In the area of present-dayMecklenburg-Vorpommern,Germany, up to 5,000megalith tombs were erected asburial sites by people of theNeolithicFunnelbeaker (TRB) culture. More than 1,000 of them are preserved today and protected by law. Though varying in style and age, megalith structures are common inWestern Europe, with those in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern belonging to the youngest and easternmost—further east, in the modernWest Pomeranian Voivodeship ofPoland, monuments erected by the TRB people did not includelithic structures, while they do in the south (Brandenburg), west (Lower Saxony andSchleswig-Holstein) and north (Denmark).
Though megaliths are distributed throughout the state, their structure differs between regions. Most megaliths aredolmens, often located within a circular or trapezoid frame of singular standing stones. Locally, the dolmens are known asHünengräber ("giants' tombs") orGroßsteingräber ("large stone tombs"), their framework is known asHünenbett ("giants' bed") if trapezoid orBannkreis ("spellbind circle") if circular.
The materials used for their construction areglacial erratics and redsandstones. 144 tombs have been excavated since 1945. The megaliths were used not only by the bearers of the TRB culture, but also by their successors, and have entered local folklore.
Themegaliths inMecklenburg-Vorpommern were erected as burial sites in theNeolithic, by the bearers of theFunnelbeaker (TRB) culture,[1][2] between 3,500 and 3,200 BC.[3] Initially, the TRB people buried their dead in pits, often covered with mounds of clay.[2] Later, they erecteddolmens for this purpose,[2] but also continued the use of flat graves.[1] All megaliths were erected during a relatively short time period, spanning about 200 years or about seven generations, with the oldest ones dating to phase C of the Early Neolithic, while most were built in the beginning of the Middle Neolithic.[1]
The dolmens were built fromglacial erratics, with the gaps filled with redsandstone.[4] Presumably, standing stones were transported to the site using rollers, slides, levers and ropes, and the interior of the unfinished dolmens was filled with clay to form a ramp to enable the movement of the cover stones into their final position.[4] After removing the clay from the interior, a barrow (tumulus) was then raised on top of the dolmen, which remained accessible through a passage made from smaller stones.[4] In addition, single standing stones were sometimes placed around the dolmen, forming either a rectangular or trapezoidal shape (Hünenbett),[4] or astone circle (Bannkreis).[5] Sometimes, large singular "guardian stones" (Wächterstein, Bautastein) were placed adjacent to these shapes.[5] The interior of the dolmen was usually divided into small compartments by slabs of red sandstone, standing upright.[4]
The various types of megalithic monuments in northeastern Germany were last compiled byEwald Schuldt in the course of a project to excavate megalithic tombs from theNeolithic Era, which was conducted between 1964 and 1972 in the area of thenorthern districts ofEast Germany. His aim was to provide a"classification and naming of the objects present in this field of research".[6] In doing so it utilised a classification byErnst Sprockhoff, which in turn was based on an older Danish model.[7]
Schuldt listed six types:
Schuldt (1972) described 1048 megalithic sites in the area of present-day Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.[1] Holtorf (2000/08) counted 1,193 in the same area.[1] Both Schuldt's and Holtorf's counts include 31 long mounds without chambers and 44 stone cists, which lack the large stones typical of the rest of the megalithic sites.[1] Holtorf estimated that in the Neolithic, up to 5,000 megalithic monuments were built in present-day Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.[1] 144 megaliths have been excavated since 1945.[1] 106 of these were excavated and afterwards restored by archaeologistEwald Schuldt and his team between 1964 and 1972.[8]
Though megalithic sites can be found in nearly all areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpomern, Schuldt (1972) defined nine high-density areas: nearGrevesmühlen (Forst Everstorf), nearRerik, along the middle and upperWarnow river, around the lakes ofKrakower See andPlauer See, along theRecknitz river, along theSchwinge stream, and the southeastern part of the island ofRügen.[1]
The type of megalithic structures varies between different, overlapping regions.[1] Schuldt classified those regions as follows: He foundlong mounds without chambers in the southwestern part ofMecklenburg,passage graves in the northern and central part of Mecklenburg,extended dolmens in southern Mecklenburg,great dolmens with 'draught excluders' (Windfang) in northernVorpommern, great dolmens with ante-chambers (Vorraum) in central Vorpommern, andstone cists in southern Vorpommern and eastern Mecklenburg.[1][9]
While the orientation of the megaliths varies, many have entrances facing southwards.[1] Of 99 dolmens studied by Schuldt, 46 are oriented toward the midsummer apex of the sun (south to north), 26 toward the spring equinox (east to west), 14 toward the midsummer sunrise (northeast to southwest), and 13 toward the midwinter sunrise (southeast to northwest).[10]
Disarticulated bones from up to twenty individuals have been discovered in excavated dolmens.[1] Presumably, the dead were first laid down in the open, and their bones were buried in the dolmens once the body wasskeletonized.[4] Few dolmens contain only TRB finds, as most were also used by the contemporary and subsequentGlobular Amphora andSingle Grave cultures,[1] and some remained in use until theBronze Age.[1][4] The bearers of the Globular Amphora culture removed and demolished skeletons and items from previous burials before reusing the tombs for their own dead.[1] When the tombs ceased to function as burial sites for the TRB and Globular Amphora cultures, they were filled with earth, with the exception of some tombs onRügen where items from Bronze Age burials were found on the ground of the Neolithic chamber, or within the fill.[11]
Often, the earth-filled megaliths and the mounds raised to cover them were used for secondary burials.[11] The bearers of the Neolithic Single Grave culture buried their dead in the earth-filled chamber by removing cover or wall stones.[1][11] Of documented later secondary burials, 27% are from the late Bronze Age, 29% from thepre-Roman Iron Age, 10% from theRoman Iron Age and 27% from theSlavic period.[11] Another 7% are of uncertain origin, and no secondary burials from theearly German period are recorded.[11] According to Holtorf, the barrows erected for burials in the Bronze Age, Iron Age and Slavic period were imitations of the mounds elevated above filled megalith tombs.[12] Some Neolithic mounds containing secondary burials are found next to similar burial mounds from the respective later period.[12]
In addition to secondary burials, other items were found in 41 of the 144 excavated megalith mounds.[13] Also, items from later periods were found outside of 75 of those megaliths, within a radius of no more than 500 metres (550 yd).[14] The attribution of all documented finds to their respective periods of origin is shown in the table below.
| Archaeological finds younger than Early Bronze Age in and near megalith mounds | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Late Bronze Age | Pre-Roman Iron Age | Roman Iron Age | Slavic period | Early German period | uncertain | |
| Finds from within megalith mounds (including secondary burials) | 16%[13] | 26%[13] | 8%[13] | 31%[13] | 16%[13] | 3%[13] |
| Finds near megalith mounds (within a radius of no more than 500 m) | 10%[14] | 17%[14] | 19%[14] | 35%[14] | 18%[14] | 1%[14] |
Some megaliths have cup-marks (Näpfchen) on them, which Holtorf describes as "simple, roughly hemispherical depressions of about 2–10 cm diameter and up to 3 cm depth."[15] The origin and purpose of the cup-marks is uncertain.[15] Their distribution corresponds with the distribution of the dolmens, and they are found on undisturbed dolmens as well as stones derived from destroyed megalith sites.[15]
Many megaliths were used as quarries in the past, e.g. for the construction of 13th- and 14th-century churches, medieval and early modern stone walls, 18th-century manor houses, as well as for 19th-century dikes, roads, bridges and milestones.[16] Others were destroyed in the course of clearing farmland, which occurred from the 18th through 20th centuries.[17]
On 13 April 1804,Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg issued a decree protecting "heathen grave sites" and called on his officials to compile lists of the megaliths in their districts.[18] This was the earliest such decree inGermany.[18] In the following centuries, this decree was renewed and amended by Friedrich Franz's successors.[18] InVorpommern, despite the authorities not issuing similar decrees, theUniversity of Greifswald did decree preservation of megaliths on its property.[18] In 1946, all megalithic sites became the property of theEast German state ofMecklenburg-Vorpommern.[18] In 1954, the East German regime passed a preservation law which also applied to megaliths.[18]
On 30 November 1993, the currently binding preservation law was enacted by the re-constituted state ofMecklenburg-Vorpommern (Gesetz zum Schutz und zur Pflege der Denkmale im Lande Mecklenburg–Vorpommern, "Law for the Protection and the Care of Monuments in the State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern").[18]
Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern are the subject of an abundance of lore, dealing primarily with giants, fairies, dwarfs, subterraneans and hidden treasures.[19] The giant tales relate primarily to the megaliths' creation, which was assumed to be the result of stones lost or thrown by giants, or of giants building houses, ovens or tombs.[19] Thus, the population refers to dolmens asHünengräber ("giants' tombs", Sg.Hünengrab).[19][20]
Another frequent theme of megalith-related folklore is that of hidden treasures, guarded by fairies, dwarfs or subterraneans.[19][20] In these tales, humans who try to retrieve the treasure are usually hindered or punished by the magic beings.[19] The treasure tales have contributed both to long-time preservation of megaliths and to tomb raiding, depending on the degree of superstition of the audience.[19]
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