Memmingen (German:[ˈmɛmɪŋən]ⓘ;Swabian:Memmenge) is atown inSwabia,Bavaria,Germany. It is the economic, educational and administrative centre of theDanube-Iller region. To the west the town is flanked by theIller, the river that marks theBaden-Württemberg border. To the north, east and south the town is surrounded by the district ofUnterallgäu (Lower Allgäu).
With about 42,000 inhabitants, Memmingen is the 5th biggest town in the administrative region of Swabia. The origins of the town go back to theRoman Empire. The old town, with its many courtyards, castles and patricians' houses, palaces and fortifications is one of the best preserved in southern Germany. With good transport links by road, rail and air, it is the transport hub forUpper Swabia andCentral Swabia, and theAllgäu.
Due to its proximity to theAllgäu region, Memmingen is often called the Gateway to the Allgäu (Tor zum Allgäu). The town motto isMemmingen – Stadt mit Perspektiven ("Memmingen – a town with perspectives"). In recent times it has been frequently referred to asMemmingen – Stadt der Menschenrechte (Memmingen – the town of human rights). This alludes to theTwelve Articles, considered to be the first written set ofhuman rights in Europe, which were penned in Memmingen in 1525. Every four years there is theWallensteinfestspiel, with about 4,500 participants, the biggest historical reenactment in Europe. It commemorates the invasion ofWallenstein and his troops in 1630.
Territory of the Free Imperial City of MemmingenMonumental building: der GrosszunftThe picturesqueStadtbach (Town Brook)
It is believed that on the site of present-day Memmingen inRoman times there was a small military town, probably calledCassiliacum. In the 5th century anAlemannic settlement was established and in the 7th century there was a palace belonging to the king of theFranks.
Memmingen was linked toBohemia, Austria andMunich by thesalt road toLindau. Another important route through Memmingen was theItalian road from Northern Germany to Switzerland and Italy. Both roads helped Memmingen gain importance as a trading centre. In theMiddle Ages, the place was known asMammingin; in 1158 theWelfian DukeWelf VI founded the town of Memmingen. In 1286 it became anImperial City, responsible only to theHoly Roman Emperor.
The Twelve Articles: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed was written (probably by Schappeler andSebastian Lotzer) in early 1525. This was a religious petition borrowing fromLuther's ideas to appeal for peasant rights. Within two months of its publication in Memmingen, 25,000 copies of the tract were in circulation around Europe. These are the first known set of human rights documents in the world (if one ignores Magna Carta in England in 1215).
In the 1630s Memmingen was at centre stage during theThirty Years' War, and the ImperialgeneralissimoWallenstein was quartered in the town when he was dramatically dismissed from service. From 1632 Memmingen was briefly garrisoned by the Swedish army, and became a base of operations for Swedish troops inSwabia. In September 1647 the Imperialists underAdrian von Enkevort besieged the Swedish garrison, under Colonel Sigismund Przyemski. Two months later the town surrendered.[3]
Following the reorganization of Germany in 1802, Memmingen became part of Bavaria. The 19th century saw the slow economic deterioration of the town, which was halted only with the building ofa railway following the course of the River Iller.
SinceWorld War II Memmingen has been a developing town, with a rate of economic growth above the average for Bavaria.
Memmingen is located at the western border of Bavaria at the river Iller, 50 km south ofUlm, and 100 km west of Munich. The landscape or region beginning with Memmingen is calledUnterallgäu and forms a part of the regionMittelschwaben who is next toOberschwaben andAllgäu. Memmingen is also sometimes called theGate to the Allgäu.
The town politics is mostly dominated by a coalition of bigger parties ("coalition of the reasoned") from CSU, SPD, Christlicher Rathausblock Memmingen (Christian Town Hall Party Memmingen) and theFree Voters. The smaller parties ofEcological Democratic Party,Alliance '90/The Greens and theFree Democratic Party make up the opposition.
There was a hefty dispute between the parties in 2005, concerning financial participation in theMemmingen Airport. The Ecological Democratic Party and the Greens initiated a referendum to inhibit financial support for the airport, but this vote met with no success.
At the top of the town government is the Lord Mayor, who is elected directly by the people. He is the representative of the town and the leader of municipality. As second representatives, the majors are elected from the members of the town council. Historically the CSU, as biggest party, appoints the second major. The third major is appointed by the third biggest party. The second biggest party, the SPD, traditionally declines to appoint the third major, because they already appoint the Lord Mayor.
Memmingen is building, alongside the double centreUlm/Neu-Ulm, the second economical centre in Upper Swabia. It thus leads the central supply function for the adjoining cities and districts.
With €512 per capita, Memmingen is one of the cities in Germany with the lowest level of debt[8] (The German average is more than €1,300). The town had 2007 a management budget (Verwaltungshaushalt) of €94,925,160 and an asset budget (Vermögenshaushalt) of €19,490,860. The income from trade taxes amounted to about €40 million, the income tax assignment to about €20 million. The local rates were last changed in 2003. The town has many charitable foundations, with roots partly going back to the Middle Ages (such as theUnterhospitalstiftung).
Every year Memmingen celebrates theFischertag (Fisherman's day), recreating medieval traditions. The town brook is fished out to be completely drained and cleaned, and at the same time a "Fisherman's King" (the one that caught the heaviest trout) is appointed among almost 1,200 fishermen. Every year up to 40,000 people come to this festival as participants or spectators.
Every four years Memmingen re-enacts the events around the visit of Wallenstein in the year 1630 with Europe's biggest historic festival: theWallensteinfestspiele (Memmingen) [de].
The theatre has a long tradition in Memmingen. By the Middle Ages some chroniclers were already recording different theatre performances. In 1937 theLandestheater Schwaben (State Theatre of Swabia) or LTS was founded in the town. In 1945, afterWorld War II, the LTS was one of the first theatres inWest Germany to begin putting on performances again. The performances take place in the Rooms of the Town Theatre, the theatre at theSchweizerberg (cabaret stage), in theKaminwerk cultural centre or in rooms at the boroughs of Memmingen. The Schweizerberg Theatre will be closed at the end of 2010. It will move to new premises in theElsbethen area, behind the Town Theatre, where a new cabaret stage, rehearsing rooms, workshops, depots, management rooms, the foyer and some guest rooms will be built.[9]Another theatre was founded by Helmut Wolfseher and members of theAlternative Kleinkunst e.V. (Alternative Cabaret Society),Parterretheater im Künerhaus (PIK). This theatre is specifically for amateur actors and young talented musicians. TheKaminwerk also puts on major plays by amateur actors. The municipal hall is forVolksschauspieler or other artists.
The following works featuring Memmingen have been produced:
The biggest museum in Memmingen is the Town Museum at theHermannsbau.[10] The town's history is described in its historical rooms. There is also a section covering the history of the Jewish community in Memmingen, whose members were killed or forced into exile in 1939. Part of theTorah from the destroyedsynagogue is on display there. TheFreudenthal/Altvater Homeland Museum for refugees who have settled in Memmingen is also part of the town museum. It is one of 43 homeland museums recognised by the Ministry of the Interior. A foundation, founded and administered by the town, takes responsibility for the museum. TheStrigel- andAntoniter-Museum at theAntonierkloster present wood carvings and paintings by theStrigel family of artists as well as a permanent exhibition on the work of theHospital Brothers of St. Anthony.[11] The museum was established in 1996. With donations from theMemminger Wohnungsbaugenossenschaft (MeWo) theMEWO-Kunsthalle was opened in 2005 in the old post office next to the station. The museum holds the estates of the Memmingen artistsMax Unold andJosef Madlener and presents a wide selection of contemporary art exhibitions.[12] The size and scope of this art gallery is unique in region. The formerKreuzherren monastery is used for changing exhibitions.[13]
The organ concerts in the churches of St. Martins and St. Josef are famous in the region. Chamber music would be performed in the former Kreuzherren monastery and also in some other buildings in Memmingen.
There are several pubs, restaurants, wine taverns and cafés and also some discothèques in and around the town. The cultural centreKaminwerk (Chimney factory) is for concerts, theatre, program cinema, readings and special parties.
Memmingen has considerable tourist interest, mainly because large areas of the medieval old town survived World War II. There are ten town gates and towers and about two kilometres of the town wall. The old town contains many interesting houses of patricians, some in thebaroque style. They are picturesque Streets with theStadtbach (town river) beside. The medieval market place, surrounded by the town hall, which is built inrenaissance style, theGroßzunft (Guildhouse) and the paintedSteuerhaus (tax house). Also famous isSt. Martin's church, built ingothic style with its more-than-500-year-oldChoir and the 1996 restoredHospital Brothers of St. Anthony monastery (Antonierkloster), the oldest, best conserved and biggest of these kind. The probably oldest church in townUnser Frauen (Church of Our Lady) or also calledFrauenkirche with significant frescos of the 15th and 16th centuries. Also theSeven Roof House, the baroqueKreuzherren monastery, the renovated whorehouse of the town, theSalzstadel (salt barn), theKramerzunft (shopkeepers guild, also called theTwelve-Article-House are sights in Memmingen). Not so well known is theBismarck tower in the west of Memmingen. Beside the tower is the 2007 build new soccer stadium.[14]
Green areas were created all along the town wall. The old ditches where filled up and replaced with green areas or parks with partially over 150-year-old trees. The name of the parks are (starting clockwise at theUlmer Gate): Hubergarten, Zollergarten, Ratzengraben/Zollergraben, Kohlschanze, Reichshain, Kaisergraben, Hohe Wacht, Westertorplatz, Grimmelschanze. Nearby every residential area has its own smaller parks. There is also the town park in theNew World, the oldLandesgartenschau place. Also the old and the forest cemetery, which are both used as parks.
There were four cemeteries in Memmingen in the Middle Ages. They were around theSt. Martin's Church and the Church of Our Lady, also at the Kreuzherren monastery and theScottish monastery.[15] They were abandoned in 1530. The replacement was theOld cemetery at the former Scottish monastery. This cemetery was abandoned in 1930. The closing of the Old Cemetery has involved a new Cemetery. It was founded in the east of Memmingen as a Forest Cemetery. More cemeteries are in the districtsAmendingen, Steinheim, Buxach, Volkratshofen, Ferthofen and Dickenreishausen. In the east of the town is also a Jewish cemetery.
^Author:Joachim Jahn and others, Title:Die Geschichte der Stadt Memmingen – Von den Anfängen bis zum Ende der Reichsstadtzeit (Band 1), Publisher:Theiss Verlag, Location:Memmingen, Year:1997,ISBN3-8062-1315-1, Page:98
