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Maximilian von Montgelas | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Portrait byJoseph Hauber [de] (1806) | |
| Minister of the Royal House and of Foreign Affairs of Bavaria | |
| In office 1799–1817 | |
| Monarch | Maximilian Joseph |
| Preceded by | Count Matthäus von Vieregg |
| Succeeded by | Count Heinrich Aloys von Reigersberg |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Maximilian Karl Joseph Franz de Paula Hieronymus de Garnerin de la Thuille Freiherr von Montgelas (1759-09-12)12 September 1759 |
| Died | 14 June 1838(1838-06-14) (aged 78) |
| Spouse | Countess Ernestine von Arco |
| Children | 8 |
| Parent(s) | John Sigmund Garnerin, Baron Montgelas Countess Ursula von Trauner |
Maximilian Karl Joseph Franz de Paula Hieronymus de Garnerin de la Thuile, Count von Montgelas (German:Maximilian Karl Joseph Franz de Paula Hieronymus de Garnerin de la Thuille Graf von Montgelas; 12 September 1759 – 14 June 1838) was aBavarian statesman, a member of a noble family from theDuchy of Savoy. His fatherJohn Sigmund Garnerin, Baron Montgelas (German:Janus Sigmund Garnerin Freiherr von Montgelas), entered the military service ofMaximilian III, Elector of Bavaria, and married the Countess Ursula von Trauner. Maximilian Josef, their eldest son, was born in the Bavarian capitalMunich on September 10, 1759.
Montgelas was educated successively atNancy,Strasbourg, andIngolstadt. Being aSavoyard on his father's side, he naturally felt the French influence, which was then strong inGermany, with peculiar force. To the end of his life he spoke and wroteFrench more correctly and with more ease thanGerman. Nevertheless, the Munich-born Montgelas always wanted to be addressed as a Bavarian by nationality.
In 1779 he entered the public service in the department of thecensorship of books. TheElectorCharles Theodore, who had at first favored him, became offended on discovering that Montgelas was associated with theIlluminati, a secret society in Bavaria that held the most anti-clerical propositions of theEnlightenment. Montgelas therefore went toZweibrücken, where he was helped by his brother Illuminati to find employment at the Court of the Duke, the head of a branch of theWittelsbach family. From this refuge also he was driven by orthodox enemies of the Illuminati.
The brother of the Duke of Zweibrücken,Maximilian Joseph, took Montgelas into his service as a Private Secretary. When his employer succeeded to the Duchy, Montgelas was named a Minister, and in that capacity he attended theSecond Congress of Rastatt in 1798, where the reconstruction ofGermany, which was the consequence of theFrench Revolution, was in full swing.
In 1799, the Duke of Zweibrücken succeeded to the throne of theElectorate of Bavaria, and he kept Montgelas as his most trusted adviser. He agreed theTreaty of Bogenhausen with France in August 1805, leading Bavaria to ally withNapoleonic France in theWar of the Third Coalition. Montgelas was the inspirer and director of the policy by which in 1806 the Electorate was turned into akingdom and was also greatly increased in size by the annexation of church lands, free towns, and small lordships, such asWallerstein. As this end was achieved by undeviating servility toNapoleon, and by the most cynical disregard of the rights of Bavaria's German-speaking neighbors, Montgelas became the type of an unpatriotic politician in the eyes of all Germans who revolted against the supremacy of France. From his own conduct and his written defence of his policy, it is clear that such sentiments as theirs appeared to Montgelas to be merely childish.
He was a thorough politician of the 18th century type, who saw and attempted to see nothing except that Bavaria had always been threatened by the house ofHabsburg, had been supported byPrussia for purely selfish reasons, and could look for useful support against these two only from France, which had selfish reasons of her own for wishing to counterbalance the power both ofAustria and Prussia in Germany. As late as 1813, when Napoleon's power was visibly breaking down, and Montgelas knew the internal weakness of his empire well from visits to Paris, he still continued to maintain that France was necessary to Bavaria.
The decision of the king to turn against Napoleon in 1814 was taken under the influence ofhis son and ofMarshal Wrede rather than of Montgelas, although the minister would not have been influenced by any feeling of sentimentality to adhere to an ally who had ceased to be useful. In internal affairs, Montgelas carried out a policy of secularization and of administrative centralization by determined means, which showed that he had never wholly renounced his opinions of the time of theEnlightenment movement.
In the field in interior politics he can be regarded as the most successful[citation needed] German politician of the early 19th century with a long list of achievements. Already in 1796, when the Duke of Zweibrücken (after the French advance towards Zweibrücken) was a landless prince exiled inAnsbach, Montgelas had developed a masterplan for the future modernisation of Bavaria. This lengthy paper, the "Ansbacher mémoire"[1] was rediscovered in the 1960s and published in 1970 by the Bavarian historianEberhard Weis, who also is Montgelas' biographer. After 1799 whenMaximilian Joseph succeeded to the Electorate of Bavaria, Montgelas as his primary adviser and leading statesman very much followed his concept throughout the following years in a very uncompromising manner:
Montgelas enforced the taxation of the nobility and the clergy. Taxation went along with a complete economic description and measurement of Bavaria leading to an outstanding cadastral system. Montgelas passed the first modern constitution for Bavaria in 1808,[2] which included the abolition of any relics of serfdom that had survived until then. Montgelas was responsible for the abolition of the torture in 1812 by introducing a new penal code based on contemporary humanitarian standards. He introduced compulsory school education, compulsory military service, compulsory vaccination. He reorganised the Bavarian administration by a centralised cabinet of modern ministries instead of a multitude of chambers. Montgelas was also responsible for the abolition of all tolls within the Kingdom of Bavaria thus enabling free trade within the country. And he designed and passed a regulation for civil servants, the "Dienstpragmatik", which became a model for civil service in Germany as whole. According to its rules, admission to any service within the public administration was no longer dependent on whether one was Catholic or of noble family, but solely on the quality of one's education. Thus Montgelas broke the preponderance of the nobility in the higher and decisive ranks of public administration. Civil servants were granted a sufficient salary and their widows a pension. Thus Montgelas refounded the civil service on new ethics and created a social group of servants loyal only to the crown and Kingdom of Bavaria.
In order to reduce the political and cultural influence of the Catholic Church in Bavaria in favor of the secular state, Montgelas extended civil rights, including citizenship, to Protestants. The Jewish communities were awarded a secure legal status, although there remained a discriminating special registration.[3]
Along these lines, Montgelas secularized—that is seized for the use and benefit of the State—many Catholic land-holdings, most especially the Bavarian monasteries. Montgelas was attempting to sever theMortmain that had driven the state to the treasury to the brink of financial ruin under Karl Theodor. According to principles of the Enlightenment and the Napoleonic reorganization of Europe, the expropriation of Church property and the suppression of Church institutions were essential steps to the modernization of the State. Since the earliest centuries of the Middle Ages, the monasteries had owned large stretches of land and governed the farmers working that land. Montgelas, again in keeping with principles of the Enlightenment and the Napoleonic reorganization of Europe that favored the establishment of absolute secular authority over against religion, eliminating such exercises of authority by and resources from church institutions was necessary. Monastic life as such was viewed by Montgelas, in keeping with the most religiously hostile forms of Enlightenment thinking, as useless, at best, and as a breeding ground of "superstition."
In Montgelas's eyes, any form of parliamentary representation was as dangerous to the modern state as was the Church. Even the powerless and highly plutocratic Parliament introduced by the constitution of 1808 practically never came into being. Montgelas himself declared, that the repeated wars prevented any convocation of the Parliament. In fact he preferred his status as a benevolent dictator and successfully evaded any control by any form of Parliament. Only after Montgelas' dismissal in 1817, theBavarian constitution of 1818 [de][4] second introduced a real bicameral Parliament (to the standards of the era).
His enemies persuaded the king to dismiss him in 1817, and he spent the remainder of his life as a member of the Bavarian House of Lords ("Kammer der Reichsräte") till his death in 1838.
He had married the Countess von Arco in 1803, and had eight children; in 1809 he was made acount.[5]
In 2005 the Free State of Bavaria and the city of Munich erected a monument atMunich's Promenadenplatz in his honor.
In 2009, his 250th birth anniversary has been celebrated with the creation of honorific "Montgelas Prize" ("Montgelas-Preis" in German), awarded each year to French leaders to acknowledge their actions in favor of French-German cooperation.[6] It has been awarded toJean Arthuis (Head of the Committee on Budgets in the European parliament),Philippe Richert (President of the Regional Council of Alsace) andThierry Breton (CEO of Atos and former Minister of the Economy).
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Montgelas, Maximilian Josef Garnerin, Count von".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 782–783.}
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Bavaria 1799 – 1817 | Succeeded by |
