Amaximum wage, also often called awage ceiling, is a legal limit on how muchincome an individual can earn.[1] It is a prescribed limitation which can be used to effect change in aneconomic structure.[2]
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No major economy has a direct earnings limit, though some economies do incorporate the policy of highly progressive tax structures in the form of scaled taxation.
A vote to implement a maximum wage law in Switzerland failed with only a 34.7% vote for approval.[3]
Amaximum liquid wealth policy restricts the amount of liquidwealth anindividual is permitted to maintain, while giving them unrestricted access to non-liquidassets. That is to say, an individual may earn as much as they like during a giventime period, but all earnings must be re-invested (spent) within an equivalent time period; all earnings not re-invested within this time period would be seized.
This policy is only arguably a valid maximum wage implementation, as it does not actually restrict thewages a person is allowed to maintain, but only restricts the amount of actualcurrency they are allowed to hold at any given time. Proponents of the policy argue that it enforces the ideals of a maximum wage without restricting actual capital growth or economic incentive.
Proponents believe wealth that is not re-invested in theeconomy is harmful to economic growth; that actualliquid currency not re-invested timely is indicative of an unfairtrade, in which an individual has paid more for agood/service than the good/service was worth. This stems from the belief that currency should represent the actualvalue of a good or service.
When this policy is imposed, individual savings can only be held as solid assets likestocks,bonds,business, andproperty. Opponents argue that since a maximum liquid wealth policy makes no allowance for individual savings, it therefore assumes the non-importance of abank and theloans that banks provide. Loans being essential to the economy, opponents argue, banks are an essential economicinstitution. Proponents of the maximum liquid wealth policy respond thatgovernment could be directly responsible for supplying loans to individuals; they also add that such an arrangement could result in vastly lowerinterest rates.
Arelative earnings limit is a limit imposed upon abusiness, to the amount ofcompensation an individual is allowed, as a specific multiple of a company's lowest earner; or directly relative to the number of individuals a company employs and the average compensation provided to each individual employee, not including a certain percentage of the company's top earners. The former implementation has the advantage of limiting wagegaps. The latter implementation has the advantage of encouraging employment opportunities, as increasingemployment would be a way for employers to boost their maximum earnings. A compromise would be to base the limit upon the number of employees had by a specific company and the compensation of that company's lowest earner.
A weakness in this method is that a company can simply hire outside firms to keep low wage employees off their payroll, while only having the top earning employees on the company's payroll, effectively bypassing the limits. However, the hiring of external employees will come at a higher total cost and will reduce company profits, something against which executives are often measured and compensated.
To moderate self-employed individuals, the maximum could be based on the average compensation of the nation's employed (GDP per capita) and a specific multiplier. As the number of self-employed individuals with no employees and who earn an excessive amount of money would be extremely limited, such a measure is unlikely to be implemented.
Adirect earnings limit is a limit placed directly, usually as a number in terms ofcurrency, upon the amount of compensation any individual is allowed to earn in a given time period.
Scaled taxation is a method ofprogressive taxation that raises the rate at which the principal sum is taxed, directly relative to the amount of the principal. This type oftaxation is normally applied toincome taxes, although other types of taxation can be scaled.
In the case of a maximum wage, a scaled tax would be applied so that the top earners in asociety would be taxed extremely largepercentages of their income. Modern income tax systems, allowingsalary raises to be reflected by a raise in after tax income, tax each individual note ofcurrency[clarification needed] in each particular bracket at the same rate.[4] An example follows.
| Tax bracket | Width of bracket | Marginal tax rate | Tax paid on bracket | Accumulated after-tax income | Effective tax rate (rounded) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nil – $40,000 | $40,000 | 15.00% | $6,000 | $34,000 | 15.00% |
| $40,000 – $100,000 | $60,000 | 35.00% | $21,000 | $73,000 | 27.00% |
| $100,000 – $175,000 | $75,000 | 50.00% | $37,500 | $110,500 | 36.86% |
| $175,000 – $250,000 | $75,000 | 60.00% | $45,000 | $140,500 | 43.80% |
| $250,000 – $500,000 | $250,000 | 75.00% | $187,500 | $203,000 | 59.40% |
| Above $500,000 | — | 90.00% | — | — | Over 59.40% |
In 1350, positions in the Church were in high demand due to deaths from the Black Plague eradicating the clergy. TheArchbishop of Canterbury at the time,Simon Islip, issued a letter condemning "priests [that] care more for money than for the safety of their soul",[5] stating that priests were forgoing their duty to the poor in order to serve the rich in private chapels. Islip instituted a maximum annual wage for priests as well as a fine for the 'giver' and 'receiver' of those caught offering private tithes above the maximum.[6]
In England, theStatute of Labourers 1351 prohibited anyone of working age who did not have enough land to support themselves from demanding, or employers from offering, wages higher than were typical for those of their station in 1346, and required them to work on pain of fines, during an economic depression caused by the Hundred Years' War. It was a major cause of thePeasants' Revolt in 1381. Later, theStatute of Artificers 1563 implemented statutes of compulsory labor and fixed maximum wage scales;Justices of the Peace could fix wages according "to the plenty or scarcity of the time".
To counteract the increase in prevailing wages due to scarcity of labor, American colonies in the 17th century created a ceiling wage and minimum hours of employment.[7]
In the earlySoviet Union, in the period 1920–1932, Communist Party members were subject to a maximum wage, thepartmaximum. Its demise is seen as the onset of the rise of thenomenklatura class of Sovietapparatchiks. The idea that any individual could earn money by their labor, instead of earning for the community, undermined the initial principles of communism.[original research?]
In 1933, Washington State RepresentativeWesley Lloyd proposed an amendment to theU.S. Constitution that would have limited annual incomes to $1 million (equivalent to $24 million in 2024).[8] His contemporary colleagueJohn Snyder introduced a companion amendment that would have limited personal wealth to $1 million. Neither proposed amendment, however, received enough votes to begin the ratification process.[9]
In 1942, duringWorld War II, US PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt proposed a maximum income of $25,000 (equivalent to $481,110 in 2024) during the war:[10][11]
At the same time, while the number of individual Americans affected is small, discrepancies between low personal incomes and very high personal incomes should be lessened; and I therefore believe that in time of this grave national danger, when all excess income should go to win the war, no American citizen ought to have a net income, after he has paid his taxes, of more than $25,000 a year. It is indefensible that those who enjoy large incomes from State and local securities should be immune from taxation while we are at war. Interest on such securities should be subject at least to surtaxes.
— Message to Congress on an Economic Stabilization Program, April 27, 1942
This was proposed to be implemented by a 100% marginal tax on all income over $40,000 (after-tax income of $25,000). While this was not implemented, theRevenue Act of 1942 implemented an 88% marginal tax rate on income over $200,000, together with a 5% "Victory Tax" with post-war credits, hence temporarily yielding a 93% top tax rate (though 5% was subsequently returned in credits).[10]
After decades ofsocial democratic governments, the Swedish children's authorAstrid Lindgren faced an infamousmarginal tax rate of 102% in 1976, in effect creating a wage ceiling. Though the example was partly due to inverted loop holes in the tax code, the figure was seen as an important catalyst for the results in theelection that year, in which the Social Democratic Party lost power after having led the country for 40 consecutive years. Later a "tax rebellion" demanded the top marginal tax rates were reduced to 50% in the late 1980s.[citation needed]
Since the 1990s, the chief proponent of a maximum wage in the United States has been Sam Pizzigati;[12] seeReferences, particularly (Pizzigati 2004).
In his 2000 run for theGreen Party presidential nomination,Jello Biafra called for a maximum wage of $100,000 in theUnited States, and the reduction of the income tax to zero for all income below that level. Biafra claimed he would increase taxes for the wealthy and reduce taxes for those in the lower and middle classes.[citation needed] Many Green parties have a maximum wage in their manifesto, which they argue would prevent conspicuous consumption and the subsequent environmental damage that they believe ensues, while allowing the financing of jobs and aguaranteed minimum income for the poorest workers.
In his campaign for theFrench presidency in 2012,Jean-Luc Mélenchon argued in favour of a tax rate of 100% on incomes over€360,000.[13]
In the United Kingdom until 1901, individual clubs had set their own wage policies. That year, theFootball League ratified a maximum weekly wage for footballers of £4 (equivalent to £549 in 2023[14]). This severely limited the ability of the best players in the country to forgo the need to take paid employment outside of football and, this in turn led to the formation of thePlayers' Union in 1907.
Bythe summer of 1928, players could earn a weekly maximum of £8 (equivalent to £609 in 2023[14]), although clubs routinely found ways to increase this.[15]Arsenal playerEddie Hapgood supplemented his income by fashion modelling and advertising chocolate.[16]
