Menkaure was the son ofKhafre and the grandson ofKhufu. A flint knife found in the mortuary temple of Menkaure mentioned a king's motherKhamerernebty I, suggesting that Khafre and this queen were the parents of Menkaure. Menkaure is thought to have had at least two wives.
QueenKhamerernebty II is the daughter of Khamerernebty I and the mother of a king's son Khuenre. The location of Khuenre's tomb suggests that he was a son of Menkaure, making his mother the wife of this king.[3][4]
Khuenre: Menkaure was not succeeded by Prince Khuenre, likely his eldest son, who predeceased Menkaure, but rather byShepseskaf, a younger son of this king.[5]
QueenRekhetre is known to have been a daughter of Khafre and as such the most likely identity of her husband is Menkaure.[3]
Its possible that Menkaure had other children, but no mothers have been identified.
Shepseskaf (died c. 2498 BC): The successor to Menkaure and likely his son.
Sekhemre: Known from a statue and possibly a son of Menkaure.
A daughter who died in early adulthood is mentioned byHerodotus. She was placed at a decorated hall of the palatial area at Sais, in a hollow gold layered wooden zoomorphic burial feature in the shape of a kneeling cow covered externally with a layer of red decoration except the neck area and the horns that were covered with adequate layers of gold.[6]
The royal court included several of Menkaure's half brothers. His brothersNebemakhet,Duaenre,Nikaure, andIunmin served as viziers during the reign of their brother. His brother Sekhemkare may have been younger than he was and became vizier after the death of Menkaure.[8]
Menkaura flanked by the goddessHathor (left) and the personification of thenome ofSeshesh (right). Graywacke statue in Cairo Museum.
The length of Menkaure's reign is uncertain. The ancienthistorianManetho credits him with a reign of 63 years, but this is surely an exaggeration. TheTurin King List is damaged at the spot where it should present the full sum of years, but the remains allow a reconstruction of "..?.. + 8 years of rulership". Egyptologists think that 18-year reign was meant to be written, which is generally accepted. A contemporary workmen's graffito reports about the "year after the 11thcattle count". If the cattle count was held every second year (as wastradition at least up to kingSneferu), Menkaure might have ruled for 22 years.[9]
In 2013, a fragment of the sphinx of Menkaure was discovered atTel Hazor at the entrance to the city palace.[10]
Menkaure's pyramid at Giza was calledNetjer-er-Menkaure, meaning "Menkaure is Divine". This pyramid is the smallest of the three main pyramids at Giza. This pyramid measures 103.4 m (339 ft) at the base and 65.5 m (215 ft) in height.[11] There are three subsidiary pyramids associated with Menkaure's pyramid.
These other pyramids are sometimes labeled G-IIIa (East subsidiary pyramid), G-IIIb (Middle subsidiary pyramid) and G-IIIc (West subsidiary pyramid). In the chapel associated with G-IIIa a statue of a queen was found. It is possible that these pyramids were meant for the queens of Khafre. It may be that Khamerernebti II was buried in one of the pyramids.[4][8]
The Valley temple was a mainly brick built structure that was enlarged in the fifth or sixth Dynasty. From this temple come the famous statues of Menkaure with his queen and Menkaure with several deities. A partial list includes:[8]
Nome triad,Hathor-Mistress-of-the-Sycomore seated, and King andHare-nome goddess standing, greywacke, in Boston Mus. 09.200.
Nome triad, King,Hathor-Mistress-of-the-Sycomore andThebannome-god standing,greywacke. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 40678.)
Nome triad, King,Hathor-Mistress-of-the-Sycomore and Jackal-nome goddess standing,greywacke. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 40679.)
Nome triad, King,Hathor-Mistress-of-the-Sycomore andBat-fetish nome -goddess standing,greywacke. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 46499.)
Nome triad, King,Hathor, and nome-god standing,greywacke. (Middle part in Boston Mus. 11.3147, head of King in Brussels, Mus. Roy. E. 3074.)
Double-statue,’ King and wife (Khamerernebty II) standing, uninscribed,greywacke. (Now in Boston Mus. 11.1738.)
King seated, life-size, fragmentary,alabaster. (Now in Cairo Mus. Ent. 40703.)
King seated, lower part, inscribed seat,alabaster. (Now in Boston Mus. 09.202)
At his mortuary temple more statues and statue fragments were found. An interesting find is a fragment of a wand from Queen Khamerernebty I. The piece is now in theBoston Museum of Fine Arts. Khamerernebty is given the title King's Mother on the fragment.[8]
Burial chamber of Menkaure, today, and as discovered with now lost sarcophagus
In 1837, English army officerRichard William Howard Vyse, and engineerJohn Shae Perring began excavations within the pyramid of Menkaure. In the main burial chamber of the pyramid they found a large stone sarcophagus 8 feet 0 inches (244 cm) long, 3 feet 0 inches (91 cm) in width, and 2 feet 11 inches (89 cm) in height, made of basalt. The sarcophagus was not inscribed with hieroglyphs although it was decorated in the style of palace facade. Adjacent to the burial chamber were found wooden fragments of a coffin bearing the name of Menkaure and a partial skeleton wrapped in a coarse cloth. The sarcophagus was removed from the pyramid and was sent by ship to theBritish Museum in London, but the merchant shipBeatrice carrying it was lost after leaving port at Malta on October 13, 1838. The other materials were sent by a separate ship, and those materials now reside at the museum, with the remains of the wooden coffin case on display.
It is now thought that the coffin was a replacement made during the much laterSaite period, nearly two millennia after the king's original interment. Radiocarbon dating of the bone fragments that were found, place them at an even later date, from theCoptic period in the first centuriesAD.[12]
According toHerodotus (430 BC), Menkaure was the son ofKhufu (GreekCheops), and he alleviated the suffering his father's reign had caused the inhabitants ofancient Egypt. Herodotus adds that he suffered much misfortune: his only daughter, whose corpse was interred in a woodenbull (which Herodotus claims survived to his lifetime), died before him. Subsequently theoracle atButo predicted he would only rule six more years.
The king deemed this unjust, and sent back to the oracle a message of reproach, blaming the god: why must he die so soon who was pious, whereas his father and his uncle had lived long, who shut up the temples, and regarded not the gods, and destroyed men? But a second utterance from the place of divination declared to him that his good deeds were the very cause of shortening his life; for he had done what was contrary to fate; Egypt should have been afflicted for an hundred and fifty years, whereof the two kings before him had been aware, but not Mycerinus. Hearing this, he knew that his doom was fixed. Therefore he caused many lamps to be made, and would light these at nightfall and drink and make merry; by day or night he never ceased from revelling, roaming to the marsh country and the groves and wherever he heard of the likeliest places of pleasure. Thus he planned, that by turning night into day he might make his six years into twelve and so prove the oracle false.[13]
Menkaure was the subject of a poem by the nineteenth century English poetMatthew Arnold, entitled "Mycerinus".
Menkaure, using the Greek version of his name, Mencheres, is a major character in theNight Huntress series of books byJeaniene Frost, depicted as an extremely old and powerful vampire living in modern times. He is a protagonist of one book in the series.
^Hassan, Selim:Excavations at Gîza IV. 1932–1933. Cairo: Government Press, Bulâq, 1930. pp 18-62
^abcdPorter, Bertha and Moss, Rosalind, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Statues, Reliefs and Paintings Volume III: Memphis, Part I Abu Rawash to Abusir. 2nd edition (revised and augmented by Dr Jaromir Malek, 1974). Retrieved from gizapyramids.org
^Miroslav Verner:Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology. In:Archiv Orientální, Vol. 69. Prague 2001, page 363–418.
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![Fragmentary alabaster statue head of believed to depict either Menkaure[14] or Shepseskaf[15] at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aMenkaura-FragmentaryStatueHead_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png)
