 | |
| Formerly | Merlin Entertainments Group Ltd. (1998–2013) Merlin Entertainments PLC (2013–2019) |
|---|---|
| Company type | Private[1] |
| Industry | Entertainment |
| Founded | 14 December 1998; 26 years ago (1998-12-14) |
| Headquarters | , England |
Key people | Fiona Eastwood (CEO) |
| Revenue | £1,688 million (2018)[2] |
| £327 million (2018)[2] | |
| £230 million (2018)[2] | |
| Owners | Motion JVCO Ltd |
Number of employees | 26,000 (2025) |
| Website | merlinentertainments |
| Merlin Entertainments |
|---|
| Resort Theme Parks |
| Legoland Parks |
| Legoland Discovery Centres |
|
| Sea Life Centres & Sanctuaries |
|
| Madame Tussauds |
| The Dungeons |
| Peppa Pig World of Play |
|
| Other Attractions |
Merlin Entertainments Limited is a globalentertainment company based inLondon, England, which operates a number oftheme parkresorts and other visitor attractions. It was listed on theLondon Stock Exchange until November 2019. It was then privately acquired by theconsortium Motion JVCO Ltd, which includesKirkbi (the investment arm of the Kristiansen family that also controlsthe Lego Group andBrainPop).
In December 1998,Nick Varney, Andrew Carr and the senior management team of Vardon Attractions (Vardon plc) completed amanagement buyout of the company to form Merlin Entertainments Group Ltd., with the backing of the private equity firmApax Partners. Apax sold the company in 2004 to another financial investor, Hermes Private Equity.[3]
In May 2005, the company was acquired from Hermes by a division ofThe Blackstone Group,[4] which later started a major expansion. Between 2005 and 2010, Merlin acquired the Legoland parks,Gardaland,The Tussauds Group,Cypress Gardens, and various attractions fromVillage Roadshow Theme Parks and Living and Leisure Australia. The company was first listed on theLondon Stock Exchange in 2013 but returned to private ownership in 2019.[5]
After the sale of Merlin to Blackstone Group, the company negotiated to buy control of the Legoland theme parks in 2005 for about £250 million, then merged it with Merlin.[6] As part of the deal, Kirkbi A/S, the investment arm of LEGO's owners, took a share in Merlin Entertainments.[7][8]
In 2006, Merlin acquiredGardaland theme park resort in northeasternItaly.
In May 2007, Blackstone purchasedThe Tussauds Group, owner of theMadame Tussauds wax museums, for US$1.9 billion, to merge the company with Merlin.[9][10] After the Tussauds acquisition,Dubai International Capital, the previous owner, received a 20% stake in the combined entity as well as £1.03bn in cash.[11][9][12]
On 17 July 2007, as part of the financing for the Tussauds deal, the freeholds ofAlton Towers,Thorpe Park,Warwick Castle and Madame Tussauds were sold to private investorNick Leslau and his investment firm Prestbury, with a 35-year leaseback agreement.[13]
On 15 January 2010, Merlin Entertainments boughtCypress Gardens, a defunct theme park inWinter Haven, Florida. It was reopened asLegoland Florida theme park.[14]
In late 2010, it was announced that Merlin would purchase approximately A$116 million worth of entertainment attractions located in Australia and New Zealand fromVillage Roadshow Theme Parks. The sale would includeSydney Aquarium,Sydney Wildlife World,Oceanworld Manly,Sydney Tower and the Koala Gallery in Australia, in addition toKelly Tarlton's Underwater World in New Zealand.[15] On 3 March 2011, the deal was finalised.[16] This was followed by the $140 million acquisition of Living and Leisure Australia which owned several attractions in the Asia-Pacific region includingUnderWater World,Melbourne Aquarium,Falls Creek Alpine Resort,Hotham Alpine Resort,Otway Fly,Illawarra Fly,Busan Aquarium andSiam Ocean World.[17][18]
Merlin had planned to go public in the early 2000s, but market turbulence postponed those plans. Instead, Blackstone sold 20% of the company to the private equity firmCVC Capital Partners, reducing Blackstone's holding to 34%. CVC acquired another 8% from the Dubai investment fund which is no longer involved with the company, giving it 28% in all. Kirkbi, a Danish family trust that owns LEGO, also increased its stake, emerging as the largest shareholder, with 36%. CVC paid a price that valued Merlin at £2.25 billion[19] – more than six times what Merlin and Legoland together were worth when Blackstone acquired them five years earlier. Blackstone's investment was by that point worth more than three and a half times what it had paid.[20]
On 8 November 2013, Merlin floated 30% of the company on the London Stock Exchange, valuing the private equity-backed company at almost £3.4bn.[21]
In 2015, the company opened theOrlando Eye Ferris wheel attraction in Orlando. It then sold the wheel in 2018 but repurchased it in 2024.
Reports in early October 2017 indicated that Merlin Entertainments was considering a takeover ofSea World in Orlando, but on 11 October, the company said it was no longer involved in such discussions.[22]
In June 2019, the company's board agreed to recommend a takeover offer of £4.8 billion from a consortium consisting of Kirkbi A/S,CPP Investment Board andThe Blackstone Group.[23] The takeover was approved by the high court in November 2019.[24]
Merlin opened its firstPeppa Pig Theme Park in Winter Haven, Florida in 2022, with future sites planned for Texas andGünzburg, Germany.
Nick Varney left the company at the end of 2022, along with longtime Chief Development Officer, Mark Fisher. Varney was replaced byScott O'Neil, who arrived from a media and sports management background.[25]
In March 2023, Merlin cancelled a new Legoland resort in Belgium, which had been planned to open in 2027 on the former site of Caterpillar's factory inGosselies.[26][27] By the end of 2024, both Little Big City sites in Berlin and Beijing and the Bear Grylls Adventure in Birmingham, UK were closed.[28]
In November of 2024, Merlin entered a $110 million dollar theme park deal withMicrosoft, the owners of video game developerMojang. This deal included themed rides, attractions, hotels, and retail outlets themed after the popular video game "Minecraft"[29]
O'Neil left the company at the end of 2024, with Chief Operating Officer, Fiona Eastwood, taking over as CEO.[30] At the same time, the company began a group-wide restructuring to merge its Resort Theme Parks, Legoland Parks and Gateway Attractions divisions on a regional basis, which Merlin stated would bring them into "one united business" going forwards.[31]
In 2025, it was revealed that Merlin were looking to sell many of its Sea Life Centres, but failed to find an attractive offer.[32][33] In June, it was also announced that the majority of Merlin's attractions in Blackpool would be taken over byBlackpool Council from August, who own the venues, including the Blackpool Tower, Blackpool Dungeon and Madame Tussauds Blackpool.[34] In September, it was announced that Merlin was to sell its Lego Discovery Centres to the Lego Group, also a part-owned subsidiary of Kirkbi, with an estimated cash consideration of £200 million.[35]
| Name | Location | Year opened | Year acquired | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gardaland Resort |  Castelnuovo del Garda, Italy | 1975 | 2006 | Owner and operator; Purchased in 2006 under Blackstone. |
| Heide Park Resort |  Soltau, Lower Saxony, Germany | 1978 | 2007 | Operator; Acquired in Tussauds Group deal. |
| Thorpe Park |  Chertsey, Surrey, UK | 1979 | 2007 | Operator; Acquired in Tussauds Group deal. |
| Alton Towers Resort | Alton,Staffordshire, UK | 1980 | 2007 | Operator; Acquired in Tussauds Group deal. |
| Chessington World of Adventures Resort | Chessington, Greater London, UK | 1987 | 2007 | Owner and operator; Acquired in Tussauds Group deal. |
| Name | Location | Year opened | Year acquired | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Legoland Billund Resort |  Billund, Denmark | 1968 | 2005 | Acquired in Blackstone deal. |
| Legoland Windsor Resort | Windsor, UK | 1996 | 2005 | Acquired in Blackstone deal. |
| Legoland California Resort |  Carlsbad, California, U.S. | 1999 | 2005 | Acquired in Blackstone deal. |
| Legoland Deutschland Resort | Günzburg, Germany | 2002 | 2005 | Acquired in Blackstone deal. |
| Legoland Florida Resort | Winter Haven, Florida, U.S. | 2011 | Formerly Cypress Gardens. | |
| Legoland Malaysia Resort |  Johor Bahru, Malaysia | 2012 | - | New-build theme park. |
| Legoland Dubai Resort |  Jebel Ali, Dubai, United Arab Emirates | 2016 | - | Franchised toDubai Parks and Resorts |
| Legoland Japan Resort |  Nagoya, Japan | 2017 | - | New-build theme park. |
| Legoland New York Resort | Goshen, New York, U.S. | 2021 | - | New-build theme park. |
| Legoland Korea Resort |  Chuncheon, South Korea | 2022 | - | New-build theme park. |
| Legoland Shanghai Resort |  Jinshan, Shanghai, China | 2025 | - | New-build theme park. |
| Name | Location | Year opened | Year acquired | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peppa Pig Theme Park Florida | Winter Haven, Florida | 2022 | - | New-build theme park. |
| Peppa Pig Park Günzburg | Günzburg,Bavaria | 2024[36] | - | New-build theme park. |
| Peppa Pig Theme Park Dallas-Fort Worth | North Richland Hills, Texas | 2025[37] | - | New-build theme park. |
| Name | Location(s) | Year opened | Year acquired | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cadbury World | Birmingham,UK | 1990 | 2023 | Management contract only. |
| The Dungeons | BlackpoolLondonYorkEdinburghBerlinHamburg Amsterdam | 2011 1974 1986 2000 2013 2000 2005 | 1999 | Brand & pre-1999 sites acquired in management buyout of Vardon Attractions. Blackpool site franchise only from August 2025. |
| The Eye Brand | London Sydney Orlando | 2000 1981 2015 | 2007 2011 2024 | |
| The Gruffalo & Friends Clubhouse | Blackpool | 2023 | ||
| DreamWorks Tours: Shrek's Adventure! | London | 2015 | - | Shrek franchise licensed fromUniversal Pictures andDreamWorks Animation Studios. |
| LEGO Discovery Centres | Birmingham atArena Birmingham Manchester at theTrafford Centre Berlin at theThe Center Potsdamer PlatzHamburg Oberhausen Phoenix atArizona Mills Atlanta atPhipps Plaza Bay Area (San Jose) atGreat Mall of the Bay Area Boston Chicago atThe Streets of Woodfield Columbus atEaston Town CenterDallas Fort Worth atGrapevine MillsKansas City atCrown Center Michigan at theGreat Lakes Crossing Outlets New Jersey atAmerican Dream Meadowlands Philadelphia at thePlymouth Meeting MallWestchester (New York) atWestchester's Ridge HillWashington atSpringfield Town Center San Antonio at theShops at Rivercenter Toronto atVaughan Mills Melbourne at theChadstone Shopping Centre Beijing Shanghai Shenyang Hong Kong Osaka | China sites franchise only. | ||
| Madame Tussauds | LondonBlackpool Prague Vienna BerlinAmsterdam BudapestHollywoodLas Vegas NashvilleNew York OrlandoSydneyShanghai WuhanHong Kong Tokyo Singapore BangkokDubai | 2007 | Brand & pre-2007 sites acquired in Tussauds Group merger. China sites (with exception of Hong Kong), Prague and Budapest are franchise only. Blackpool site franchise only from August 2025. | |
| Peppa Pig World of Play | ShanghaiAuburn Hills, MichiganGrapevine, TexasChicago, IllinoisLeidschendam | 2018 2019 2019 2020 2022 | Shanghai site franchise only. | |
| Sea Life | Birmingham BlackpoolBrightonGreat YarmouthGweekHunstanton ManchesterLondonScarboroughWeymouthLoch Lomond Blankenberge Hanover Konstanz Munich Oberhausen Speyer Timmendorfer Strand Helsinki Castelnuovo del Garda Jesolo Scheveningen Porto Benalmadena ParisArizona Orlando New Jersey San Antonio MelbourneMooloolaba (Sunshine Coast)Sydney Auckland Shanghai Nagoya Iskandar Puteri BusanBangkok | 1999 | Brand & pre-1999 sites acquired in management buyout of Vardon Attractions. Shanghai site franchise only. | |
| Warwick Castle | United Kingdom | 1978 | 2007 | Acquired in Tussauds Group merger. |
| Name | Location | Planned opening |
|---|---|---|
| Legoland Sichuan | Chengdu, Sichuan, China | 2025 |
| Legoland Shenzhen Resort | Shenzhen, China | 2027 |
| Legoland Beijing Resort | Fangshan District, Beijing, China | 2028 |
| Name | Location | Opened | Acquired | Fate | Closed/sold | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abenteuer Park Oberhausen | Oberhausen, Germany | 1996 | 2011 | Closed | 2015 | Formerly known as CentrO.Park (1996–2011) & Sea Life Abenteuer Park (2013). |
| The Bear Grylls Adventure | Birmingham,UK | 2018 | Closed | 2024 | ||
| Blackpool Tower | Blackpool,UK | 1894 | 2011 | 2025 | Management contract from Blackpool Council from 2011. Take-over by Blackpool Tourism Ltd in August 2025. | |
| Earth Explorer | Ostend, Belgium | 2004 | Sold | 2013 | ||
| Falls Creek ski resort | Victoria,Australia | 1946 | 2011 | Sold | 2019 | Acquired in MFS Living and Leisure deal. Sold to Vail Resorts in 2019. |
| Hotham Alpine Resort | Victoria,Australia | 1925 | 2011 | Sold | 2019 | Ski resort acquired in MFS Living and Leisure deal. Sold to Vail Resorts in 2019. |
| Illawarra Fly | Australia | 2005 | 2016 | Sold[39] | 2024 | |
| Little Big City | Berlin,GermanyBeijing,China | 2017 2018 | Closed | 2024[40] | ||
| Legoland Discovery Centre Duisburg | Duisburg, Germany | 2007 | Closed | 2013 | Moved to Oberhausen after a few years. | |
| Legoland Discovery Centre Hotham | Mt Hotham, AZ atHotham Alpine Resort | 2018 | Closed | 2018 | ||
| Legoland Discovery Centre Istanbul |  Istanbul | 2015 | Closed[41] | 2024 | ||
| London Planetarium | London | 1958 | 2007 | Closed | 2010 | Incorporated as part of Madame Tussauds London as other attractions. |
| Madame Tussauds Delhi |  New Delhi | 2017 | Closed | 2020 | Closed after COVID-19 pandemic, relocated to Noida in 2022. | |
| Madame Tussauds Washington DC | Washington D.C. | 2007 | Closed | 2021[42] | Closed afterCOVID-19 pandemic, never re-opened. | |
| Madame Tussauds India at DLF Mall of India | Noida | 2022 | Closed | 2023 | Relocated from Madame Tussauds Delhi. | |
| Madame Tussauds San Francisco | San Francisco | 2014 | Closed | 2024 | ||
| Madame Tussauds Istanbul | Istanbul | 2016 | Closed[41] | 2024 | ||
| Madame Tussauds Chongqing | Chongqing | 2016 | Closed[43] | 2025 | ||
| Madame Tussauds Beijing | Beijing | 2014 | Closed | 2025 | ||
| Otway Fly | Australia | 2003 | 2016 | Sold | 2024[39] | |
| Peter Rabbit: Explore and Play | Blackpool | 2022 | 2025 | Take-over by Blackpool Tourism Ltd in August 2025. | ||
| The San Francisco Dungeon | San Francisco | 2014 | Closed | 2022[44] | Closed in 2020 due to theCOVID-19 pandemic, never re-opened. | |
| The Shanghai Dungeon | Shanghai | 2018 | Closed | 2024 | ||
| Sea Life Berlin | Berlin | Closed | 2024[45] | |||
| Sea Life Bray Aquarium |  Bray, Ireland | 1998 | Closed | 2023 | ||
| Sea Life Hastings | Hastings, England | 2008 | Sold | 2012 | Now belongs to theBlue Reef Aquarium chain. | |
| Sea Life Istanbul | Istanbul | 2009 | Closed[41] | 2024 | ||
| Sea Life Königswinter | Königswinter | Closed | 2023[46] | |||
| Sea Life St Andrews | St Andrews, Scotland | 1999 | TBA | Sold | TBA | Now operates as the St. Andrews Aquarium. |
| Manly Sea Life Sanctuary | Manly, Australia | 1965 | 2010 | Closed | 2018[47] | |
| Scottish Sea Life Sanctuary | Oban, Scotland | 1979 | Closed | 2018 |
