TheMelanchlaeni, also known as theSaudaratae, were an ancientScythian tribe whose existence was recorded by ancientGraeco-Roman authors.
The Melanchlaeni were closely related to theAndrophagi and theBudini.[1]
The nameMelanchlaeni is a Latinisation of the ancient Greek nameMelankhlainoi (Ancient Greek:Μελάγχλαινοι), which meant "Black-Cloaks."[2]
The Greek name might have been a translation of an ancient Iranic name[3] meaning "those who wear black garments,"[4] whose later form,Sawdarata, was recorded in Ancient Greek asSaudaratai (Ancient Greek:Σαυδαραται;Latin:Saudaratae).[5]
The Melanchlaeni lived in the region to the east of the middleDnipro river, especially in the basin of theDonets river.[6]
The neighbours of the Melanchlaeni were theNeuri and the Scythian tribe of the Aroteres to the west,[2] and the Scythian tribe of the Paralatae to the south.[4]
The Scythians originated in the region of the Volga-Ural steppes ofCentral Asia, possibly around the 9th century BC,[7] as a section of the population of theSrubnaya culture[8] containing a significant element originating from the SiberianAndronovo culture.[9] The population of the Srubnaya culture was among the first trulynomadic pastoralist groups, who themselves emerged in theCentral Asian andSiberiansteppes during the 9th century BC as a result of the cold and dry climate then prevailing in these regions.[10]
During the 9th to 8th centuries BC, a significant movement of the nomadic peoples of theEurasian Steppe started when another nomadic Iranic tribe closely related to the Scythians from eastern Central Asia, either theMassagetae[11] or theIssedones,[12] migrated westwards, forcing the early Scythians to the west across theAraxes river.[13][8]
Over the course of the 8th and 7th centuries BC, the Scythians migrated into the Caucasian and Caspian Steppes in several waves, becoming the dominant population of the region,[11] where they assimilated most of the Cimmerians and conquered their territory,[8] with this absorption of the Cimmerians by the Scythians being facilitated by their similar ethnic backgrounds and lifestyles,[14] after which the Scythians settled in the area between the Araxes, the Caucasus and theLake Maeotis.[13][15][8][11][16] The section of the Scythians from whom the Melanchlaeni originated participated in this migration, and had established itself in Ciscaucasia aroundc. 800 BC.[17]
From their base in the Caucasian Steppe, during the period of the 8th to 7th centuries BC itself, the Scythians conquered the Pontic and Crimean Steppes to the north of the Black Sea up to theDanube river, which formed the western boundary of Scythian territory onwards,[7][11][7][18][19] with this process of Scythian takeover of the Pontic Steppe becoming fully complete by the 7th century BC.[20]
Archaeologically, the westwards migration of the Early Scythians from Central Asia into the Caspian Steppe constituted the latest of the two to three waves of expansion of the Srubnaya culture to the west of the Volga. The last and third wave corresponding to the Scythian migration has been dated to the 9th century BC.[21] The expansion of the Scythians into the Pontic Steppe is attested through the westward movement of the Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture into Ukraine. The Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture in Ukraine is referred to in scholarship as the "Late Srubnaya" culture.[22]
From the Caucasian steppe, the tribe of the Royal Scythians expanded to the south, following the coast of theCaspian Sea and arrived in theCiscaucasian steppes, from where they settled in easternTranscaucasia until the early 6th century BC.[23][24][25][8][26][27][28]
The Royal Scythians were finally expelled from West Asia in thec. 600s BC,[29] after which, beginning in the later 7th and lasting throughout much of the 6th century BC, the majority of the Scythians migrated from Ciscaucasia into thePontic Steppe, which became the centre of Scythian power.[30][31][11]
The retreat of the Royal Scythians from West Asia into the Pontic steppe pushed a Scythian splinter group to the north, into the region of Donets-Kramatorsk, where they formed the Vorskla and Sula-Donets groups of the Scythian culture,[32] of which the Donets group corresponded to the Melanchlaeni, the Sula group to theAndrophagi,[2] and the Vorskla group to theBudini.,[4] with all of these groups remaining independent from theScythians proper.[2]
Of these groups, the Melanchlaeni and the Androphagi were closely related tribes.[6]
When thePersianAchaemenid kingDarius Iattacked the Scythians in 513 BC, the Scythian kingIdanthyrsus summoned the kings of the peoples surrounding his kingdom to a meeting to decide how to deal with the Persian invasion. The kings of theBudini,Gelonians andSarmatians accepted to help the Scythians against the Persian attack, while the kings of theAgathyrsi,Androphagi, Melanchlaeni,Neuri, andTauri refused to support the Scythians.[33]
During the campaign, the Scythians and the Persian army pursuing them passed through the territories of the Melanchlaeni, Androphagi, and Neuri, before they reached the borders of the Agathyrsi, who refused to let the Scythian divisions to pass into their territories and find refuge there, thus forcing the Scythians to return toScythia with the Persians pursuing them.[34][33]
By the 4th century BC, most of the Melanchlaeni migrated to the south, where the settled around the Greek city ofPontic Olbia, where theProtogenes inscription, written sometime between 220 and 200 BC, mentioned them as the Saudaratae, which was a Hellenisation of their original Iranic name.[4] According to the Protogenes inscription, the Scythians, theThisamatae, the Saudaratae, and theSaii were seeking refuge from the allied forces of theCelts and the GermanicSciri.[35]
The Saudaratae were still living around Pontic Olbia in the 1st century BC.[4]
Herodotus of Halicarnassus described the Melanchlaeni as being distinct from the Scythians while still following the same lifestyle as them. Herodotus also claimed that the Melanchlaeni all wore black clothes, from which was derived their name,[4] which meant "black-cloaks."[2]
The burial rites of the Melanchlaeni were connected to those of the Late Bronze Age cultures which had preceded them in the region of the middle Donets river, including theBondarikha culture.[36]
The Melanchlaeni appear to have lived in a precarious situation, as evidenced by the large number of weapons found in their graves and their many defensive earthworks.[36]
The Donets group of the Scythian culture which corresponded to the Melanchlaeni was part of an area of Iranic toponymy and hydronymy.[2]
The Melanchlaeni appear to have spoken a dialect of theScythian languages. Unlike the dialect of the Pontic Scythians, where the sound /d/ had eventually evolved into /l/, the dialect of the Melanchlaeni had retained the sound /d/, as attested by their Iranic name,Sawdaratā.[5]
The remains of intact human bones discovered in seven earthworks of the Melanchlaeni and Budini suggests that these two tribes might have engaged in ritual cannibalism similarly to the Androphagi.[6][17]
The Melanchlaeni archaeologically belonged to theScythian culture, and they corresponded to its Donets group, which extended over the basin of the upper Donets river in the Eastern European forest steppe zone.[37]
The Donets, Sula and Vorskla groups of the Scythian culture, respectively corresponding to the Melanchlaeni,Androphagi, andBudini, are sometimes grouped the Zolnichnaya (that is "Ash-Mounds") culture because of the presence of severalzolnyk (зольник), that is ash mounds containing refuse from kitchens and other sources, near dwellings.[1] The three groups of the Zolnichnaya culture were closely related to each other, with the Vorskla group nevertheless exhibiting enough significant differences from the Sula and Donets groups that the latter two are sometimes grouped together as a Sula-Donets group distinct from the Vorskla group.[1]
The earliest Scythians had belonged to theSrubnaya culture,[38] and like the Sula group of the Scythian culture which corresponds to the Androphagi, the Donets group of the Scythian culture contained an important element of theSrubnaya culture in its substratum, although there were some differences between the Sula and Donets groups.[4]
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