Mating types are themicroorganism equivalent to sexes in multicellular lifeforms and are thought to be the ancestor to distinctsexes. They also occur in multicellular organisms such as fungi.

Mating types are themicroorganism equivalent to sex in higher organisms^[1] and occur inisogamous species.^[2] Depending on the group, different mating types are often referred to by numbers, letters, or simply "+" and "−" instead of "male" and "female", which refer to "sexes" or differences in size betweengametes.^[1]Syngamy can only take place between gametes carrying different mating types.

Mating types are extensively studied in fungi. Among fungi, mating type is determined by chromosomal regions calledmating-type loci. Furthermore, it is not as simple as "two different mating types can mate", but rather, a matter of combinatorics. As a simple example, mostbasidiomycete have a "tetrapolarheterothallism" mating system: there are two loci, and mating between two individuals is possible if the alleles onboth loci are different. For example, if there are 3 alleles per locus, then there would be 9 mating types, each of which can mate with 4 other mating types.^[3] By multiplicative combination, it generates a vast number of mating types.

As an illustration, themodel organismCoprinus cinereus has two mating-type loci calledA andB. Both loci have 3 groups of genes. At theA locus are 6homeodomain proteins arranged in 3 groups of 2 (HD1 and HD2), which arose by gene duplication. At theB locus, each of the 3 groups contain one pheromoneG-protein-coupled receptor and usually two genes for pheromones.

TheA locus ensures heterothallism through a specific interaction between HD1 and HD2 proteins. Within each group, a HD1 protein can only form a functionalheterodimer with a HD2 protein from a different group, not with the HD2 protein from its own group. Functional heterodimers are necessary for adikaryon-specifictranscription factor, and its lack arrests the development process. They function redundantly, so it is only necessary for one of the three groups to be heterozygotic for theA locus to work.^[4]

Similarly, theB locus ensures heterothallism through a specific interaction between pheromone receptors and pheromones. Each pheromone receptor is activated by pheromones from other groups, but not by the pheromone encoded by the same group. This means that a pheromone receptor can only trigger a signaling cascade when it binds to a pheromone from a different group, not when it binds to the pheromone from its own group. They also function redundantly.^[4]

In both cases, the mechanism is based on a "self-incompatibility" principle, where the proteins or pheromones from the same group are incompatible with each other, but compatible with those from different groups.^[5][6]

Similarly, theSchizophyllum commune has 2 gene groups (Aα, Aβ) for homeodomain proteins on theA locus, and 2 gene groups (Bα, Bβ) for pheromones and receptors on theB locus. Aα has 9 alleles, Aβ has 32, Bα has 9, and Bβ has 9. The two gene groups at theA locus function independently but redundantly, so only one group out of the two needs to be heterozygotic for it to work. Similarly for the two gene groups at theB locus. Thus, mating between two individuals succeeds if

${\displaystyle [(A\alpha 1\ne A\alpha 2)\mathrm{O}\mathrm{R}(A\beta 1\ne A\beta 2)]\mathrm{A}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{D}[(B\alpha 1\ne B\alpha 2)\mathrm{O}\mathrm{R}(B\beta 1\ne B\beta 2)]}$

Thus there are${\displaystyle 9\times 32\times 9\times 9=23328}$ mating types, each of which can mate with${\displaystyle (9\times 32-1)\times (9\times 9-1)=22960}$ other mating types.^[7]

Reproduction by mating types is especially prevalent infungi. Filamentousascomycetes usually have two mating types referred to as "MAT1-1" and "MAT1-2", following the yeastmating-type locus (MAT).^[8] Under standard nomenclature, MAT1-1 (which may informally be called MAT1) encodes for a regulatory protein with an alpha box motif, while MAT1-2 (informally called MAT2) encodes for a protein with a high motility-group (HMG) DNA-binding motif, as in the yeast mating type MATα1.^[9] The corresponding mating types in yeast, a non-filamentous ascomycete, are referred to as MATa and MATα.^[10]

Mating type genes in ascomycetes are called idiomorphs rather thanalleles due to the uncertainty of the origin by common descent. The proteins they encode are transcription factors which regulate both the early and late stages of the sexual cycle.Heterothallic ascomycetes produce gametes, which present a single Mat idiomorph, andsyngamy will only be possible between gametes carrying complementary mating types. On the other hand,homothallic ascomycetes produce gametes that can fuse with every other gamete in the population (including its own mitotic descendants) most often because each haploid contains the two alternate forms of the Mat locus in its genome.^[11]

Basidiomycetes can have thousands of different mating types.^[12]

In the ascomyceteNeurospora crassa matings are restricted to interaction of strains of opposite mating type. This promotes some degree of outcrossing. Outcrossing, throughcomplementation, could provide the benefit of masking recessive deleterious mutations in genes which function in the dikaryon and/or diploid stage of the life cycle.^[13]

Mating types likely predateanisogamy,^[14] and sexes evolved directly from mating types orindependently in some lineages.^[15]

Studies ongreen algae have provided evidence for the evolutionary link between sexes and mating types.^[16] In 2006 Japanese researchers found a gene in males ofPleodorina starrii that is anorthologue to a gene for a mating type in theChlamydomonas reinhardtii.^[17] InVolvocales, the plus mating type is theancestor to female.^[18]

Inciliates, multiple mating types evolved from binary mating types in several lineages.^[19]: 75 As of 2019,genomic conflict has been considered the leading explanation for the evolution of two mating types.^[20]

Secondary mating types evolved alongsidesimultaneous hermaphrodites in several lineages.^{[19]: 71 [clarification needed]}

• Mating in fungi
• Mating of yeast
• Mating-type locus
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a and α mating types)
• Schizophyllum commune (23,328 mating types)
• Tetrahymena (7 mating types)

• Mycology
• Microbiology

• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2021