As of 2019, Melilla had a population of 86,487.[5] The population is chiefly divided between people of Iberian andRiffian extraction.[6] There are also small numbers ofSephardic Jews andSindhi Hindus. Melilla features adiglossia between the official Spanish andTarifit.[7]
Like the autonomous city ofCeuta and Spain's other territories in Africa, Melilla is subject to anirredentist claim by Morocco.[8]
During the 15th century, the city declined, like most Mediterranean cities of theKingdom of Fez, eclipsed by those on the Atlantic.[19] After theCatholic Monarchs'conquest of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492, their SecretaryHernando de Zafra [es] gathered intelligence about the sorry state of the North African coast with territorial expansion in mind.[20] He sent agents to investigate, and subsequently reported to the Catholic Monarchs that, as of 1494, locals had expelled the authority of the Sultan of Fez and had offered to pledge loyalty.[21] While the 1494Treaty of Tordesillas put Melilla andCazaza, until then reserved to the Portuguese, under the sphere ofCastile, the conquest of the city had to wait, delayed bythe French occupation of Naples.[22]
Map of the Melilla fortress by the late 17th-century.
TheDuke of Medina Sidonia,Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, advocated seizing Melilla, to be headed byPedro de Estopiñán [es], and the Catholic Monarchs,Isabella I of Castile andFerdinand II of Aragon, endorsed the initiative and provided the assistance of artillery officerFrancisco Ramírez de Madrid.[23] Melilla was occupied on 17 September 1497, virtually without violence as it was on the border between theKingdom of Tlemcen and the Kingdom of Fez, and as a result had been fought over many times and left abandoned.[24][25] No large-scale expansion into the Kingdom of Fez ensued, and, barring the enterprises of theCardinal Cisneros along the Algerian coast inMers El Kébir andOran, and therock of Badis in the territorial scope of the Kingdom of Fez, the Hispanic monarchy's imperial impetus was eventually directed elsewhere, to theItalian Wars against France, and, especially after 1519,[26] to the newly discovered continent across the Atlantic.
Melilla was initially jointly administered by theHouse of Medina Sidonia and the Crown,[27] and a 1498 settlement required the former to station a 700-man garrison in Melilla and the latter to provide the city with a number ofmaravedíes and wheatfanegas.[28] The Crown's interest in Melilla decreased during the reign ofCharles V.[29] During the 16th century, soldiers stationed in Melilla were badly remunerated, leading to many desertions.[30] The Duke of Medina Sidonia relinquished responsibility over the garrison of the place on 7 June 1556.[31]
During the late 17th century,Alaouite sultanIsmail Ibn Sharif attempted to conquer thepresidio,[32] taking the outer fortifications in the 1680s and further unsuccessfully besieging Melilla in the 1690s.[33]
One Spanish officer reflected, "an hour in Melilla, from the point of view of merit, was worth more than thirty years of service to Spain."[34]
The current limits of the Spanish territory around the Melilla fortress were fixed by treaties with Morocco in 1859,1860, 1861, and 1894. In the late 19th century, as Spanish influence expanded in this area, the Crown authorized Melilla as the only centre of trade on theRif coast betweenTetuan and theAlgerian border. The value of trade increased, with goat skins, eggs andbeeswax the principal exports, and cotton goods, tea, sugar and candles the chief imports.
Melilla's civil population in 1860 still amounted to only 375 estimated inhabitants.[35] In a 1866 Hispano-Moroccan arrangement signed inFes, both parties agreed to allow for the installment of a customs office near the border with Melilla, to be operated by Moroccan officials.[36] The Treaty of Peace with Morocco that followed the 1859–60 War entailed the acquisition of a new perimeter for Melilla, bringing its area to that where the 12 km2 the autonomous city currently stands.[37] Following the declaration of Melilla as afree port in 1863, the population began to increase, chiefly with Sephardi Jews fleeing fromTetouan who fostered trade in and out of the city.[38] The first Jews from Tetouan probably arrived in 1864,[39] and the first rabbi arrived in 1867 and began to operate the first synagogue, located in the Calle de San Miguel.[40] Many Jews arrived fleeing from persecution in Morocco instigated byRoghi Bu Hamara.[41] Following the 1868 lifting of the veto of emigration to Melilla from Peninsular Spain, the population further increased with Spaniards.[42] The Jewish population, who also progressively acquired Spanish citizenship, increased to 572 in 1893.[43] The economic opportunities created in Melilla henceforth favoured the installment of a Berber population.[42]
The first body of local government was thejunta de arbitrios created in 1879,[44] in which the military enjoy preponderance.[45] The Polígono excepcional de Tiro, the first neighborhood outside the walled core (Melilla la Vieja), began construction in 1888.[46]
Jewish woman in the Jewish quarter (1909)
In 1893, Riffian tribesmen launched theFirst Melillan campaign to try to conquer the city; the Spanish government sent 25,000 soldiers to defend it against them. The conflict was also known as theMargallo War, after Spanish GeneralJuan García y Margallo, Governor of Melilla, who was killed in the battle. The new 1894 agreement with Morocco that followed the conflict increased trade with thehinterland, bringing the economic prosperity of the city to a new level.[47] The total population of Melilla amounted to 10,004 inhabitants in 1896.[48]
Art Nouveau buildings in the Plaza de España (c. 1917)
The turn of the new century saw attempts by France (based inFrench Algeria) to profit from their newly acquiredsphere of influence in Morocco to counter Melilla's trading prowess by fostering trade links with the Algerian cities ofGhazaouet andOran.[49] Melilla began to suffer from this, to which the instability brought by revolts againstMuley Abdel Aziz in the hinterland also added,[50] although after 1905 Sultan pretender El Rogui (Bou Hmara) carried out a defusing policy in the area that favoured Spain.[51] The French occupation ofOujda in 1907 compromised the Melillan trade with that city,[52] and the enduring instability in the Rif still threatened Melilla.[53] Between 1909 and 1945, themodernista (Art Nouveau) style was prevalent in local architecture, making Melilla's streets a "true museum ofmodernista-style architecture", second only to Barcelona, mainly stemming from the work of architectEnrique Nieto.[54]
Mining companies began to enter the hinterland of Melilla by 1908.[55] A Spanish company, theCompañía Española de las Minas del Rif [es], was constituted in July 1908, shared by Clemente Fernández, Enrique Macpherson, theCount of Romanones, theDuke of Tovar andJuan Antonio Güell [es], who appointedMiguel Villanueva as chairman.[56] Thus two mining companies under the protection of Bou Hmara started mining lead and iron 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) from Melilla. They started to construct a railway between the port and the mines. In October of that year, Bou Hmara's vassals revolted against him and raided the mines, which remained closed until June 1909. By July the workmen were again attacked and several were killed. Severe fighting between the Spaniards and the tribesmen followed, in theSecond Melillan campaign that took place in the vicinity of Melilla.
In 1910, the Spaniards restarted the mines and undertook harbor works at Mar Chica, but hostilities broke out again in 1911. On 22 July 1921, the Berbers under the leadership ofAbd el Krim inflicted a grave defeat on the Spanish at theBattle of Annual. The Spanish retreated to Melilla, leaving most of the protectorate under the control of theRepublic of the Rif.
A royal decree pursuing the creation of anayuntamiento in Melilla was signed on 13 December 1918 but the regulation did not come into force, and thus the existing government body, thejunta de arbitrios, remained in force.[45]
City centre in 1926
A "junta municipal" with a rather civil composition was created in 1927; on 10 April 1930, anayuntamiento featuring the same membership as the junta was created,[57] equalling to the same municipal regime as the rest of Spain on 14 April 1931, with the arrival of the first democratically elected municipal corporation on the wake of the proclamation of theSecond Republic.[58]
In the context of the passing of the Ley de Extranjería in 1986, and following social mobilization from the Berber community, conditions for citizenship acquisition were flexibilised and allowed for the naturalisation of a substantial number of inhabitants, until then born in Melilla but without Spanish citizenship.[59]
On 6 November 2007, KingJuan Carlos and QueenSofía visited Melilla and Ceuta, sparking enthusiasm from the local population and protests from the Moroccan government, which led to abrief diplomatic conflict.[61][62] It was the first time a Spanish head of state had visited the two African exclaves since 1927.[63]
Melilla, together with Ceuta, declared the Muslim holiday ofEid al-Adha —Feast of the Sacrifice— an official public holiday from 2010 onward. It is the first time a non-Christian religious festival has been officially celebrated in Spain since theReconquista.[64][65]
In 2018, Morocco decided to close the customs office near Melilla, the first time since mid-19th century, without any consultation with Spain.[66] The customs office was expected to reopen in January 2023.[67]As of February 2025, trade was still tentative and limited.[68][69]
Melilla was the location of the last public statue in Spain to commemorate former dictatorFrancisco Franco following Spain'sHistorical Memory Law, passed in 2007, which included provision to the removal of any artefacts which celebrated the Franco regime from all public buildings and spaces. Nonetheless, thestatue remained on the Cuesta de la Florentina street until its final removal in 2021.[70][71]
Melilla is in northwest Africa, on the shores of theAlboran Sea, a marginal sea of theMediterranean, the latter's westernmost portion. The city is arranged in a wide semicircle around the beach and thePort of Melilla, on the eastern side of the peninsula ofCape Tres Forcas, at the foot ofMount Gurugú [es] and around the mouth of theRío de Oro intermittent water stream, 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) above sea level. The urban nucleus was originally afortress,Melilla la Vieja, built on a peninsular mound about 30 meters (98 ft) in height.
The Moroccan settlement ofBeni Ansar lies immediately south of Melilla. The nearest Moroccan city isNador, and the ports of Melilla andNador are within the same bay; nearby is the Bou Areg Lagoon.[72]
Melilla has a hotMediterranean climate on the border with a hotSemi-arid climate, influenced by its proximity to the sea, rendering much cooler summers and more precipitation than inland areas deeper into Africa. The climate, in general, is similar to the southern coast of peninsular Spain and the northern coast of Morocco, with relatively small temperature differences between seasons. Minimum temperatures have never been below 0 °C (32 °F) during 1991-2020 period, and only 2.2 days per year have maximum temperature above 35 °C (95 °F).[73]
Climate data for Melilla, altitude: 52 m (1991–2020)
The government bodies stipulated in the Statute of Autonomy are theAssembly of Melilla, thePresident of Melilla and the Council of Government. The assembly is a 25-member body whose members are elected through universal suffrage every 4 years inclosed party lists following the schedule of local elections at the national level. Its members are called "localdeputies" but they rather enjoy the status ofconcejales (municipal councillors).[77] Unlikeregional legislatures (and akin to municipal councils), the assembly does not enjoyright of initiative for primary legislation.[78]
The president of Melilla (who, often addressed as Mayor-President, also exerts the roles of Mayor, president of the Assembly, president of the Council of Government and representative of the city)[79] is invested by the Assembly. After local elections, the president is invested through aqualified majority from among the leaders of the election lists, or, failing to achieve the former, the leader of the most voted list at the election is invested to the office.[80] In case of amotion of no confidence the president can only be ousted with a qualified majority voting for an alternative assembly member.[80]
The Council of Government is the traditional collegiate executive body forparliamentary systems. Unlike the municipal government boards in the standardayuntamientos, the members of the Council of Government (including the vice-presidents) do not need to be members of the assembly.[81]
Melilla is the city in Spain with the highest proportion ofpostal voting;[82]vote buying (via mail-in ballots) is widely reported to be a common practice in the poor neighborhoods of Melilla.[82] Court cases in this matter had involved the PP, the CPM and the PSOE.[82]
Thegross domestic product (GDP) of the autonomous community was 1.6 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 0.1% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 19,900 euros or 66% of the EU27 average in the same year. Melilla was theNUTS2 region with the lowest GDP per capita in Spain.[85]
Melilla does not participate in theEuropean Union Customs Union (EUCU).[86] There is noVAT (IVA) tax, but a local reduced-rate tax called IPSI is rendered.[87] Preserving the status of afree port, imports are free of tariffs and the only tax concerning them is the IPSI.[88] However, exports to the Customs Union (including Peninsular Spain) are subject to the correspondent customs tariff and are taxed with the correspondent VAT.[88] There are some special manufacturing taxes regarding electricity and transport, as well as complementary charges on tobacco and oil and fuel products.[89]
The principal industry is fishing. Cross-border commerce (legal or smuggled) and Spanish and European grants and wages are the other income sources.
Melilla is regularly connected to the Iberian peninsula by air and sea traffic. It is also economically connected to Morocco, as most of its fruit and vegetables are imported across the border. Moroccans in the city's hinterland are attracted to it, as 36,000 Moroccans cross the border daily to work, shop or trade goods.[90] The port of Melilla offers several daily connections toAlmería andMálaga.Melilla Airport offers daily flights to Almería, Málaga andMadrid.Air Europa andIberia operate in Melilla's airport.
Many people travelling between Europe and Morocco use the ferry links to Melilla, both for passengers and for freight. Because of this, the port and related companies form an important economic driver for the city.[90]
In order to boost growth and as a measure to promote tourism in the Autonomous City of Melilla, the Tourist Board has developed a Regulatory Decree for bonuses for Tourist Packages to Melilla.
The Tourist Package consists of the application of discounts on return tickets by plane or boat provided that they include accommodation during the stay in Melilla in one of the types of tourist accommodations or at the home of a resident of the city and do not exceed, between the round trip dates, ten days.[91]
Melilla's water supply primarily came from a network of dug wells (which by the turn of the 21st century suffered from overexploitation and had also experienced a degradation of the water quality and the intrusion ofseawater),[92] as well as the capture of theRío de Oro's underflow.[93] Seeking to address the water supply problem, works for the construction of adesalination plant in the Aguadú cliffs, projected to produce 22,000 m3 (29,000 cu yd) a day, started in November 2003.[94] The plant entered operation in March 2007.[95] Its daily operation is partially funded by the central government.[96] Relative to the Spanish average (and similarly to theCanary andBalearic Islands), the city's population spends a comparatively larger amount of money onbottled water.[97]
The dome of the Chapel of Santiago, built in the mid-16th century by Miguel de Perea with help from Sancho de Escalante, is a rare instance ofGothic architecture in the African continent.[99]
Parallel to the urban development of Melilla in the early 20th century, the new architectural style ofmodernismo (irradiated fromBarcelona and associated to the bourgeois class) was imported to the city, granting it amodernista architectural character, primarily through the works of the prolific Catalan architectEnrique Nieto.[100]
Accordingly, Melilla has the second most important concentration ofModernista works in Spain after Barcelona, Mainly concentrated in the city'sensanche.[100] Nieto was in charge of designing the main Synagogue, the Central Mosque and various Catholic Churches.[101]
Melilla has been praised as an example ofmulticulturalism, being a small city in which one can find Christians, Muslims, Jews, Hindus, and Buddhists represented.[102]
Percentagewise, Melilla may be the mostJewish city in Spain with around 1,000 Jews still living in the city, down from 7,000 around the year 1930, which is mainly due to economic reasons resulting in moving to the Spanish mainland,Israel or elsewhere. Melilla plays an important part in thehistory of Jews in Spain, having been exempt from theexpulsion of Jews from Spain. The expelled Spanish Jews wereSephardic Jews and subsequently found a new home in neighboring Morocco, including Melilla. Especially during the second half of the 19th century, many of the expelled Sephardic Jews moved from northern Morocco to Melilla. The first ones were traders from the Moroccan cities who came for economic and safety reasons. Later, impoverished Jews from the ruralRiffian areas joined, also because of safety reasons. Thus, Melilla's special geographical and political situation has made the city the oldest and one of the most important centers of Sephardic Judaism in today's Spain, traditional home of the Sephards.[103]
According to the Spanish Center for Sociological Research,Roman Catholicism is the largest religion in Melilla.[104] In 2019, the proportion of Melillans that identify themselves as Roman Catholic was 65.0% (31.7% define themselves as not practising, while 33.3% as practising). 30% identify as followers of other faiths, 2.7% identify as non-believers, and 2.3% identify as atheists.[104]
Some sources indicate thatMuslims account for roughly half the population in Melilla, which is in conflict with the Spanish Center for Sociological Research reported numbers.[106]
There is a small, autonomous, and commercially important Hindu community present in Melilla, which has fallen over the past decades as its members move to the Spanish mainland. It numbers about 100 members today.[102]
Melilla features adiglossia, withSpanish as the first and official language andTarifit as the second language, with limited written codification, and usage restricted to family and domestic relations and oral speech.[7]
The population can be thus divided into monolingual Spanish speakers of European ethnic origin (without competence in any other language than those formally taught at school); those descended from Tamazight-speaking parents, usually bilingual in Spanish and Tamazight; and Moroccan immigrants and cross-border workers, with a generally dominant Tamazight language (with some also competent in Arabic) and a L2 competence in Spanish.[107] The Spanish spoken in Melilla is similar to theAndalusian variety fromCádiz,[108] whereas the Berber variant spoken in Melilla is the Tarifit, common with the neighbouringNador area.[109] Rather than Berber (Spanish:bereber), Berber speakers in Melilla use either the glotonymTmaziɣt, or, in Spanish,cherja for their language.[108]
The first attempt to legislate a degree of recognition for Berber in Melilla was in 1994, in the context of the elaboration of the Statute of Autonomy, by mentioning the promotion of the linguistic and cultural pluralism (without explicitly mentioning the Berber language). The initiative went nowhere, voted down by PP and PSOE.[110] Reasons cited for not recognizing Tamazight are related to the argument that the variety is not standardized.[111]
The defence of the enclave is the responsibility of theSpanish Armed Forces' General Command of Melilla.[112] TheSpanish Army's combat components of the command include:
The command also includes its headquarters battalion as well as logistics elements.[112]
In addition to the defence of Melilla, the garrison is also responsible forthe defence of islands and rock formations claimed by Spain off the coast of Morocco. Units of the garrison are deployed to these rock formations to secure them against Moroccan incursions and did so notably during thePerejil Island crisis in 2002.[112] To enhance coastal security, theSpanish Navy based a dedicated patrol boat (Isla Pinto) in Melilla from mid-2023.[119][120][121] Melilla itself is about 350 kilometres (220 mi) distant from the main Spanish naval base atRota on the Spanish mainland while theSpanish Air Force'sMorón Air Base is within 300 kilometres (190 mi) proximity.[citation needed]
TheCivil Guard is responsible for border security and protects both the territory'sfortified land border against frequent, and sometimes significant, migrant incursions.[122][123]
Melilla forms a sort of trans-border urban conurbation with limited integration together with the neighbouring Moroccan settlements, located at one of the ends of a linear succession ofurban sprawl spanning southward in Morocco along theR19 road fromBeni Ensar down toNador andSelouane.[124] The urban system features a high degree of hierarchization, specialization anddivision of labour, with Melilla as chief provider of services, finance and trade; Nador as an eminently industrial city whereas the rest of Moroccan settlements found themselves in a subordinate role, presentingagro-town features and operating as providers of workforce.[124]
The asymmetry, as reflected for example in the provision of healthcare, has fostered situations such as the large-scale use of the Melillan health services by Moroccan citizens, with Melilla attending a number of urgencies more than four times the standard for its population in 2018.[125] In order to satisfy the workforce needs of Melilla (mainly in areas such asdomestic service, construction and cross-border bale workers, often under informal contracts), Moroccan inhabitants of theprovince of Nador were granted exemptions from visa requirements to enter the autonomous city.[126] This development in turn induced a strong flux ofinternal migration from other Moroccan provinces to Nador, in order to acquire the aforementioned exemption.[126]
Following the increasing influx of Algerian and sub-Saharan irregular migrants into Ceuta and Melilla in the early 1990s,[128] a process of borderfortification in both cities ensued after 1995 to reduce the border's permeability,[129][130] a target attained to some degree by 1999,[128] although peak level of fortification was reached in 2005.[129]
Melilla's border with Morocco is secured by theMelilla border fence, a 6 metres (20 ft) tall double fence with watch towers; yet migrants (in groups of tens or sometimes hundreds) storm the fence and manage to cross it from time to time.[131] Since 2005, at least 14 migrants have died trying to cross the fence.[132] The Melilla migrant reception centre was built with a capacity of 480.[133] In 2020 works to remove the barbed wire from the top of the fence (meanwhile raising its height up to more than 10 metres (33 ft) in the stretches most susceptible to breaches) were commissioned toTragsa [es].[134]
In June 2022, at least 23 sub-Saharan migrants and two Moroccan security personnel were killed when around 2,000 migrants stormed the border. The death toll has been estimated to be as high as 37 by certain NGOs.[135] Around 200 Spanish and Moroccan law enforcement officers and at least 76 migrants were injured. Hundreds of migrants succeeded in breaching the fence, and 133 made it across the border.[136] Widely circulated footage showed dozens of motionless migrants piled together.[137] It was the worst such incident in Melilla's history.[138] The United Nations, the African Union and a number of human rights groups condemned what they deemed excessive force used by Moroccan and Spanish border guards, although no lethal weapons were employed, and the deaths were later attributed to "mechanical asphyxiation".[139]
Morocco has been paid tens of million euros by both Spain and the European Union to outsource the EU migration control.[140] Besides the double fence in the Spanish side of the border, there is an additional 3 metres (9.8 ft) high fence entirely made ofrazor wire lying on the Moroccan side as well as a moat in between.[140]
Melilla is asurfing destination.[142] The city's football club,UD Melilla, plays in the third tier of Spanish football, theSegunda División B. The club was founded in 1943 and since 1945 have played at the 12,000-seaterEstadio Municipal Álvarez Claro. Until the other club was dissolved in 2012, UD Melilla played the Ceuta-Melilla derby againstAD Ceuta. The clubs travelled to each other via the Spanish mainland to avoid entering Morocco.[143] The second-highest ranked club in the city areCasino del Real CF of the fourth-tierTercera División. The football's governing institution is theMelilla Football Federation.
TheMoroccan government has repeatedly called for Spain to transfer the sovereignty of Melilla,Ceuta and theplazas de soberanía to Morocco, with Spain's refusal to do so serving as a major source of tension inMorocco–Spain relations. In Morocco, Ceuta is frequently referred to as the "occupied Sebtah", and the Moroccan government has argued that the city, along with other Spanish territories in the region, arecolonies.[144][145] One of the major arguments used by Morocco in their attempts to acquire sovereignty over Melilla refers to the geographical position of the city, as Melilla is anexclave surrounded by Moroccan territory and theMediterranean Sea and has no territorial continuity with the rest of Spain.[146] This argument was originally developed by one of the founders of the MoroccanIstiqlal Party, Alal-El Faasi, who openly advocated for Morocco to invade and occupy Melilla and other North African territories under Spanish rule.[147] Spain, in line with the majority of nations in the rest of the world, has never recognized Morocco's claim over Melilla. The official position of theSpanish government is that Melilla is an integral part of Spain, and has been since the 16th century, centuries prior to Morocco's independence from Spain and France in 1956.[148] The majority of Melilla's population support continued Spanish sovereignty and are opposed to Moroccan control over the territory.[149]
In 1986, Spain joinedNATO. However, Melilla is not under NATO protection since Article 6 of theNorth Atlantic Treaty limits such coverage to Europe and North America and islands north of theTropic of Cancer. However,French Algeria was explicitly included in the treaty upon France's entry. Legal experts have claimed that other articles of the treaty could cover Spanish territories in North Africa but this interpretation has not been tested in practice.[150] During the2022 Madrid summit, the issue of the protection of Melilla was raised by Spain, with NATO Secretary GeneralJens Stoltenberg stating: "On which territories NATO protects and Ceuta and Melilla, NATO is there to protect all Allies against any threats. At the end of the day, it will always be a political decision to invoke Article 5, but rest assured NATO is there to protect and defend all Allies".[151] On 21 December 2020, following statements made by Moroccan Prime MinisterSaadeddine Othmani that Melilla is "Moroccan as theSahara", the Spanish government summoned the Moroccan ambassador, Karima Benyaich, to convey that Spain expects all its partners to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its territory in Africa and asked for an explanation for Othmani's words.[152]
^Yahia, Jahfar Hassan (2014).Curso de lengua tamazight, nivel elemental. Caminando en la didáctica de la lengua rifeña (in Spanish and Riffian). Melilla: GEEPP Ed.
^Morales Bautista, Joaquín (23 February 2025)."Incertidumbre entre los melillenses sobre como estará la frontera este Ramadán - El Faro de Melilla" (in Spanish). Retrieved3 March 2025.Por lo pronto, la aduana comercial vuelve a estar operativa y cuenta con unas normas establecidas: Inicialmente, solo podrá cruzar un camión de salida y otro de entrada, en este último caso prácticamente pescado. Será en un horario concreto de mañana o tarde y los productos que exportarán los empresarios melillenses se limitarán a electrodomésticos, electrónica, higiene y automoción.
^"Melilla Modernista".Melilla Turismo. Archived fromthe original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved25 March 2013.Nieto was in charge of designing the main Synagogue, the Central Mosque and various Catholic churches
^Gold, Peter (2000).Europe or Africa? A contemporary study of the Spanish North African exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. Liverpool University Press. pp. XII–XIII.ISBN0-85323-985-1.
^Castan Pinos, J. (2014). "The Spanish-Moroccan relationship: combining bonne entente with territorial disputes". In K. Stoklosa (ed.).Living on the border. European Border Regions in Comparison. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 103.
^Castan Pinos, J. (2014).La Fortaleza Europea: Schengen, Ceuta y Melilla. Ceuta: Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes. p. 61.ISBN978-84-92627-67-7.
^Tremlett, Giles (12 June 2003)."A rocky relationship".The Guardian. London. Retrieved17 June 2009.
^François Papet-Périn (2012).La mer d'Alboran ou Le contentieux territorial hispano-marocain sur les deux bornes européennes de Ceuta et Melilla (doctorat d'histoire contemporaine soutenue thesis). Paris 1-Sorbonne. 2 volumes.
Tilmatine, Mohand (2011). "El contacto español-bereber: la lengua de los informativos en Melilla".Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana.9 (2):15–45.JSTOR41678469.
1Entirely claimed by both Morocco and theSADR.2Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco.3Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain.4Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan.5Unclaimed territory located between Egypt and the Sudan.6Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan.7Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya.8Disputed between Morocco and Spain
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