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Maya monarchs, also known asMaya kings and queens, were the centers of power for theMaya civilization. EachMaya city-state was controlled by a dynasty of kings. The position of king was usually inherited by the oldest son.
Maya kings felt the need to legitimize their claim to power. One of the ways to do this was to build atemple orpyramid.Tikal Temple I is a good example. This temple was built during the reign ofYikʼin Chan Kʼawiil. Another king namedKʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal would later carry out this same show of power when building theTemple of Inscriptions atPalenque. The Temple of Inscriptions still towers today amid the ruins of Palenque, as the supreme symbol of influence and power in Palenqusix.
Maya kings cultivated godlike personas. When a ruler died and left no heir to the throne, the result was usually war and bloodshed. King Pacal's precursor,Pacal I, died upon the battlefield. However, instead of the kingdom erupting into chaos, the city ofPalenque, a Maya capital city in southern Mexico, invited in a young prince from a different city-state. The prince was only twelve years old.
Pacal and his predecessors not only built elaborate temples and pyramids. They expanded their city-state into a thriving empire. UnderYikʼin Chan Kʼawiil, Tikal conquered Calakmul and the other cities around Tikal, forming what could be referred to as a super city-state. Pacal achieved in creating a major center for power and development.
A Maya king was expected to be an excellent military leader. He would often carry out raids against rival city-states. The Maya kings also offered their ownblood to the gods. The rulers were also expected to have a good mind to solve problems that the city might be facing, including war and food crises.
Maya kings were expected to ensure the gods received the prayers, praise and attention they deserved and to reinforce their divine lineage.[1] They did this by displaying public rituals such as processions through the streets of their cities. A more private ritual was that of blood sacrifice, which was done by Lords and their wives.[2]
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| La Amelia dynasty[4][5] | ||||||||
| Lachan Kʼawiil Ajaw Bot | %2c_museu_Nacional_d%2527Arqueologia_i_Etnologia%2c_Guatemala.jpg) | 25 June 760 | 1 May 802 | After 804 | ? |
| In 802, conducted a ritual supervised by kingTan Teʼ Kʼinich of Aguateca. | |
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bonampak dynasty | ||||||||
| Aj Yash Punim | ? | c.400 | ? | ? | Founder of the ruling dynasty. | |||
| Ruler of Stela 7 | ? | 554 | 600 | 600 Bonampak | ? |
| ||
| Jasaw Chan Muwaan I | ? Son ofRuler of Stela 7 | 600 | 605 | 605 Bonampak | ? | |||
| Aj Olnal | ? Son ofJasaw Chan Muwaan I | 605 611 (restored) | 610 (deposed) after 614 | After 614 Bonampak | ? | |||
| Aj Chan Tok' | ? | 610 | 611 | ? | ? | Usurper, expelled Aj Olnal, but he returned the next year. | ||
| Winakhab Tok' | ? | 643 | After 648 | After 648 Bonampak | ? | |||
| Unknown ruler | ? | Before 658 | After 670 | After 670 Bonampak | ? | |||
| Aj Nak'ey | ? | 683 | After 692 | After 692 Bonampak | ? | |||
| Knot-Eye Bahlam | ? | 732 | c.747 | c.747 Bonampak | ? | |||
| Aj Sak Telech | ? | 747 | 776 | 776 Bonampak | Lady Shield Skull at least one child | |||
| Jasaw Chan Muwaan II |  | ? Son ofAj Sak Teleh andLady Shield Skull | 776 | 795 | 795 Bonampak | Lady Green Rabbit of Yaxchilan |
| Last known ruler of the city. |
The kings of Calakmul-Dzibanche were known ask'uhul kaanajawob (/k’uːˈχuːlkänäχäˈwoɓ/) ("Divine Lords of the Snake Kingdom").[6] This list is not continuous, as the archaeological record is incomplete. All dates AD.
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Snake dynasty[7] | ||||||||
| Chak Yak ... | ? | 4th century | ? | ? |
| Founder of the dynasty, or at least the first recorded ruler of the city. | ||
| Taaj Yohl Bahlam | ? Dzibanche | 4th century | c.402 | c.402 Dzibanche | ? | Probably co-ruled for a time with previous ruler. | ||
| Yuknoom Chʼeen I | ? Dzibanche | c.402 | c.455 | c.455 Dzibanche | ? |
| ConsolidatedDzibanche's power over its periphery, taking as many as 16 captives. | |
| Tuun Kʼabʼ Hix (Ku Ix; Kʼaltuun Hix; Bound-Stone Jaguar) | ? Dzibanche | c.520 | c.546 | c.546 Dzibanche | Lady Ek' Naah at least one child | Orchestrated initial expansion over the Maya lowlands. His daughter married a lord fromLa Corona. | ||
| Kʼahkʼ Tiʼ Chiʼchʼ | ? Dzibanche | 550 | 568 | 568 Dzibanche | ? | Probably resided in Dzibanche and oversaw the military operations and political activities ofSky Witness. | ||
| Uhut Chan (Sky Witness) | ? Dzibanche Possible son ofTuun Kʼabʼ Hix andLady Ekʼ Naah | 561 | 572 | 572 Dzibanche | ? at least four children | Co-ruler of K'ahk' Ti' Ch'ich'. Made war withTikal and won over the city in 562, causing the collapse of the extensive power that it had. | ||
| Yax Yopaat (First Axewielder) | ? Dzibanche (First?) son ofUt Chanal | 572 | 579 | 579 Dzibanche | ? |
| His life is mostly unknown today. | |
| Uk'ay Kaan (Scroll Serpent) | ? Dzibanche (Second?) son ofUt Chanal | 2 September 579 (9.7.5.14.17) | 611 | 611 Dzibanche | Lady Scroll-in-Hand at least one child |
| Attacked and sackedPalenque in two occasions: 599 and 611. | |
| Yuknoom Tiʼ Chan (Chan) | ? Dzibanche (First?) son ofUneh Chan andLady Scroll-in-Hand | c.619 | ? | ? | ||||
| Tajoom Ukʼab Kʼahkʼ (Ta Batz) | ? Dzibanche (Second?) son ofUk'ay Kaan andLady Scroll-in-Hand | 28 March 622 (9.9.9.0.5) | 1 October 630 | 1 October 630 (9.9.17.11.14) Dzibanche | ? |
| ||
| Waxaklajuun Ubaah Kaan | ? Dzibanche | 630 | 636 | 640 Calakmul | ? | Probably resided in Dzibanche. Lost the throne to his relativeYuknoom Head. | ||
| Yuknoom Head (Cauac Head) | ? Dzibanche (Third?) son ofUk'ay Kaan andLady Scroll-in-Hand | 630 | 636 | ? | ? |
| Probably resided inCalakmul. Maybe the pre-accession name of Yuknoom Chʼeen II. Defeated his rival to the throne Waxaklajuun Ubaah Kaan 4 of April 636. | |
| Yuknoom Chʼeen IIthe Great | ..._Calakmul%2c_Late_Classic_(600-800_AD).jpg) | 11 September 600 (9.8.7.2.17) Dzibanche (Third? Fourth?) son ofUk'ay Kaan andLady Scroll-in-Hand | 28 April 636 (9.10.3.5.10) | 686 | 686 Calakmul (aged 85/86) | ? at least three children |
| Brought Calakmul to the height of its power, winning overTikal in two occasions: 657 and 679. His daughter married a lord fromLa Corona. |
| Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ (Jaguar Paw Smoke) |  | 6 October 649 (9.10.16.16.19) Son ofYuknoom Chʼeen II | 3 April 686 (9.12.13.17.7) | 31 March 698 | 31 March 698 (9.13.6.2.9) Calakmul(?) (aged 48) | Lady of Stela 116 at least one child | Defeated byTikal in 695. | |
| Split Earth | ? | c.695 | ? | ? | Probably a co-ruler. | |||
| Yuknoom Tookʼ Kʼawiil (Ruler 5, 6 or 7) |  | ? Son ofYuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ | 26 January 702 (9.13.10.0.0) | c.736 | c.736 Calakmul | Lady of Stela 54 possibly three children |
| His daughter married a lord fromLa Corona.[8][9][7] Defeated byTikal in 736. |
| Wamaw Kʼawiil | ? Son (possibly) ofYuknoom Tookʼ Kʼawiil andLady of Stela 54 | c.736 | ? | ? at least one child | ||||
| Bolon Kʼawiil I[10] (Ruler 8, Ruler Y) | ? Calakmul Son ofWamaw Kʼawiil | c.741 | ? | ? |
| |||
| Great Serpent[11] (Ruler 9, Ruler Z) | ? | c.751 | ? | Lady of Stela 88 |
| |||
| Bolon Kʼawiil II (Ruler 9) | ? | c.771 | c.789 | c.789 Calakmul | ? |
| ||
| Chan Pet | ? | c.849 | ? | ? | ||||
| Aj Took | ? | c.909 | ? | ? |
| Last known ruler of the city. | ||
| Name | Ruled | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Kiib Ajaw | 657 – 682 | Vassal ofCalakmul |
| Chan Ahk Wi ’Taak Kay | 682 – 685 | Vassal ofCalakmul |
| Tajal Chan Ahk | 757 – c. 799 | Became independent fromDos Pilas in 761. Expanded the city palace in 767. |
| Kan Maax | c.800 |
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caracol dynasty[12] | ||||||||
| Teʼ Kʼab Chaak (Tree Branch Rain God) | ? | 331 | 349 | 349 Caracol | ? | Founder of the dynasty, or at least the first recorded ruler of the city. Yet is only known from two Late Classic back dated texts. One places him at AD 331, and the second at AD 349. | ||
| No traces of the dynasty for nearly 100 years | ||||||||
| Kʼahkʼ Ujol Kʼinich I (Smoking Skull I; Ruler I) | ? | c.470 | ? Caracol | A lady ofXultun at least one child | Appears on the 6th century genealogical text of Stela 16, but his place in the line of reigning lords is unknown. His reign has been estimated to be circa AD 470. He may have been the father of Yajaw Te’ K’inich I. | |||
| Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich I | ? Caracol Probable son ofKʼahkʼ Ujol Kʼinich I and a lady ofXultun | 12 April 484 (9.2.9.0.16) | 514 | 514 Caracol | ? at least one child |
| Stela 13 records his celebration of the 4th K’atun in AD 514. | |
| Tutum Yohl K’inich I (K'an I; Lord Jaguar; Antenna Top I; Ruler II) | ? Caracol Son ofYajaw Teʼ Kʼinich I | 13 April 531 (9.4.16.13.3) | 534 | 534 Caracol | Lady Kʼal Kʼinich at least two children |
| Stela 16 text gives his parentage statement, and tells that his accession was overseen by a ‘higher authority,’ either another lord or a divine being.[13] | |
| Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich II (Lord Water; Lord Muluc; Ruler III) | ? Caracol Son ofKʼan I andLady Kʼal Kʼinich | 18 April 553 (9.5.19.1.2) | 599 | c.603 Caracol | Lady 1 at least one child Lady Batzʼ Ekʼ [ofLa Corona?] 582 at least one child |
| Named after his grandfather. His first monument, Stela 14, records the K’atun ending in AD 554 (9.6.0.0.0). As told on Altar 21, Yajaw Te’ K’inich II's accession takes place under the auspices of the Tikal Lord Wak Chan K’awiil. He erected Stela 1 and Altar 1 to mark his last K’atun ending of 9.8.0.0.0, and four years later he is referenced as ‘seeing’ the 9.8.10.0.0 ending. He is mentioned in the fragmentary text on Stela 23. In AD 562 – 9.6.8.4.2 he enacted the first recorded star war against Tikal and Lord Wak Chan K’awiil. Yajaw Te' K'inich II's two sons, Knot Ajaw and K’an II, rule after him.[13] | |
| Knot Ajaw (Ajaw Serpent; Flaming Ajaw; Ruler IV) | 28 November 575 (9.7.2.0.3) Caracol Son ofYajaw Teʼ Kʼinich II andLady 1 | 24 June 599 (9.8.5.16.12) | 613 | 613 Caracol (aged 37/38) | Unmarried |
| Erected his monuments to the west of Structure A13. | |
| Tutum Yohl K’inich II (K'an II; Lord Stormwater Moon; Antenna Top II; Ruler V) | 18 April 588 (9.7.14.10.8) Caracol Son ofYajaw Teʼ Kʼinich II andLady Batzʼ Ekʼ | 6 March 618 (9.9.4.16.2) | 21 July 658 | 21 July 658 (9.11.5.15.9) Caracol (aged 70) | ? at least one child | The most successful Caracol ruler. Reigning for 40 years, he expanded the causeway system and saw an increase in the site's population. Born asSak Witzil Baah (“White First Hill”, or “White Gopher Hill”) in AD 588, he took his grandfather's name at his accession. He was the half-brother of Knot Ajaw, and was thus always stressing his legitimacy by referencing his mother (who may be Batz’ Ek’). It is interesting that he never references the rule of his brother Knot Ajaw in any of his monuments, even those that describe his dynastic predecessors. He also seems to have developed diplomatic contacts with the Snake polity, with whom he coordinated the war with Naranjo, which began in 626, and ended with the defeat of Naranjo in 631. | ||
| Kʼahkʼ Ujol Kʼinich II (Smoking Skull II; Ruler VI) | ? Caracol Possible son ofKʼan II | 22 June 658 (9.11.5.14.0) | 2 March 680 | 2 March 680 (9.12.7.14.1) Caracol | ? |
| Succeeded K’an II in 658, but as he has no surviving parentage statements, we cannot be certain that he is K’an II's son. One of the stucco texts shows that in 680, Caracol was the victim of a star war fromNaranjo (also called Naranjo's war of Independence). Martin and Grube suggest that this action drove K’ahk’ Ujol K’inich from Caracol, at which time he may have fled toLa Rejolla, 12 km to the northwest. The remainder of this text has not been excavated. This star war event seems to have launched Caracol's epigraphic hiatus, which continues for 96 years, until 798. | |
| Ruler VII (Tz’ayaj K’ajk’?) | ? Caracol | c.700 | ? Caracol | ? |
| Reigned during the epigraphic hiatus. One candidate for this ruler comes fromNaj Tunich, some 46 km to the south. In one of the cave's chambers dated to 692 is a text referring to a Caracol elite named Tz’ayaj K’ajk’, who carries the emblem glyph, but not the k’inich ajaw prefix. | ||
| Tum Yohl Kʼinich (Tz’ayaj K’ajk’?; Ruler VIII) | ? Caracol | c.744 | c.793 | ? Caracol | ? at least one son | He is as enigmatic as Ruler VII. He likewise appears in Naj Tunich, and also lacks the k’inich ajaw prefix, leaving his royal status in question. In this text (dated to 27 August 744), he performs a fire-bearing ritual under the supervision of a lord of Ixkun; an unnamed lord of Calakmul is also involved. All other appearances of his name occur in later retrospective texts like Altar 23, which lists him as a 3 K’atun lord, and the captor of two lords fromUcanal andBital. | ||
| K’inich Joy K’awiil | ? Caracol Possible son ofTum Yohl Kʼinich | 10 December 799 (9.18.9.5.9) | ? | ? Caracol | ? |
| Began a revival of the Caracol polity with his accession. He commissioned the B-Group Ballcourt, the markers of which date back to the dynastic founder Te’ K’ab Chaak. Stela 11 shows Tum Yohl K’inich in an ambiguous relationship to Joy K’awiil, which may show that he is the latter's father, or as suggested by Altar 23 potentially a relative in a high-ranking military position. | |
| K'inich Toob'il Yopaat (Ruler X or XI) | ? Caracol Possible son ofTum Yohl K'inich | c.810 | c.830 | ? Caracol | ? |
| His accession date is not certain, but he erected five (possibly six) monuments (Stelae 18, 19, Altars 12, 13), and seems to have repaired relations with Ucanal. This new relationship is depicted on Altars 12 and 13, as well as on stucco text from Structure B18. | |
| Kʼan III | ? Caracol | c.835 | c.849 | ? Caracol | ? |
| ||
| Ruler XIII | ? Caracol | c.859 | ? Caracol | ? |
| Last known lord of Caracol, and erected only one monument: Stela 10. Stela 10 is a carved all glyphic monument which may commemorate the half-K’atun 10.1.10.0.0 (AD 859). | ||
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Cobá dynasty[14] | ||||||||
| Yu’npik Tok’ | ? | c.500 | ? | ? | Founder of the ruling family, which lasted in power until 780. | |||
| Three unknown rulers | ||||||||
| 2nd Cobá dynasty / Snake dynasty[15][full citation needed] | ||||||||
| Ix Ch'ak Ch'een | ? | ? (before 12 May 569)[16] | ? (after 8 Dec. 573)[16] | ? | ? | ? | In October 2025 it was announced that researchers deciphered this lady's name among the 123 panels of a 14-by-11-foot limestone “Foundation Rock” beneath a staircase near theNohoch Mul pyramid. Her name was mentioned in connection with the establishment of the office ofkaloomte on 12 May 569 and with the completion of a ball court on 8 Dec. 573.[16] | |
| Cheʼenal [sv][full citation needed] | ? Dzibanche? Probable daughter ofYax Yopaat, king ofDzibanche orCalakmul | c.565 | c.574[17] | ? | c.565? at least one child |
| A lady that probably came from the Snake kingdom at Dzibanche/Calakmul. She had a superior title than her husband (she was calledkaloomte). The queen celebrated her first and only period ending on 7 December 573. Probably abdicated to her husband, who starts his reign in 574. | |
| Kʼahk Bahlam | ? | 21 September 574 (9.7.0.14.10) | c.610 | c.610? Cobá |
| |||
| Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil (Ruler A) | ? Cobá Son ofK'ahk Bahlam and LadyChe'enal [of Dzibanche/Calakmul] | c.610 | 632[18] | c.632 Cobá | Lady of Stela 3 at least one child |
| ||
| Xaman K’awiil | ? Cobá Son ofSihyaj Chan Kʼawiil and Lady of Stela 3 | 16 March 632[18] (9.9.19.2.3) | 640 | 640 Cobá | ? one child? | |||
| Kʼawiil Ekʼ (Lady K’awiil Ajaw; Ruler B) | .jpg) | 617 Cobá Daughter ofSihyaj Chan K'awiil and Lady of Stela 3, or ofXaman K’awiil | 7 April 640 (9.10.7.5.9) | 682 | 682 Cobá (aged 64/65) | ? at least one child |
| She bore the title kaloomte' ('superior warrior'), which was a very high title in contemporary Maya culture, and not worn by all rulers. She is depicted presiding over, or treading upon, over a dozen captives under her feet, a larger number than any other Maya queen, and more than almost any other Maya king. Her reign took place during a period of golden age of Coba, with political continuity, economic prosperity, and expansionistic, militaristic power, and not a vassal of Calakmul. |
| Chan Yopaat (Chan Kʼawiil; Ruler C) | ? Cobá Son ofKʼawiil Ekʼ | 28 August 682 (9.12.10.5.12) | 692 | 692 Cobá | ? at least one child |
| ||
| Mat Kʼawiil | ? Cobá Son ofChan Yopaat | c.692 | c.711 | c.711? Cobá | ? |
| ||
| Unknown rulers | ||||||||
| Chan Kʼinich (Ruler C or D) | .jpg) | ? Cobá Probably a descendant of his predecessors | 16 January 773 (9.17.2.0.5) | c.780 | c.780? Cobá | ? |
| |
| Ruler E | ? (Nothing else is known or certain besides their name) | Discovered in2020,[14] ruled Cobá in the period 500-780. Some of these may have ruled between Yu’npik Tok’ and Che'enal. | ||||||
| Kʼahk Chitam | ||||||||
| Uxman K’awiil | ||||||||
| Yopaat Taj Naaj | ||||||||
| Lady Yopaat [sv] | ||||||||
| K’ahk’ Yopaat | ||||||||
| Kʼaloomte | ||||||||
(Note:Despite the sparse references to previous rulers in Copán, the first safe reference is from 426. All the rulers, with the exception of the last one, appear in the calledAltar Q.)
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Copán dynasty | ||||||||
| Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ (Great Sun; Quetzal Macaw) |  | c.380/390? Tikal | 426 | 437 | 437 Copán (aged around 47/57?) | ? at least one child |
| Came from Tikal. Founder of Copán lineage, he also founded Quirigua's by installing there the first king,Tok Casper.[20] |
| Kʼinich Popol Hol (Great Sun) | c.415 Copán Son ofKʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ | 437 | 470 | c.470 Copán (aged around 54/55?) | ? |
| Co-ruler with his father since 430, as he was shown in Structure 10L-26, dated to 9 December 435.[21] Founded the institutions of the city. | |
| Mat Head? (Ruler 3) | ? | c.455 | c.465? | c.465? Copán | ? | Identifiable withRuler 3. Probably, given his reign date, a co-ruler.[21] | ||
| Ku Ix (Kʼaltuun Hix; Tuun Kʼabʼ Hix; Ruler 4) | ? | c.470? | 476 | c.476 Copán | ? |
| Co-ruler since 465.[21] | |
| Ruler 5 | ? | c.475? | ? | ? | ||||
| Muyal Jol (Ruler 6) | ? | c.485? | 504 | c.504 Copán | ? | |||
| Bʼalam Nehn[21] (Mirror Jaguar; Waterlily Jaguar) | ? | 504 | 524 or 544 | 524 or 544 Copán | ? at least one child |
| ||
| Wil Ohl Kʼinich (Head on Earth; Ruler 8) | ? Copán Son ofBʼalam Nehnn | 532 | 551 | 551 Copán | ? |
| If Bahlam Nehn ruled until 544, Wil Ohl K'inich was a co-ruler until the former's death.[22] | |
| Sak-Lu (Ruler 9) | ? Copán Son ofWil Ohl Kʼinich | 551 | 553 | 553 Copán | ? |
| ||
| Tzi-Bahlam (Moon Jaguar; Ruler 10) | ? Copán Son ofBʼalam Nehn | 26 May 553 (9.5.19.3.0) | 22 October 578 | 22 October 578 (9.7.4.17.4) Copán | ? |
| ||
| Kʼakʼ Chan Yopaat[23] (Butz' Chan; Smoke Serpent) |  | 564? Copán | 15 November 578 (9.7.5.0.8)[24] | 23 January 628 | 23 January 628 (9.9.14.16.9) Copán (aged around 64?) | ? at least one child |
| |
| Chan Imix Kʼawiil (Smoke Jaguar; Smoke Imix) | .jpg) | 14 November 604 (9.7.5.0.8)[25] or 612 Copán Possible son ofKʼakʼ Chan Yopaat | 8 or 21 February 628[26] | 18 June 695 | 18 June 695 (9.13.3.5.7) Copán (aged 78/79 or 90) | ? at least one child |
| Probably the longest-reigning ruler of the city. |
| Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil (Oxwitik; 18 Rabbit) |  | 675 Copán Possible son ofChan Imix Kʼawiil | 2 January or 15 June 695 | 3 May 738 | 3 May 738 (9.15.6.14.6.) Quiriguá (aged 62/63) | ? at least one child |
| If ascended on 2 January, he briefly co-ruled with his predecessor. He was captured and beheaded by the ruler of Quirigua.[27] |
| Kʼakʼ Joplaj Chan Kʼawiil (Smoke Monkey) | ? Copán | 11 June 738 (9.15.6.16.5) | 4 February 749 | 4 February 749 (9.15.17.12.16) Copán | ? at least one child | |||
| Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil (Smoke Shell; Smoke Squirrel) |  | ? Son ofKʼakʼ Joplaj Chan Kʼawiil | 4 February 749 (9.15.17.12.16) | c.761 or January 763 | c.761 or January 763 Copán | A lady fromPalenque at least one child |
| |
| Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat (Yax Pac; Rising Sun) | ? Copán Son ofKʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil | 2 July 763 | c.810 | c.810 Copán |
| |||
| Ukit Took (Yax Pac; Yax Pasah; 18 Rabbit) | ? | 6 or 10 February 822 | c.830 | c.830 (or after) | ? |
| Last known ruler of Copán, and the only who doesn't appear on the mentioned Altar Q. The city collapsed suddenly, possibly under an epidemic.[28] | |
| Name/Glyph[29] | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tikal-Dos Pilas dynasty[30][31][32][33] | ||||||||
| Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil (Ruler 1; Flint Sky; Flint Sky God K; Lightning Sky; Malah Chan Kʼawill) | 15 October 625 (9.9.12.11.2) Tikal Son ofKʼinich Muwaan Jol II, King of Tikal | 31 October 643 (9.10.10.16.9) | 692 | c.692 Dos Pilas (aged 66/67) | Lady of Itzan at least two children Lady Buluʼ at least one child | He probably saw himself as the legitimate heir to the Tikal throne. However, moved away from the capital to found a new one at Dos Pilas, which grew to become a rival kingdom, under overlordship of Calakmul. One of his children was LadyWak Chanil Ajaw, queen regnantNaranjo, who, by using the Tikal emblem, proved her ascendance, through Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil, from Tikal royal line. | ||
| Itzamnaaj Bʼalam (Shield Jaguar) | ? Dos Pilas Son ofBʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil andLady of Itzan | c.695 | ? Dos Pilas | ? | Little is known about him. He probably had a short reign. | |||
| Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil (Ruler 2; Shield God K) |  | 25 January 673 (9.12.0.10.11) Dos Pilas Son ofB'alaj Chan Kʼawiil andLady of Itzan | 24 March 698 (9.13.6.2.0) | 22 October 726 | 22 October 726 (9.14.15.1.19) Dos Pilas (aged 53) | ? at least one child |
| |
| Uchaʼan Kʼin Bʼalam (Ruler 3; Master of the Sun Jaguar; Scroll-head God K; Spangle-head; Jewelled-head) |  | ? | 10 January 727 (9.14.15.5.15) | 28 May 741 | 28 May 741 (9.15.9.16.11) Dos Pilas | LadyGI-Kʼawiil of Cancuén no children? |
| Has no apparent family relation to his predecessors, being probably a regent. It is known that, twenty years earlier, he was already a prominent figure in the kingdom (being responsible, for example, for the capture of the lord of Tikal in 705, or involving himself closely in rituals performed by the previous king). As a ruler (regent or usurper) he provided strong leadership. Erected monuments in Dos Pilas andAguateca. |
| Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich (Ruler 4; God K Sky Mahkʼina) | %2c_Dos_Pilas%2c_museu_Nacional_d%2527Arqueologia_i_Etnologia%2c_Guatemala.jpg) | Before 726 Dos Pilas Son ofItzamnaaj Kʼawiil | 23 June 741 (9.15.9.17.17) | c.761 | After 761 | ? |
| He was forced to flee from Dos Pilas in 761 and was never mentioned again. As a result, the date of his death is currently unknown. |
(Note: No known dates)
| Nickname | Ruled |
|---|---|
| Eight Skull[35] | –c. 790 |
| Rabbit God K[36] | c. 790–800 |
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Machaquila dynasty[38] | ||||||||
| Yas-tu-Chaak | ? | c.475 | ? | ? | ||||
| Tacal-Mo' | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||||
| Sihyaj Kʼin Ichʼaak I | ? | 670 | 710 | c.710 Machaquila | ? |
| ||
| Etsʼnab-Chaak | ? | 711 | 761 | c.761 Machaquila | ? |
| At the end of his reign, Machaquilá's suzerain kingdom,Dos Pilas, was abandoned and, during the political turmoil that followed,Cancuén stole power from Machaquilá. | |
| Chak-Bahlam | ? | c.775 | ? | ? |
| |||
| UnderCancuén rule: 786–799 | ||||||||
| Aj Hoʼ Baak | 5 December 770 (9.16.19.15.12) Machaquila | 28 June 800 (9.18.9.15.10) | 815 | 815 Machaquila (aged around 44/45) | ? at least one child |
| ||
| Sihyaj Kʼin Ich’aak II | .jpg) | ? Machaquila Son ofAj Ho' Baak | 2 April 815 (9.19.4.15.1) | 824 | 824 Machaquila | ? at least one child |
| |
| Juun Tsak-Took | ? Machaquila Son ofSihyaj K'in Ich’aak II | 3 March 824 (9.19.13.15.19) | 840 | 840 Machaquila | ? |
| ||
| Ti-Chaak | ? | 824 | 840 | ? | ? | |||
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Naranjo dynasty[39][40][41] | ||||||||
| Tzikʼin Bahlam | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| First known ruler. | ||
| ? | ? | c.475 | ? | ? |
| |||
| Naatz Chan Ahk | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||||
| Kʼinich Tajal Chaak | ? Naranjo Son ofLady Casper[40] | ? | ? | ? | ||||
| Pik Chan Ahkul | ? | ? | ? | Lady Stone-in-Hand Sky at least one child | Inferred as king by his son's inscriptions. | |||
| Aj Wosal Chan Kʼinich (Double Comb) | 534 Naranjo Son ofPik Chan Ahkul andLady Stone-in-Hand Sky | 5 May 546 (9.5.12.0.4) | 615 | 615 Naranjo (aged around 80/81) | ? at least one child |
| ||
| Kʼuxaj | ? Son ofAj Wosal Chan Kʼinich | 615 | 27 December 631 | 27 December 631 (9.9.18.16.3) Naranjo | ? | Defeated byCaracol (626) and byCalakmul (631) | ||
| Kʼahkʼ Xiiw Chan Chaahk | ? | c.644 | c.680 | c.680 Naranjo | ? | 37th ruler of Naranjo, according to the inscriptions on the site.[42] His rule, however, didn't produce any surviving monuments. He was victorious against Caracol. | ||
| 2nd Naranjo dynasty / Tikal-Dos Pilas dynasty[39][40][41] | ||||||||
| Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas (Lady Six Sky)  |  | 15 July 669 (or after[43][41]) Dos Pilas Daughter ofBʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil, King of Dos Pilas andLady Buluʼ | 30 August 682 (9.12.10.5.12.) 11 October 721 (9.14.10.0.0) | 693 16 February 741 | 16 February 741 (9.15.9.11.6) Naranjo (aged around 72) | Kʼakʼ U ? Chan Chaak of Naranjo at least one child |
| Wak Chanil arrived fromDos Pilas to form a new dynasty in Naranjo. United herself in marriage with a cousin of the previous ruler,Kʼahkʼ Xiiw Chan Chaahk, from 693 she held regency for her son. Possibly as early as 721 or after his son's death in 728, she reassumed the reins of the kingdom as queen regnant, or queen regent for her second son (or grandson). In the reign of Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Chaak, Wak Chanil's son, Naranjo fought and won a series of victories against polities, some of whom may have been rebelling against Wak Chanil herself. It's possible that was her the organizer of many of Naranjo campaigns that, early in his reign, defeated Yaxha, Tikal, and Ucanal. |
| Regency ofLady Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas (693-26 March 706) | ||||||||
| Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Chaak (Smoking Squirrel) | 6 January 688 (9.12.15.13.7) Naranjo Son ofKʼakʼ U ? Chan Chaak andLady Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas | 31 May 693 (9.13.1.3.19) | c.728 | c.728 (or after[44]) Naranjo (aged around 31/32) | Lady Unen Bahlam of Tuubʼal 21 March 710 at least one child | |||
| Yax Mayuy Chan Chaak | ? Naranjo Son ofKʼakʼ U ? Chan Chaak andLady Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas | c.741 | 4 February 744 (15.9.12.11.13) | 14 June 744 (9.15.13.0.0) Naranjo orTikal? | ? |
| Defeated by Tikal and sacrificed months later. | |
| Kʼakʼ Yipiiy Chan Chaak | ? | 15 August 746 (9.15.15.3.16) | 748 or 755 | 748 or 755 Naranjo | ? |
| ||
| Kʼahkʼ Ukalaw Chan Chaak |  | ? Naranjo Son ofKʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Chaak andLady Unen Bahlam of Tuubʼal | 20 November 755 (9.16.4.10.18) | 780 | 780 Naranjo | Lady Star Shell of Yaxha at least two children |
| |
| Bat Kʼawiil | ? Naranjo Son ofKʼahkʼ Ukalaw Chan Chaak andLady Star Shell of Yaxha | ? | ? | ? | ||||
| Itzamnaaj Kʼawiil (Shield; Shield God K) |  | 13 March 771 (9.17.0.2.12) Naranjo Son ofK'ahk' Ukalaw Chan Chaak andLady Star Shell of Yaxha | 4 February 784 (9.17.13.4.3) | 810 | c.810 Naranjo (aged around 38/39) |
| He was victorious againstYaxha. | |
| Waxaklajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil | ? | c.814 | ? | ? |
| |||
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palenque dynasty[45][46][47] | ||||||||
Kʼukʼ Bahlam I (Kuk; Bahlum Kʼuk) | 30 March 397 (8.18.0.13.7) Palenque | 10 March 431 (8.19.15.3.5) | 435 | 435 Palenque (aged 37/38) | ? |
| Founder of the dynasty. | |
Casper.svg) (11 Rabbit) | 8 August 422 (8.19.6.8.9) Palenque Son ofKʼukʼ Bahlam I? | 9 August 435 (8.19.19.11.18) | c.487 | c.487 Palenque (aged 64/65) | ? | |||
Bʼutz Aj Sak Chiik (Manik) | 15 November 459 (9.1.4.5.2) Palenque Son ofCasper? | 28 July 487 (9.2.12.6.19) | c.501 | c.501 Palenque (aged 41/42) | ? | His successor, Ahkal Moʼ Nahb, was probably his brother. | ||
Ahkal Moʼ Nahb I (Chaacal I; Akul Anab I) | 5 July 465 (9.1.10.0.1) Palenque Son ofCasper? | 3 June 501 (9.3.6.7.17) | 29 November 524 | 29 November 524 (9.4.10.4.17) Palenque (aged 59) | ? | The list of ancestors made by his descendantPakal the Great starts with him. | ||
| Interregnum: 524–529 | ||||||||
Kʼan Joy Chitam I (Hok; Kan Xul I; K'an Hok' Chitam) | 5 May 490 (9.2.15.3.11) Palenque Son ofAhkal Moʼ Nahb I? | 6 February 529 (9.4.14.9.7) | 6 February 565 | 6 February 565 (9.6.11.0.16) Palenque (aged 74) | ? two children | |||
Ahkal Moʼ Nahb II (Chaacal II; Akul Anab II) | 3 September 523 (9.4.9.0.4) Palenque Son ofKʼan Joy Chitam I | 2 May 565 (9.6.11.5.1) | 21 July 570 | 21 July 570 (9.6.16.10.7) Palenque (aged 46) | ? no children | |||
Kan Bahlam I (Chan Bahlum I) | 18 September 524 (9.4.10.1.5) Palenque Son ofKʼan Joy Chitam I | 6 April 572 (9.6.18.5.12) | 1 February 583 | 1 February 583 (9.7.9.5.5) Palenque (aged 58) | ? one child? | |||
Yohl Ikʼnal (Lady Kan Ik; Lady K'anal Ik'nal) | ? Palenque Daughter ofKʼan Joy Chitam I orKan Bahlam I | 21 December 583 (9.7.10.3.8) | 5 November 604 | 5 November 604 (9.8.11.6.12) Palenque | ? two children | |||
Ajen Yohl Mat (Aj Ne' Ohl Mat; Ac Kan; Ahl Lawal Mat) | ? Palenque Son ofYohl Ikʼnal? | 1 January 605 (9.8.11.9.9) | 8 or 11 August 612 | 8 or 11 August 612 Palenque | ? two children | During his reign (4 April 611), Palenque was invaded by Calakmul. | ||
Sak Kʼukʼ (Muwaan Mat; Lady Beastie) |  | ? Palenque Daughter ofJanahb Pakal I andYohl Ikʼnal? | 20 October 612 (9.8.19.7.18) | 27 July 615 (9.9.2.4.8) | 10 September 640 (9.10.7.13.5) Palenque | Kʼan Moʼ Hix one or two children | Abdicated to her son.[41] | |
Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal Ithe Great (Pacal; 8 Ahau; Sun Shield) |  | 19 March 603 (9.8.9.12.15) Palenque Son ofKʼan Moʼ Hix andSak Kʼukʼ | 27 July 615 (9.9.2.4.8) | 26 August 683 | 26 August 683 (9.12.11.5.15) Palenque aged 80 | Tzʼakbu three children |
| He was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque's most notable surviving inscriptions and monumental architecture.[48] |
Kʼinich Kan Bahlam II (Chan Bahlum II) |  | 23 May 635 (9.10.2.6.5) Palenque Son ofKʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I andTzʼakbu | 10 January 684 (9.12.11.12.12) | 20 February 702 | 20 February 702 (9.13.10.1.7) Palenque aged 66 | ? no children |
| He continued the ambitious project of adorning Palenque with fine art and architecture begun by his father.[46][49] |
Kʼinich Kʼan Joy Chitam II (Kan Xul II; K'an Hok' Chitam On II |  | 31 October 644 (9.10.11.16.17) Palenque Son ofKʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I andTzʼakbu | 28 May 702 (9.13.10.6.4) | c.721 | 721 Palenque aged 76/77 | ? no children |
| He was captured by Toniná in 711, but possibly restored to kingship. |
Kʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III (Chaacal III; Akul Anab III) |  | 23 September 678 (9.12.6.5.17) Palenque Son of Tiwol Chan Mat and Kinuw | 30 December 721 (9.14.10.4.0) | c.736 | c.736 Palenque aged 57/58 | Men Nik one child |
| Grandson of Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I. His construction program rivaled that of his predecessors, and contributed enormously to the surviving records of Palenque history. |
Kʼinich Janaab Pakal II (Upakal K'inich) |  | ? Palenque Son of Tiwol Chan Mat and Kinuw | c.742 | ? | ? one child |
| Probable brother of the predecessor.[47] | |
Kʼinich Kan Bahlam III | ? | c.751 | ? | ? | A text atPomona, the only source of his existence, suggests that his reign was short or troubled.[47] | |||
Kʼinich Kʼukʼ Bahlam II[47] (Bahlum K'uk' II; Mahk'ina K'uk') | ? Palenque Son ofKʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III andMen Nik | 4 March 764 (9.16.13.0.5) | c.783 | c.783 Palenque | ? |
| ||
Janaab Pakal III (6 Cimi Pakal) | ? | 13 November 799 (9.18.9.4.2) | ? | ? | ||||
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lakamtuun dynasty | ||||||||
| Ahiin Chan Ahk | ? | 6th century | 518 | 518 | ? | Captured by Ruler C of Piedras Negras | ||
| ? | ? | 5th century | ? | ? | Captured by K'ihnich Tatb'u Jol II of Yaxchilan. | |||
| lk' Chih | ? El Palma | 8th century | ? | ? | Sacrificed byYaxun B'alam IV of Yaxchilan in a ball game ceremony. | |||
| Kan Waxak' Ek | ? | 9th century | ? | ? | ||||
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waka' dynasty | ||||||||
| "Leaf" Chan Ak | ? | c.327 | 357? | 357? | ? | Founder of the dynasty. | ||
| "Skull Snake" | ? | c.356 | ? | ? | ||||
| K'inich Bahlam I | ? | c.378 | ? | ? | ||||
| Dragon Jaguar | ? | c.410 | ? | ? | ||||
| "Tapir" Chan Ak | ? | c.450 | ? | ? | ||||
| Chan Yopaat | ? | c.502 | ? | ? | ||||
| Chak Tok Ich'aak | ? | 520 | 556 | 556 | Lady Ikom | Ally of the Kaanul (Snake) dynasty. | ||
| Wa'oom Uch'ab Tz'ikin | ? | 556 | ? | ? | ? | Enthroned byKʼahkʼ Tiʼ Chiʼchʼ of the Kaanul (Snake) dynasty. | ||
| Muam Bahlam | ? | late 6th century | ? | ? | ||||
| K'inich Bahlam II | ? | 657 | 711 | 711 | Lady K'abel | Co-ruled withLady K'abel of the Kaanul (Snake) dynasty. | ||
| Bahlam Tzam | ? | 730? | 743 | ? | ? | |||
| Lady Pakal | ? | 771 | 790 | ? | ? | |||
| Ah Yax Yopaat | ? | 802 | ? | ? | ? | |||
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Piedras Negras dynasty[50] | ||||||||
Kʼan Ahk I (Ruler A; Turtleshell) | ? | c.297 | ? | ? | Ruler A was later captured byMoon Skull ofYaxchilan.[50] | |||
Kʼan Ahk II (Ruler B) | ? | c.478 | ? | ? | ||||
Yat Ahk I[51] (Ah Cauac Ah K'in; Turtletooth) | ? | c.510 | ? | ? | ||||
| Ruler C | ? | 30 June 514 (9.3.19.12.12) | c.520 | c.520 Piedras Negras | ? |
| ||
Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I (Ruler 1) |  | ? | 14 November 603 (9.8.10.6.16) | 3 February 639 | 3 February 639 (9.10.6.2.1) Piedras Negras | LadyBird Headdress at least one child |
| Some scholars have argued that Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I refounded the ruling dynasty at Piedras Negras.[52][53] |
Itzam Kʼan Ahk I[54][55] (Ruler 2) |  | 22 May 626 (9.9.13.4.1) Piedras Negras Son ofKʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I andBird Headress | 12 April 639 (9.10.6.5.9) | 15 November 686 | 15 November 686 (9.12.14.10.13) Piedras Negras (aged 50) | LadyWhite Bird at least one child |
| |
Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk II (Ruler 3) |  | 30 December 664 (9.11.12.7.2) Piedras Negras Son ofItzam Kʼan Ahk I andWhite Bird | 2 January 687 (9.12.14.13.1) | c. 729 | c. 729 Piedras Negras (aged 64/65) | Winik Haab' Ajaw of Namaan 21 November 686 (9.12.14.10.16) one child |
| |
| 2nd Piedras Negras dynasty[50] | ||||||||
Itzam Kʼan Ahk II (Ruler 4) |  | 18 November 701 (9.13.9.14.15) Piedras Negras | 9 November 729 (9.14.18.3.13) | 26 November 757 | 26 November 757 (9.16.6.11.17) Piedras Negras (aged 56) | Juntan Ahk of Piedras Negras (?) possibly three children |
| There is evidence that Itzam Kʼan Ahk II started a new patriline at Piedras Negras. It's possible that he also married the daughter of the previous ruler.[56] |
Yoʼnal Ahk III[53][57] (Ruler 5) |  | ? Piedras Negras Son ofItzam Kʼan Ahk II | 10 March 758 (9.16.6.17.1) | c. 767 | c. 767 Piedras Negras | ? |
| |
Haʼ Kʼin Xook[57][58][53] (Ruler 6) |  | ? Piedras Negras Son ofItzam Kʼan Ahk II | 14 February 767 (9.16.16.0.4) | 24 March 780 | 24 March 780 (9.17.9.5.11) or after 780 Piedras Negras | ? |
| Appears to have either died or abdicated. Scholars are unsure if 24 March 780 refers to Ha' K'in Xook's death date, or rather the date of his burial. |
Kʼinich Yat Ahk II (Ruler 7) |  | 7 April 750 (9.15.18.16.7.) Piedras Negras Son ofItzam Kʼan Ahk II | 31 May 781 (9.17.10.9.4.) | c. 808 | c. 808 Piedras Negras (aged 57/58) | ? |
| Took the throne almost a year following the death of Ha' K'in Xook. Despite this time gap, there is no evidence anyone was ruling Piedras Negras in the interim. He was later captured byK'inich Tatbu Skull IV ofYaxchilan.[59][60][53][61] |
| Name (or nickname) | Ruled | Dynastic succession no.[64] |
|---|---|---|
| "Tok Casper" | 426–?[65] | 1 |
| Tutuum Yohl Kʼinich | c. 455[65] | ? |
| "Ruler 3" ("Turtle Shell") | c. 480[65][66] | ? |
| "Ruler 4" ("Basket Skull") | ?–?[66] | 3? |
| Mih Toh | 493–[66] | 4? |
| Kʼawiil Yopaat ("Ruler 5") | c. 653[66] | ? |
| Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat ("Cauac Sky" or "Kawak Sky") | 724–785[67] | 14 |
| "Sky Xul" | 785 –c. 795[67] | 15 |
| "Jade Sky" | c. 800 –c. 810[67] | 17? |
| Name | Dates |
|---|---|
| U K'ab'[69] | c. 564 |
| Kʼab Chan Teʼ I | c. 594–641 |
| Kʼab Chan Te II? | c.653–693 |
| Aj Sak Maax | c.754–772 |
| Yeht' Kʼinich | c. 787 |
| Jatsʼ Tokal Ekʼ Hiix | c.796? |
| Kʼabʼ Chan Teʼ III | c. 864 |
| Name | Title or nickname | Ruled |
|---|---|---|
| Pat-K+awiil | ? (7th–8th century?) | |
| Ichʼaak Bahlam I | "Jaguar Claw" | ?-c.735 |
| Ichʼaak Bahlam II | "Jaguar Claw" | c.735–c.750[70] |
| Kʼinich Bahlam | ? | |
| Ajaw Bʼot | Ruler D, Ah-Bolon-Abta[71] | 771–?[72] |
| Watʼul Chatel[73] | Aj B'olon Haab'tal[74] | 830–889+[74] |
| Kʼuhul Itʼsat[75] | c.860? | |
| Kʼap Sak Nik | c.880? |
| Name | Ruled |
|---|---|
| Ruler 1 | ca. 513 |
| Wakoh Kʼinich | ca. 534 – ca. 554 |
| Ruler 3 | ca. 573 |
| Ruler 4 | – 613 |
| Wakoh Chan Kʼinich | a. 613 – |
| Aj Ajan Nah | ca. 660 |
| Aj Ihkʼ Wolok | ca. 660 – ca. 702 |
| Ruler 8 | ca. 705 |
| Ruler 9 | – ca. 711 |
| Ruler 10 | – 712 |
| Chak Bin Ahk | a. 712 – ca. 731 |
| Chanal Balam | a. 760 – ca. 764 |
The dynastic line of Tikal, founded as early as the 1st century AD, spanned 800 years and included at least 33 rulers.[76]
| Name/Glyph[77][78] | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Tikal dynasty[79] | ||||||||
Yax Ehb' Xok (Yax Moch Xok; Yax Chakte'l Xok; First Scaffold Shark) | ? | c.90 | ? | ? | Founder of Tikal lineage.[80] | |||
? Bahlam (Foliated Jaguar; Decorated Jaguar; Scroll Ahau Jaguar) | ? | c.292 | ? | ? |
| |||
K'inich Ehb'[81] (Animal Headdress) | ? | ? | ? | Lady Skull at least one child |
| |||
Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil I | ? Tikal Son ofK'inich Ehb' andLady Skull | c.307 | ? | |||||
Unen Bahlam (Lady Une' B'alam) | ? | c.317 | ? | ? |
| Assumed to be female, the sex of this ruler is in fact unclear. | ||
Kʼinich Muwaan Jol (Mahk'ina Bird Skull; Feather Skull) | ? | ? | 22 May 359 | 22 May 359 (8.16.2.6.0) Tikal | Bahlam Way at least one child |
| ||
Chak Tok Ichʼaak I (Great Paw; Great Jaguar Paw; Toh Chak Ichʼak) | ? Tikal Son ofKʼinich Muwaan Jol andBahlam Way | 7 August 360 (8.16.3.10.2) | 16 January 378 | 16 January 378 (8.17.1.4.12) Tikal | ? |
| On the day he died, Tikal was invaded by troops led bySiyaj Kʼakʼ, who overthrew the reigning family. | |
| 2nd Tikal dynasty / Teotihuacan dynasty | ||||||||
Yax Nuun Ayiin I (Curl Snout; Curl Nose) |  | ? Teotihuacan Son ofSpearthrower Owl | 12 September 379 (8.17.2.16.17) | 18 June 404 | 18 June 404 (8.18.8.1.2) Tikal | Lady K'inich at least one child |
| The son of theperson identified as the ruler ofTeotihuacan, placed on the throne bySiyaj Kʼakʼ and under his influence, founded a new line of rulers in Tikal. |
Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil II (Storm Sky; Manikin Cleft Sky) |  | ? Tikal Son ofYax Nuun Ayiin I andLady K'inich | 26 November 411 (8.18.15.11.0) | 3 February 456 | 3 February 456 (9.1.0.8.0) Tikal | Lady Ayiin at least one child |
| |
Kʼan Chitam[82] (Kan Boar; K'an Ak) |  | 26 November 415 (8.18.19.12.1) Tikal Son ofSihyaj Chan Kʼawiil II andLady Ayiin | 8 August 458 (9.1.2.17.17) | 486 | 486 Tikal (aged 70/71) | Lady Tzutz Nik at least one child |
| |
Chak Tok Ichʼaak II[82][83] (Jaguar Paw II; Jaguar Paw Skull) | ? Tikal Son ofKʼan Chitam andLady Tzutz Nik | 486 | 24 July 508 | 24 July 508 (9.3.13.12.5) Tikal | Lady Hand Probably two children |
| ||
Yo K'in[79] (Lady of Tikal) | 1 September 504 (9.3.9.13.3) Tikal Daughter ofChak Tok Ichʼaak II andLady Hand? | 19 April 511 (9.3.16.8.4) | 527 | After 527 Tikal | ? |
| Ruled jointly. Possibly married? | |
Kaloomte Bahlam (Curl Head) |  | ? | c.511 Tikal | 527 | After 527 Tikal | ? | ||
Bird Claw (Animal Skull) | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| Ruled after Yo K'in. He carried a high-ranking name but no Tikal emblem. Possibly an interim ruler, or usurper?[84] | ||
Wak Chan Kʼawiil (Double Bird) | January 508 Tikal Son ofChak Tok Ichʼaak II andLady Hand | 27 December 537 (9.5.3.9.15) | 562 | 562 Tikal (aged 53/54) | ? |
| ||
| 3rd Tikal dynasty[79] | ||||||||
Kʼinich Waaw (Animal Skull; Lizard Head; Ete II) | ? Tikal Son of Fire Cross and Lady Hand Sky of Bahlam | 562? or 593 | 628 | 628 Tikal | ? | Had no apparent relation to the previous rulers; possibly a new dynasty began at this point. | ||
| Kʼinich Wayaan? (23rd Ruler) | ? | c. 635 (if he is the 23rd Ruler) or c.628–650 | ? | ? |
| Probably identifiable with23rd Ruler? | ||
| Kʼinich Muwaan Jol II (24th Ruler) | ? | c. 645 (if he is the 24th Ruler) or c.628–650 | ? | ? at least one child | Probably identifiable with24th Ruler? | |||
Nuun Ujol Chaak (Shield Skull; Nun Ban Chak) | ? Tikal Son ofK'inich Muwaan Jol II | 657 | 679 | 679 Tikal | Lady Jaguar Seat at least one child |
| ||
Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I (Ruler A; Ah Cacao; Sky Rain) |  | ? Tikal Son ofNuun Ujol Chaak andLady Jaguar Seat | 3 May 682 (9.12.9.17.16) | 734 | 734 Tikal | Lady Lahan Unen Moʼ at least one child |
| His defeat of the rival Maya city of Calakmul in 695 is seen to represent a resurgence in the strength and influence of Tikal. |
Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil (Ruler B; Yaxkin Caan Chac; Sun Sky Rain) |  | ? Tikal Son ofJasaw Chan Kʼawiil I andLady Lahan Unen Moʼ | 8 December 734 (9.15.3.6.8) | 766? | 766? Tikal | ? at least two children |
| He was one of Tikal's most successful and expansionary rulers, consolidating the political gains won by his father. |
| 28th Ruler | ? Tikal Son ofYikʼin Chan Kʼawiil | c.766 | c.768 | c.768? Tikal | ? | Little is known about this ruler. | ||
Yax Nuun Ayiin II (Ruler C; Chitam) | ? Tikal Son ofYikʼin Chan Kʼawiil | 25 December 768 (9.16.17.16.4) | c.794 | c.794 Tikal | ? |
| ||
Nuun Ujol Kʼinich | ? | Between 794 and 810 | ? | ? at least one child |
| |||
Dark Sun | ? Tikal Son ofNuun Ujol Kʼinich | c.849 | ? | ? |
| |||
Jewel Kʼawiil | ? | c.849 | ? | ? | ||||
Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil II (Stela 11 Ruler) |  | ? | c.869 | c.889 | c.889? Tikal | ? |
| |
| Name/Glyph | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Toniná dynasty[85][86] | ||||||||
| Kokaaj(?) Witz’ (Ruler 1) | ? | c.501/14 | ? | ? | First known ruler of the site. | |||
| Chak Baluun Chahk | ? | c.562-564 | ? | ? |
| |||
| Bahlam Ya Acal (Jaguar Bird Peccary; Zots Choj) | ? | 16 January 563 (9.6.8.17.4) | 573 | 573 Toniná | ? | |||
| K’inich Muhk | ? | Before 589 | 600 | 600 Toniná | ? |
| ||
| K’inich Sanaw Bahlam Yaxuun Tihl | ? | 10 March 600 (9.8.6.11.9) | 4 January 615 (9.9.1.12.2) | 4 January 615 Toniná | ? |
| ||
| K'inich Bahlam Chapat (K'inich Hix Chapat) | ? | 31 January 615 (9.9.1.12.2) | 668 | 668 Toniná | ? |
| ||
| Yuknoom Wahywal[87] (Jaguar Casper; Ruler 2) | ? | 23 July 668 (9.11.16.0.3) | 12 September 687 | 12 September 687 (9.12.15.7.13) Toniná | ? at least two children |
| ||
| K’inich B’aaknal Chaak[87] (Kuk; Snake Skull; Ruler 3) | ? Possible son ofYuknoom Wahywal | 17 June 688 (9.12.16.3.12) | 715 | 715 Toniná | ? |
| It's possible that they ruled together, at least in 688. | |
| Aj Chʼaaj Naah | ? | 688 | ? | ? | ||||
| Kelʼne Hix | ? | ? | LadyKʼawill Chan at least one child | |||||
| Regency of LadyKʼawill Chan (708/15–722) | Co-ruled with his uncle, K’inich B’aaknal Chaak, until 715. Under regency of his mother, the sister of K’inich B’aaknal Chaak, until 722. | |||||||
| K’inich Chuwaaj Chaak[87] (Jaguar God; Ruler 4) | 16 December 706 (9.13.14.17.7) Toniná Son ofKel'ne Hix and LadyKʼawill Chan | 28 November 708 (9.13.16.17.0) | 723 | 723 Toniná aged 16/17 | ? |
| ||
| 2nd Toniná dynasty[88][86] | ||||||||
| Kʼinich Ichʼaak Chapat (Jaguar Claw; Ruler 5) | 15 January 709 (9.13.17.1.8) Toniná Son of LadyWinik Timak Kʼawiil | 19 November 723 (9.14.12.2.9) | 739 | 739 Toniná aged 29/30 | LadyMuyal Chan Kʼawiil (I) at least one child |
| Has no known family relation to previous rulers;[89] probably a new dynasty started at this point. | |
| K’inich Tuun Chapat (Ruler 6 or 8) | ? Toniná Son ofKʼinich Ichʼaak Chapat and LadyMuyal Chan Kʼawiil (I) | 739 | 15 February 762 | 15 February 762 (9.16.10.16.17) Toniná | ? at least one child | |||
| LadyKʼawiil Yopaat (Ruler 7) | ? Toniná Daughter ofK’inich Tuun Chapat | 15 February 762 (9.16.10.16.17) | 774 | 774[90] Toniná | ? at least one child | Around 764 Toniná defeated Palenque in battle.[91] | ||
| Kʼinich Chapat (Itzamnaaj Mut II?; Ruler 8?[92]) | ? Toniná Son of LadyKʼawiil Yopaat | 774/787 | c. 810 | c. 810 Toniná | LadyMuyal Chan Kʼawiil (II) at least one child |
| The last successful warrior ruler of Toniná. It's possible that the heir prince who died in 775, Prince Wak Chan K'ahk, was his brother. | |
| Uh Chapat[92] (Ruler 9) | ? Toniná Son ofKelʼne Hix and LadyKʼawill Chan | c.837 | ? Toniná | ? at least one child? | ||||
| Ruler 10 | ? Toniná Son ofUh Chapat? | c.901[92] | ? Toniná | ? |
| |||
| Name/Glyph[77][78] | Image | Born | Reigned from | Reigned until[93] | Death | Consort (s) | Monuments[94] | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yaxchilan dynasty[95] | ||||||||
| Yopaat Bahlam I | ? | 23 July 359 (8.16.2.9.1.) | ? | ? | ? | Founder of Yaxchilan lineage.[96] | ||
| Itzamnaaj Bahlam I (Shield Jaguar I) | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||||
| Yaxun Bahlam I (Bird Jaguar I) | ? | 378 | 389 | 389 Yaxchilan | ? | |||
| Yax Deer-Antler Skull | ? | 389 | 402 | 402 Yaxchilan | ? | |||
| Ruler 5 | ? | 402 | ? | ? | ? | |||
| Kʼinich Tatbʼu Jol I | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||||
| Moon Skull | ? | 454 | 467 | 467 Yaxchilan | ? | His name is not an actual reference to the moon but is rather the Maya word for aspear-thrower. | ||
| Yaxun Bahlam II (Bird Jaguar II) | ? | 467 | ? | ? | Lady Chuwen at least two children | The eighth king in the dynastic record of Yaxchilan. Two of his sons became kings after him, Knot-eye Jaguar I and K'inich Tatb'u Skull II. | ||
| Joy Bahlam I (Knot-eye Jaguar I) | ? Yaxchilan Son ofYaxun Bahlam II< andLady Chuwen | 508 | 518 | 518 Yaxchilan | ? at least two children |
| The ninth known king of Yaxchilan, he reigned in the early 6th century. His glyphic name should probably be read as Joy Bahlam.[97] | |
| Kʼinich Tatbʼu Jol II | ? Yaxchilan Son ofYaxun Bahlam II andLady Chuwen | 11 February 526 (9.4.11.8.16) | 537 | 537 Yaxchilan | ? at least two children |
| The tenth in the dynastic king list. He was another son of Bird Jaguar II. | |
| Joy Bahlam II | ? | c.560 | c.570 | c.570 Yaxchilan | ? | |||
| Itzamnaaj Bahlam II (Shield Jaguar II) | ? | c.599 or c.599–611 | ? | ? | ||||
| Kʼinich Tatbʼu Jol III | ? | ? | ? | ? at least one child |
| |||
| Yaxun Bʼalam III (6-Tun-Bird Jaguar; Bird Jaguar III) | ? Yaxchilan Son ofKʼinich Tatbʼu Jol III | 631 | 681 | 681 Yaxchilan | Lady Pacal (c. 607? – 705) at least one child |
| Described in one text as fifteenth in line from Yopaat Bʼalam I. Bird Jaguar III tookLady Pakal as his wife, who lived a very long life, dying in 705 at the age of at least 98 years. Their son and heir wasItzamnaaj Bahlam II. | |
| Itzamnaaj Bahlam III[98] (Shield Jaguar III) |  | 647 Yaxchilan Son ofYaxun Bʼalam III andLady Pacal | 23 October 681 (9.12.9.8.1) | 15 June 742 | 15 June 742 (9.15.10.17.14) Yaxchilan (aged 94/95) | Lady Xoc Lady Eveningstar of Calakmul (1 September 704–751) at least one child Lady Sak B'iyaan |
| Ruled for 60 years. He was often referred to in hieroglyphic texts asMaster of Aj Nik, referring to the capture of his first captive before he became king, this phrase being attached to his name on 32 separate occasions. Aj Nik himself was a sub-lord from a place known as eitherMaan orNamaan and was not of high rank. |
| Yopaat Bahlam II | ? | c.749 | ? | ? |
| |||
| Yaxun Bʼalam IV (Bird Jaguar IV) |  | 709 or later[99] Yaxchilan Son ofItzamnaaj Bahlam II andLady Eveningstar of Calakmul | 752 | 768 | 768 Yaxchilan (aged 56/57) | Lady Great Skull at least one child Lady Wak Tuun ofMotul de San José Lady Wak Jalam Chan ofMotul de San José Lady Mut Bahlam of Hix Witz |
| Possibly under regency of his mother in the beginning of his reign.[96][100][101] |
| Itzamnaaj Bahlam IV[102] (Shield Jaguar IV) | 18 February 752 (9.16.0.14.7) Yaxchilan Son ofYaxun Bahlam IV andLady Great Skull | 769 | c.800 | c.800 Yaxchilan (aged around 47/48) | Lady Chab-Ahab at least one child | |||
| Kʼinich Tatbʼu Jol IV | ? Son ofItzamnaaj Bahlam IV andLady Chab-Ahab | c.808 | ? | ? |
| Last known ruler of the city.[96] | ||
| Ahpo Sotzʼil[105] | Ahpo Xahil[106] | Kʼalel Achi | Ahuchan |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wuqu-Batzʼ | Hun-Toh | Chuluk | Xitamel-Keh |
| Oxlahuh-Tzʼiʼ | Lahuh-Ah | ||
| Kablahuh-Tihax | |||
| Hun-Iqʼ | Lahuh-Noh | ||
| Cahi Imox | Belehe Qat |
| Name | Ruled | Alternative names |
|---|---|---|
| Lajuj No'j | c.1450–c.1480[107] | Ichalkan Chi Kumkwat, Ychal Amollac Chicumcuat |
| Achi Q'alel | early 16th century[108] | – |
This city is here included because, despite being founded in the Classic period, it attained the peak of its influence in the Post Classic.
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