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County of Los Angeles Sales Tax | ||||||||||
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Measure R was aballot measure during the November 2008 elections inLos Angeles County, California, that proposed a half-centsales taxes increase on each dollar of taxable sales (originating in or made from Los Angeles County) for thirty years in order to pay for transportation projects and improvements. The measure was approved by voters with 67.22% of the vote, just over thetwo-thirds majority required by the state of California to raise local taxes.[2] The project was touted as a way to "improve the environment by getting more Angelenos out of their cars and into the region's growing subway, light rail, and bus services."[3] It will result in the construction or expansion of a dozen rail lines in the county.[4]
The ballot measure created an ordinance called the Traffic Relief and Rail Expansion Ordinance, which included an expenditure plan defining specific projects to be funded, timeframes for availability of funds, and expected levels of funding. The ordinance became effective on 2 January 2009 and is set to expire in year 2039.[5][6] Projects to be funded include expansion of light rail and subway services, freeway expansions, and funds for local cities to spend on their own transportation infrastructure.[7]
After the passage of Measure R in November 2008, the new sales tax rate in Los Angeles County rose to 8.75% (since 2013, 9-10%), second only toAlameda County in California (though there were a few cities whose sales tax rates exceeded the new rate).[2] Before passage, the Los Angeles Economic Development Agency estimated that it would cost each county resident about $25 a year, and each family about $80.[7]
The tax is expected to raise $40 billion over thirty years. After subtracting 1.5% for administrative costs, the remaining money must be spent as follows:
Examples of transportation projects and improvements cited by proponents of Measure R include beginning the so-calledSubway to the Sea, get theGreen Line light rail toLos Angeles International Airport, widen the5 Freeway at the bottleneck before theOrange County line, and addcarpool lanes. The sales tax froze regular fares until 2010 and froze fares forseniors, the disabled, students, and those onMedicare thru 14 September 2014.[2]
Most of the projects depending on Measure R for money will require additional funding. This is because in order to secure political support, proponents aimed to offer "something for many constituencies", leading to an ambitious list of transportation projects, which relies in part on federal and state funds making up part of the funding of proposed projects, as has been the case for past projects.[2] Planned expenditures included:[8]
Among prominent politicians, Los Angeles MayorAntonio Villaraigosa, county SupervisorZev Yaroslavsky, and AssemblymanMike Feuer (D-Los Angeles) were the most vocal proponents. The Los Angeles County Federation of Labor and theLos Angeles Area Chamber of Commerce supported it.
Having donated $900,000, theLos Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) was the "largest single donor to the effort to raise the sales tax in the county and build more mass transit". According to LACMA surveys, the top three reasons people do not visit the museum pertain to transportation: prospective visitors "live too far, there's too much traffic, and the museum is inconvenient to freeways and mass transit".[9]
Los Angeles County SupervisorsMichael D. Antonovich,Don Knabe, andGloria Molina were opposed to the measure, claiming that the "spending plan favors theWestside" and denies other parts of the county such asSan Fernando Valley their "fair share of sales tax revenues".[10] MTA board member John Fasana opposed Measure R because he believed it does not "provide enough assurances" that funds will be spent as planned.[2]
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Los Angeles County Sales Tax for Transportation | ||||||||||||||||
| Outcome | Did not reach 2/3supermajority; failed to pass | |||||||||||||||
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The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors decided to ask voters on the November 2012 ballot whether or not to extend the half-cent sales tax increase for an additional 30 years until 2069. The board's 10–3 vote came just one day before the opening of the expandedMetro Orange Line - the first project funded by Measure R.[11] Proponents such as Mayor Villaraigosa maintain that it would save money by allowing Metro to take advantage of record low interest rates and construction costs, create thousands of jobs, and speed up the completion of certain projects.[10] In order to fund more transportation projects at the present time, the measuring would permit "bonding against future revenues"—i.e., to "take out loans from the investment market that will not be paid back until beginning in 2039". The extension would not result in new transportation projects; it would merely allow projects on the current list to be completed more quickly, in 10 years instead of 30.[12] The proposal, Measure J, went before the voters on November 6, 2012. It failed to pass, receiving 66.1% of the vote where 66.7% was required.[13][14]
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Los Angeles County Traffic Improvement Plan | ||||||||||
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| Los Angeles County Official Results[15] | ||||||||||
On the November 2016 ballot, LACMTA proposed a $120 billion plan to expand upon Measure R, adding new transit projects and expediting others previously approved under Measure R. The plan, known as Measure M, would make measure Rpermanent and add an additional half-cent sales tax.[16] Measure M passed with 70.15% of the vote, clearing the two-thirds majority required.[17]
On the 23rd of July, 2019, the Eno Center of Transportation released a report titled "Measure M: Lessons from a Successful Transportation Ballot Campaign", authored by Michael Manville of theUCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs. This report uses Measure M as a successful example of ballot measures as a means to fund transportation. Thehorizon year for the tax scheme is2057.
Measure M programmed funding for the following projects:[18]
In March 2020, theCity of Inglewood reallocated $233 million from Measure M highway improvement funds to help finance theInglewood Transit Connectorpeople mover.[19]
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