.jpg) Members of Parliament debate in theCentre Block inOttawa, 2018 | |
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Amember of Parliament (post-nominal letters:MP;French:député,[depyte]) is an elected politician in theHouse of Commons of Canada, thelower house of theParliament of Canada.
The term's primary use is in reference to the members of the House of Commons. In legislation, it can also refer to the members of theSenate of Canada, but in common usage, the titlesenator (French:sénateur (masculine), sénatrice (feminine)) is typically used. By contrast, no such alternate title exists for members of the House of Commons. A less ambiguous term for members of both chambers isparliamentarian.[1]
MPs each represent an individualelectoral district, also known as aconstituency orriding. MPs are elected using thefirst-past-the-post system in ageneral election or by-election, usually held every four years or less. In contrast, the 105 members of the Senate are appointed by the Crown on the advice of theprime minister.
Seats are distributed among theprovinces in proportion to population, as determined by each decennial census, subject to the following exceptions made by theConstitution of Canada. Firstly, the "Senate floor" guarantees that each province will have at least as many elected MPs as senators.[2] Secondly, the "grandfather clause" guarantees each province has at least as many seats now as it had allocated in the 1985Representation Act.[2]
Following the2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, the number of members is 343.[3][4]
The oath for members of Parliament has stood the same sinceConfederation; according to Section IX.128 of theConstitution Act, 1867: "Every member of the Senate and the House of Commons of Canada shall before taking his Seat therein take and subscribe before the Governor General or some Person authorized by him, and every Member of a Legislative Council or Legislative Assembly of any Province shall before the Lieutenant Governor of the Province or some Person authorized by him, the Oath of Allegiance contained in the Fifth Schedule to the Act."[5] The oath set out in said schedule is:I, [name], do swear, that I will be faithful and bear true Allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, with the further instruction that "the name of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for the Time being is to be substituted from Time to Time, with Proper Terms of Reference thereto." The oath reads as follows:
I, [name], do swear, that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty King Charles III.[6]
Or in French:
Je, [nom], jure que je serai fidèle et porterai une vraie allégeance à Sa Majesté le Roi Charles III.[7]
For those parliamentarians whose religion prohibits the swearing of oaths, there exists a compromise affirmation, first instituted in 1905:
I, [name], do solemnly, sincerely and truly affirm and declare the taking of an oath is according to my religious belief unlawful, and I do also solemnly, sincerely and truly affirm and declare that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty King Charles III.[8]
| Parliament(s) | Years | # of Ridings | +/– |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 1867–1872 | 180 |  |
| 2nd | 1872–1874 | 200 |  20 |
| 3rd,4th | 1874–1882 | 206 | 6 |
| 5th | 1882–1887 | 211 | 5 |
| 6th,7th | 1887–1896 | 215 | 4 |
| 8th,9th | 1896–1904 | 213 |  2 |
| 10th | 1904–1908 | 214 | 1 |
| 11th,12th | 1908–1917 | 221 | 7 |
| 13th,14th | 1917–1925 | 235 | 14 |
| 15th,16th,17th,18th,19th,20th | 1925–1949 | 245 | 10 |
| 21st | 1949–1953 | 262 | 17 |
| 22nd,23rd,24th,25th,26th,27th | 1953–1968 | 265 | 3 |
| 28th,29th,30th | 1968–1979 | 264 | 1 |
| 31st,32nd,33rd | 1979–1988 | 282 | 18 |
| 34th,35th | 1988–1997 | 295 | 13 |
| 36th,37th | 1997–2004 | 301 | 6 |
| 38th,39th,40th,41st | 2004–2015 | 308 | 7 |
| 42nd,43rd,44th | 2015–2025 | 338 | 30 |
| 45th | Since 2025 | 343 | 5 |
Parliamentarians enjoyparliamentary privilege, as derived fromcommon law.[9]
In 2024, the annual salary of each MP wasCA$203,100. Members may receive additional sums by virtue of other positions or functions they hold, such as that of Prime Minister,Speaker of the House or aMinister of the Crown.[10]
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