Merrill Anthony McPeak (born January 9, 1936) is a retired4-stargeneral in theUnited States Air Force whose final assignment before retirement was as the 14thChief of Staff of the Air Force from 1990 to 1994.
In 1993, McPeak served as ActingSecretary of the Air Force, beforeSheila E. Widnall was appointed by PresidentBill Clinton, and is the only Chief of Staff of the Air Force and uniformed Air Force officer on active duty to have ever served as Acting Secretary.
McPeak was born inSanta Rosa, California.[1] After graduating fromGrants Pass High School inGrants Pass, Oregon, he earned aBachelor of Arts degree ineconomics fromSan Diego State College in 1957[2] and became a member of theSigma Chi fraternity. He wascommissioned throughAir Force ROTC, and enteredactive duty in November of that year. He later earned aMaster of Arts degree ininternational relations fromGeorge Washington University in 1974.
After completing preflight and pilot training, McPeak flew single-seat fighter aircraft, theF-100 Super Sabre and theF-104 Starfighter, in operational squadrons in the United States and theUnited Kingdom. He later returned to the United States as an instructor pilot and weapons officer atLuke Air Force Base, Arizona.[2]
From December 1966 to December 1968, McPeak was assigned as an opposing solo and then lead solo pilot with theThunderbirds, the Air Force's aerobatic flying team. While with the Thunderbirds, he performed in nearly 200 air shows in the United States and overseas.[2]
Upon completion of his tour with the Thunderbirds, he was assigned as an F-100 pilot with the37th Tactical Fighter Wing atPhù Cát Air Base inSouth Vietnam. On February 1, 1969, he was assigned to Project Commando Sabre (Detachment 1,416th Tactical Fighter Squadron), known as theMisty FACs, a specialized group of high speedforward air controllers trying to stop vehicular resupply traffic down theHo Chi Minh Trail. He became the tenth commander of Commando Sabre on April 22, 1969, and moved it to the31st Tactical Fighter Wing atTuy Hoa Air Base on May 1, when the 37th TFW transitioned to the twin-seatF-4 Phantom II. Rotating out of his command on May 31, 1969 after 98 missions, he served as chief of standardization and evaluation for 31st TFW. McPeak completed a total of 269 combat missions while in Vietnam, was awarded theSilver Star, and remained in-country until 1970, after which he attended theArmed Forces Staff College inNorfolk, Virginia.[2]
From 1970 to 1973, McPeak was an air operations staff officer for the Mideast Division at Headquarters USAF inWashington, D.C. After graduating from theNational War College in 1974, he was named assistant deputy commander for operations for the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing atMacDill AFB, Florida flying theF-4 Phantom II. From 1975 to 1976, he was a military fellow with theCouncil on Foreign Relations in New York City.
In 1976, McPeak contributed an article toForeign Affairs Journal expressing his views on the Israeli occupation of territories during the1967 Arab-Israeli War.[3]
In July 1976, he became commander of the 513th Combat Support Group based atRAF Mildenhall in the United Kingdom; a year later he moved toZaragoza Air Base,Spain as vice commander of the 406th Tactical Fighter Training Wing. From 1978 to 1980, he was assistant chief of staff for current operations,Allied Air Forces Central Europe (inBoerfink,West Germany). 1980 and 1981 saw him flying the twin-seatF-111E fighter bomber and commanding the20th Tactical Fighter Wing based atRAF Upper Heyford,United Kingdom. McPeak was chief of staff atUSAFE headquarters from 1981 to 1982, and deputy chief of staff for plans atTactical Air Command (TAC) headquarters,Langley AFB, Virginia from 1982 to 1985. He returned to Headquarters USAF in 1985–87 as deputy chief of staff for programs and resources.
In June 1987, McPeak moved toBergstrom AFB, Texas in the dual roles of Commander,12th Air Force and Commander of Air Forces forUnited States Southern Command. A year later, he was named commander-in-chief ofPacific Air Forces (PACAF).
McPeak was appointedAir Force Chief of Staff byPresidentGeorge H. W. Bush in October 1990, replacing the retiring GeneralMichael Dugan following the latter's removal from the CSAF post by SECDEFDick Cheney for ill-timed and inappropriate comments to the news media regarding Iraq duringOperation Desert Shield.
McPeak took over as chief of staff duringOperation Desert Shield, and assisted in overall strategic planning forOperation Desert Storm.
McPeak's later tenure as chief of staff following theGulf War also saw a major reduction in force in terms of aircraft, units, officers and enlisted airmen across the entire Air Force as a result of the end of theCold War. During his time as chief of staff, he oversaw the disestablishment ofStrategic Air Command (SAC),Tactical Air Command (TAC),Military Airlift Command (MAC),Air Force Systems Command (AFSC),Air Force Logistics Command (AFLC), andAir Force Communications Command (AFCC), with assets transferred primarily to the newly establishedAir Combat Command (ACC),Air Mobility Command (AMC),Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) and the then-Air Force Communications Agency. His tenure also oversaw the merging ofAir Training Command (ATC) andAir University (AU) into theAir Education and Training Command (AETC).
McPeak pushed through major organizational changes in the Air Force aimed at streamlining and emphasizing operations and combat readiness. Much of his tenure focused on elevating the status of flight operations, especially single-seat fighter pilots, some say[who?] at the expense of multi-seat fighter, bomber and reconnaissance aircraft and personnel, cargo and air refueling aircraft and personnel, and non-flying career fields. He also created the Air Force Expeditionary Wing concept, a fusion of combat forces and support into a single organization. He also transferred several flying wing and space wing command billets to brigadier generals, even though previously these had been commanded by colonels.[4]
However, McPeak is best remembered by many current and since-retired Air Force personnel for the sweeping changes he made to theAir Force's service dress uniform, especially for commissioned officers.[5] Worn by personnel during most garrison duties, the new version was a radical departure from the earlier version, which was essentially the same design as the then-U.S. Army service uniform (the U.S. Air Force was originally theU.S. Army Air Corps and then theU.S. Army Air Forces), but with fewer insignia and in blue. In addition to a new three-button design with fewer and non-buttoning pockets, it changed the rank insignia for officers to use naval-style sleeve stripes, as opposed to metal pins on shoulder straps. Because of the new uniform's resemblance to both commissioned officer's uniforms of theU.S. Navy and those of commercial airline pilots, the McPeak uniform was said to be unpopular with Air Force service members.[5] Some uniform changes were subsequently reversed by his successor. The basic redesign continues to be worn to this day, but the navalized sleeve braid rank insignia was eliminated and shoulder straps with pin-on rank for officers reinstated. McPeak's original concept of simplifying and toning down the various devices and insignia pinned to the uniform has gone by the wayside, with nearly all USAF personnel wearing at least one, if not two, three or more metal insignia with their dress uniforms.[6]
McPeak also acted asSecretary of the Air Force for three weeks in 1993, before the formal appointment and confirmation ofSheila E. Widnall, becoming the only person to have ever concurrently served in both capacities. McPeak continued as Chief of Staff through October 1994, retiring afterwards.
McPeak's legacy as Chief of Staff has been considered in several quarters as one of the most controversial in Air Force history and has been the subject of much debate. Many Air Force senior officers and senior enlisted personnel, both active and retired from the Regular Air Force, theAir Force Reserve and theAir National Guard, have accused him of trying to run the Air Force as a corporation, with his introduction ofTotal Quality Management (TQM) under the moniker of "Quality Air Force" (QAF).
Rightly or wrongly, McPeak was also often accused of ignoring the needs of enlisted personnel, non-flying officers, aeronautically-ratednavigator officers, and looking out solely for his officers who were pilots, primarily single-seat fighter pilots. There was even debate over the somewhat traditional act of inducting him as the outgoing Chief of Staff into theOrder of the Sword.[7][8][9][10][11]
Some of this controversy may also be traced, at least in part, to the abrupt manner in which McPeak had replaced GeneralMichael Dugan as Chief of Staff of the Air Force. General Dugan, a popular and well-intentioned officer, had sought to repair the Air Force's image, badly frayed by the service's withholding of embarrassing information about the performance of theF-117 Nighthawk during the invasion of Panama. Dugan had also sought to make top Air Force officials more accessible, but he was relieved of command by then-Secretary of DefenseDick Cheney shortly before the start ofOperation Desert Storm and the firstGulf War following some intemperate remarks Dugan had made to the news media about targeting Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein under United Nations Security Council Resolution 666 prior to the start of hostilities, this despite the fact that as Air Force Chief of Staff, Dugan had no command authority within theU.S. Central Command theater of operations.[12] In short order, Cheney quickly replaced Dugan with McPeak as Chief of Staff, although Dugan was retained as a 4-star special advisor by the Secretary of Defense until his retirement from the Air Force.[7]
Following his Air Force career, McPeak entered the private sector as a consultant and business executive. He has been on the boards of directors forTWA, ECC International, where he served for several years as Chairman,Tektronix, Sensis Corporation, Aerojet/Rocketdyne, Iovance Biotherapeutics, USIA Underwater Equipment Sales Corporation, and other corporations. He was a founding investor and for a decade Chairman of Ethicspoint, a Portland, Oregon-based software startup. When sold to private equity, it was perhaps Oregon's most successful startup in recent years. McPeak and his wife Elynor currently reside in Portland, Oregon. Ellie served for nine years as a member of the Lake Oswego City Council.[13]
McPeak was appointed in July 2010 to theAmerican Battle Monuments Commission. He was the tenth Chairman (and the first airman) to lead the commission.[14] In 2018, the government of France decorated McPeak (Legion of Honor, Officer class) in connection with his prior service as U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff and in recognition of his Chairmanship of the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC). His leadership was essential in the restoration of the Lafayette Escadrille Memorial, outside Paris. The monument had fallen into disrepair, but has now been renovated and has become an ABMC property, ensuring its future maintenance.[citation needed] McPeak was a technical advisor to Ken Burns and Lynn Novick in their award-winning documentary, “The Vietnam War”. He appeared on-screen in 4 of the 10 episodes.
In 1992, San Diego State University gave its first ever Lifetime Achievement Award to General McPeak. In 1995, George Washington University honored him with its Distinguished Alumni Award, the "George." In 2005, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the founding of Sigma Chi Fraternity, he was selected as one of 150 members of its Hall of Fame. He was among the initial seven inductees to the Oregon Aviation Hall of Honor.[citation needed]
In May 2012, McPeak publishedHangar Flying, the first volume of The Aerial View Trilogy, three memoirs that document his career in the Air Force. The book was followed by Volume 2,Below the Zone, in November 2013, and Volume 3,Roles and Missions, in January 2017.
McPeak was harshly criticized byAmerican Spectator journalist Robert Goldberg for comments and writings he has made regardingIsrael.[15]
Goldberg begins the piece saying that "McPeak has a long history of criticizing Israel for not going back to the 1967 borders as part of any peace agreement withArab states. In 1976 McPeak wrote anarticle forForeign Affairs magazine questioning Israel's insistence on holding on to theGolan Heights and parts of theWest Bank."[15]
Goldberg writes that "[in] recent years McPeak has echoed theMearsheimer-Walt view that American Middle East policy is being controlled by Jews at the expense of America's interests in the region." Goldberg then quotes McPeak responding to a question as to what is the cause for the lack of progress in getting Israelis and Palestinians together: "New York City. Miami. We have a large vote – vote, here in favor of Israel. And no politician wants to run against it."[15]
Goldberg also wrote that McPeak "claims that a combination of Jews andChristian Zionists are manipulating U.S. policy in Iraq in dangerous and radical ways."To support this claim, Goldberg quotes McPeak from a published interview: "Let's say that one of your abiding concerns is the security of Israel as opposed to a purely American self-interest, then it would make sense to build a dozen or so bases in Iraq. Let's say you are a born-again Christian and you think that Armageddon and the rapture are about to happen any minute and what you want to do is retrace steps you think are laid out inRevelations, then it makes sense. So there are a number of scenarios here that could lead you in this direction. This is radical...."[15]
In 1996, McPeak served as Oregon state chairman for theBob Dole for president campaign. During thepresidential election of 2000 McPeak endorsedGeorge W. Bush and served as co-chairman of Oregon Veterans for Bush.[17] As the military and foreign policy of the Bush administration coalesced, however, McPeak expressed strong objections, especially with regard to the2003 invasion of Iraq.[18] McPeak later openly campaigned forHoward Dean's nomination, and when Dean withdrew, acted as an adviser for theJohn Kerry campaign. He was also one of twenty-seven signatories to the statement of the "Committee of Diplomats & Commanders for Change" calling theBush Administration a failure at "preserving national security" and calling for Bush not to be re-elected.[19]
McPeak was a co-chair ofBarack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. He generated controversy following comments he made at a campaign appearance inMedford, Oregon where he implied that formerPresident Bill Clinton had appeared to question Obama's patriotism: "As one who for 37 years proudly wore the uniform of our country, I'm saddened to see a president employ these tactics. He of all people should know better because he was the target of exactly the same kind of tactics."[20][21] McPeak also compared the former President's comments toMcCarthyism: "I grew up, I was going to college whenJoe McCarthy was accusing good Americans of being traitors, so I've had enough of it."[20]
According to journalistAllan Nairn, General McPeak oversaw the delivery of advanced U.S. fighter planes toSuharto's government not long after the November 1991 shooting of pro-independence demonstrators known as theDili massacre.[22]
| Insignia | Rank | Date |
|---|---|---|
 | Gen | Aug. 1, 1988 |
 | Lt Gen | May 22, 1985 |
 | Maj Gen | Oct. 1, 1983 |
 | Brig Gen | July 1, 1981 |
 | Col | April 1, 1974 |
 | Lt Col | Nov. 1, 1972 |
 | Maj | May 20, 1968 |
 | Capt | Oct. 1, 1962 |
 | 1st Lt | May 30, 1959 |
 | 2nd Lt | June 19, 1957 |
McPeak's military decorations include the:
Qualification badges include theCommand Pilot Badge, theParachutist Badge, and theOffice of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge.
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by John M. Loh Acting | Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force 1990–1994 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Michael B. Donley Acting | United States Secretary of the Air Force Acting 1993 | Succeeded by |
 |  | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
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