • Young, Robert W. (1983). "Apachean languages". In Ortiz, A. (ed.).Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 10: Southwest. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 393–400.ISBN 0-16-004579-7.

External links

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Northern
Southern Alaskan
Central Alaska–Yukon
Northwestern Canada
Central British Columbia
Other North Athabaskan
Pacific Coast
California Athabaskan
Oregon Athabaskan
Southern
Western Apachean
Eastern Apachean
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Proto-language
Italics indicateextinct languages
Official/
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speakers
Non-official
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Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.
Indigenous
Athabaskan
Tanoan
Uto-Aztecan
Yuman-Cochimí
Language isolates
Non-Indigenous
Indo-European
Indigenous
Tanoan
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Italics indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere
Indigenous
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Iroquoian
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