Merdeka Square | |
|---|---|
| Public square | |
| Indonesian:Medan Merdeka Lapangan Merdeka | |
| Former name(s):Lapangan Ikada Koningsplein | |
 A view of Merdeka Square withNational Monument standing in the middle of the square. | |
| Features | National Monument,fountain,statues |
| Construction | 1961–1976 |
| Opening date | 1976 |
| Amenities | parking |
| Area | 1 square kilometre (100 ha) |
| Surface | stone pavement andgrass |
| Dedicated to | Indonesia independence |
| Location | Jakarta,Indonesia |
  Merdeka Square | |
| Coordinates:6°10′31″S106°49′38″E / 6.17528°S 106.82722°E /-6.17528; 106.82722 | |
Merdeka Square (Indonesian:Medan Merdeka orLapangan Merdeka, formerlyDutch:Koningsplein, lit. "King's Square") is a large square located in the center ofJakarta,Indonesia.[1]Merdeka is theIndonesian word forfreedom orindependence.[2] Measuring approximately one square kilometer in area, if the surrounding fields within the Merdeka Square are included, it is consideredone of the largest squares in the world.[3] At 75 hectares, it is over five times the size ofTiananmen Square, and 12 times the size ofPlace de la Concorde.[4]
At its center stands theNational Monument, often calledMonas (Monumen Nasional).[5] The pavedplaza surrounds the monument often host national events such asmilitary andfloatparades, as well ascivic demonstrations. Surrounding the Monument is now a park with a musical fountain in western side, and a deer enclosure where deer roam among the shady trees in the southeast corner.[6] The square is a popular destination for Jakartans for sports and recreation especially on weekends.[7]
It is surrounded by important government buildings such as theMerdeka Palace,[8] theNational Museum, theNational Library,Jakarta City Hall,Istiqlal Mosque, the Supreme Court and various governmental ministries.[6] During the colonialDutch East Indies era the square was calledKoningsplein (King's square).[9]
In the late 18th century when theDutch East Indies government moved their center of administration about 4 kilometres southward, from coastal old Batavia (nowKota) toWeltevreden (nowCentral Jakarta), they built several important buildings including the square.[10] Formerly, it was a large open field for herdingkerbau (water buffalo), and therefore calledBuffelsveld.[11] There were two main squares inWeltevreden:Buffelsveld andParadeplaats (Parade ground, later renamedWaterlooplein, nowLapangan Banteng). The squares began to take shape duringDaendels' rule in the early 19th century;Waterlooplein became the main parade and ceremonial square, while theBuffelsveld ("buffalo field") was renamedChamp de Mars after thefield in Paris due toFrench influence and used as a military exercise field.
In 1818, a few years after the formation of theUnited Kingdom of the Netherlands, the square's name was changed intoKoningsplein ("King's square"). Around the same time the governor-general's residence was moved to a new palace, now known asIstana Merdeka. The colonial government built athletic tracks, a stadium and sports facilities onKoningsplein. The locals called the squareLapangan Gambir, afterUncaria gambir, a plant which grows around the field. TheLapangan Gambir became the location ofPasar Gambir, aPasar Malam (night market)fair and festival to commemorateQueen Wilhelmina's birthday in 1906. Since 1921Pasar Gambir was held annually, turning into the annual modernJakarta Fair. The square's name remained the same throughout colonial Dutch East Indies era until the Japanese invasion in 1942.
In 1942, during theJapanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, the square was namedLapangan Ikada (acronym ofIkatan Atletik Djakarta or Jakarta Athletic Bond). Theproclamation of Indonesian independence was originally intended to be staged at Lapangan Ikada. It was however moved to a house in Jalan Pegangsaan (now Jalan Proklamasi). On 19 September 1945,Sukarno held his Indonesian independence and anti-colonialism/imperialism speech, duringRapat Akbar or grand meeting.[10] During theIndonesian National Revolution (1945–1949), the returning Dutch colonial forces managed to gain control over Jakarta (Batavia) and its vicinity, and renamed most of places to their colonial names; includingIkada field changed back toKoningsplein.
In 1949 Sukarno changed the name ofKoningsplein toMedan Merdeka ("Independence Square"). By this time, the square was already crowded by the existence ofGambir railway station, Police Department Head Office, Telephone Company Office,Ikada Stadium, a sport-hall, many parks, many football fields and tennis lawns.[11]
In 1954, President Sukarno launched the idea of erecting a "National Monument" at the center of Merdeka Square. Sukarno desired that the Indonesian people and the young independent nation had something to be proud of, a monument to commemorate the struggle for independence.[12] His ambition was to make the Monas the tallest building in Jakarta, higher thanBorobudur and larger than theEiffel Tower.[13] A design competition was held in 1956, followed by a second competition in 1960, however the President was not satisfied by the design entries, and no winner was announced. Instead Sukarno — who had previously studied architecture — asked architects to refine sketches made by himself. The design of the monument was eventually resulted from the work of architect Soedarsono. Sukarno's layout for Merdeka Square was based on a plan initially developed in 1892 with diagonal streets radiating from the monument.[13]
The construction ofNational Monument (Indonesian:Monumen Nasional orMonas) was initiated in 1961, but it was only completed in 1976. Except the railway station, other buildings in the square — such as the Ikada Stadium and sports facilities — were demolished to make way for the construction of the monument, and replaced by four segments of garden. Today, the square is more popular with its nicknameLapangan Monas.[11]
The Merdeka Square is crossed by four diagonal streets which form an "X" with the National Monument at its center. The street is calledJalan Silang Monas and separates the square into four parts: North, East, South, and West parks. Soon after construction works of the National Monument were completed, new buildings were grown at the southern part of the square. The north, east and west park remained a park, while the southern segment was developed into a building complex. In the 1970s to early 1990s, this southern section was occupied by the fairground forJakarta Fair from 1968 to 1992, while the southwest corner of the south park was used asTaman Ria Jakarta or Jakartaamusement park, including many exhibition halls, restaurants and night-clubs.[11]
The design of the parks stayed relatively unchanged from the 1970s to mid 1990s, and this situation led to the preparation of a master plan for redeveloping the square, established in 1993. The 1993 master plan guided the ongoing renovation conducted in the late 1990s to the 2000s, and gave the Merdeka square its present look. The aim was to return the function of Merdeka Square as an open space and green area. All buildings were removed and the square was transformed back to greenery.[11] Since the early 1990s the fairground and the amusement park in the southern park were demolished had been given the old park function once again. The road surrounding the monument is not accessible to motorized traffic.
In 2002, afterMegawati was elected president, the governor of JakartaSutiyoso built a high fence with gates and guards to enclose the entire square. While visitors can access the square without charge, beggars, vendors, homeless and other social groups were excluded. An army encampment has been set up within the compound to enforce the new rules.[13] Other than the National Monument in the center, the square itself is Jakartans' popular destination for family recreation and outdoor sports activities during weekend, such as family picnics, flyingkites,calisthenics,football games,jogging and bicycling.[7] The pavedplaza surrounds the monument often host national events as well ascivic demonstrations.Military andfloatparades usually took place during the Jakarta anniversary around 22 June and Indonesian independence commemoration around 17 August. Flag raising ceremonies are held at the north end during city-wide public anniversaries.
Since 2016, all Independence Day national celebrations begin with the departure and arrival of replicas of both the national flag and the text of the Proclamation of Independence, in the monument and the square, en route to Merdeka Palace in the morning, and returning to the square in the evening.
The shape of Merdeka Square has been altered several times within its two-century history. The current design is mainly based on the site plan from the 1960s — as a part of the design of the National Monument that incorporated diagonal crossed streets that separated four cardinal parks. Recent development on the square is based on a master plan produced in 1993.[11]
Renovation began in the mid-1990s for the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Indonesian Independence in 1995, and continued well to the 2000s. The renovation moved the roundabout street further from the monument as it was feared that the vibrations from the passing vehicles would shake and disturb the monument's foundation. However, it was later decided that vehicles should be prohibited to enter the square altogether. The further roundabout created a larger central garden around the monument. The asphalt road was changed to French stone pavement and created a grandplaza around the monument.
The Merdeka square consists of two zones:
There are four parks in Merdeka Square according to the cardinal points:
Merdeka square is the heart ofJakarta as well as the centre of Indonesia. Many important government and cultural buildings are located around this central park of Jakarta.[6][8]
The square is easily accessible using public transportations. TheTransJakarta rapid bus transit service has four shelters located by the square; they are K1.14 Monas shelter (corridor 1) in front ofNational Museum,[19] K2.16 Gambir 1, K2.22 Balai Kota and K2.23 Gambir 2 (corridor 2).[20] TheGambir Station located in the east side also provide access, although the station currently only serves intercity trains, withArgo-class executive trains connecting Jakarta toSurabaya,Cirebon, Bandung and Solo. TheJuanda andGondangdia stations are within a walking distance to the square, providingKRL Commuterline access via itsBogor (Red) Line.[21]
The free Jakarta city tourdouble decker bus also pass through Jalan Medan Merdeka Barat and Jalan Merdeka Selatan lining western and southern edge of the square. With three city tour bus stops in Medan Merdeka Barat Avenue; in front of National Museum, on western and southwestern corner of the square, while a city tour bus stop located in front of Balai Kota Jakarta. A line ofDAMRI airport bus service connectsSoekarno-Hatta International Airport with Gambir Station. The square is also accessible usingtaxi, three wheeledbajaj, and several lines ofMetroMini andKopaja minibusses.
In the future, theJakarta MRT is planned to operate Monassubway station on the western side of the square. The station is currently under construction.[15]
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