TheMegarian Decree was a set ofeconomic sanctions levied uponMegara c. 432 BC by theAthenian Empire shortly before the outbreak of thePeloponnesian War. This move is considered one of the first uses of economics as a foreign policy tool.[1] The decree addressed the Megarians' supposed trespass on land sacred toDemeter known as theHiera Orgas,[2] the killing of the Athenian herald who was sent to their city to reproach them, and giving shelter to slaves who had fled from Athens.[3] The Megarian decree effectively blocked Megara from trading in any port within theDelian League, isolating the city and greatly damaging its economy. The exact influence the Megarian Decree had on the beginning of the Peloponnesian War is a matter that is highly debated to this day.[4]
The Megarian Decree was seen as an act of revenge by the Athenians for the treacherous behaviour of the Megarians some years earlier. It may also have been a deliberate provocation towardsSparta on the part ofPericles, who was the sponsor of the decree.[5]Aristophanes also cited that it was enacted to avenge the theft of the female attendants ofAspasia, who was Pericles' partner, but this is generally taken to be a joke at Pericles' and Aspasia's expense.[6] There are scholars who view the Megarian Decree as one of the main causes of the Peloponnesian War.[2]
The economic blockade banned Megarians from harbours and marketplaces throughout the largeAthenian Empire, which effectively strangled the Megarian economy.[1] The sanctions would have also affected Megara's allies and may have been seen as a move by Athens to weaken its rivals and to extend its influence. Megara controlled the important routes betweenPeloponnese andAttica, making it crucial for both Athens and Sparta.[7] The ban strained the fragile peace between the two states. The Peloponnesian War began after Megara appealed to Sparta, its ally, for help.[1] In the build-up to the conflict, the repeal of the decree was Sparta's main demand to the Athenians.[7] Thucydides mentions that the revoking of the Megarian decree was only one of several demands made by the Spartans if Athens wished to avoid war, other demands included: an end to thesiege of Potidaea, the immediate independence ofAegina, and that the Athenians will not infringe on the independence of the Hellenes.[8]
The extent to which the decree encouraged the outbreak of thePeloponnesian War is the subject of debate.[9] The primary source for the war,Thucydides, puts very little emphasis upon the decree in his analysis of the cause of the war and treats it as a pretext on the part of theSpartans. Thucydides considers the true cause of the war to be Sparta's fear ofAthens' growing empire.[10] He does not describe the decree in detail, unlike for the conflicts overPotidaea andCorcyra.
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The main evidence for the significance of the decree isAristophanes, an ancient playwright and satirist of the time. His playThe Acharnians (II.530-7) mentions how the decree left theMegarians "slowly starving" and caused them to appeal to the Spartans for aid. Another ofAristophanes's plays,Peace, also mentions how war was being brewed in Megara by thegod of war. However, as these are comedic plays meant to entertain, their veracity as historical records are questionable.
Oblique references to the decree in Thucydides seems to suggest its importance since the Spartans state that "war could be avoided if Athens would revoke the Megarian decree".[11] However, Thucydides also reports that the Spartans hadsought a declaration of war from thePeloponnesian League during therebellion of Samos in 440, well before the Megarian decree had been passed.
Plutarch[12] (Pericles 29) wrote that had the Athenians repealed the Megarian Decree "it seems unlikely that any of the other issues would have brought war down on the Athenians." For this reason he believed that Pericles, because he was "the most ardent opponent of reconciliation ... alone was responsible for the war."
Donald Kagan interprets the decree as an attempt by Athens to solve a problem without breaking theThirty Years' Peace with Sparta.[13] Megara had injured Athens in a way that required some meaningful response, but Athens openly attacking the Spartan ally would violate the peace. Athens thus imposed theembargo, which was meant to show other Spartan allies that Athens had commercial means of punishing attackers who were under Sparta's military protection. Thus, the decree could be seen as an attempt to avoid provoking Sparta directly.[14]
Thehistorical revisionistG. E. M. de Ste. Croix argues that atrade sanction would not significantly affect Megara as the decree applied only to Megarian citizens although the majority of trade in all cities was likely conducted bymetics (foreigners or outsiders), who would be unaffected by a ban on citizens of Megara.[15] The scholar attributed the war to the Spartan zeal for war, which he said was driven by a number of factors such as a sense of invincibility, its vulnerability as a polity, and the danger posed by its massive slave population.[16]
De Ste. Croix also highlights the uncertainty regarding the context in which the decree was passed. At the beginning of the Second Peloponnesian War, the Athenians invaded Megara twice a year with large forces to ravage their land and maintained a navalblockade. After six years, there were few or no remaining crops, which may account for the "starvation" suggested inThe Acharnians.[9] De Ste. Croix also points out that the decree would have been only effective in a context prior to the war for one year since the Megarians would have had no right of entry to markets in any war situation.
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