An 1858 depiction of John Horse, also known as Juan Caballo
After theforced relocation of theSeminoles and Black Seminoles from Florida toIndian Territory, a group led by Seminole sub-chiefWild Cat and Black Seminole chiefJohn Horse moved to northern Mexico.[2] The group settled at El Nacimiento in 1852.[3] They worked for the Mexican government to protect against Indian raids. Many of the Seminoles died from smallpox and many of those remaining eventually returned to the United States along with some of the Black Seminoles.[2]
In May 2017, the Governor of CoahuilaRubén Moreira Valdez signed a decree that recognized thetribu de los negros mascogos as a "pueblo indígena de Coahuila".[1] He said that he hopes the Mascogos can begin receiving funds from the Instituto Nacional de Pueblos Indígenas by 2018.[1] Moreira Valdez also highlighted that the history of the Mascogos,Kickapoo andChinese immigrants were now included in the state's history textbooks.[1]
Mascogo may derive fromMuscogee.[3] Thecapeyuye, religious songs accompanied by hand clapping, are performed at funerals, New Years and Christmas.[3] In 2015, a capeyuye album titledMascogo Soul featuring four Mascogo matriarchs was published.[4]
The Mascogos celebrateJuneteenth.[3] During the festivities, the community is visited by family members and Black Seminoles fromBrackettville, Texas.[5] Mascogo traditional dishes include soske (a type ofatole), tetapún (bread made fromcamote), pumpkin orpiloncilloempanadas and pan de mortero.[3]
The traditional costume of the Mascogo women is a long, polka-dotted dress, an apron and a kerchief tied around the head.[3] As of 2016, the only "pure Mascogo" was 85-year old Lucía Vázquez, a result of frequent out-marriage in the community.[3] According to Homero Vásquez, an elderly Mascogo whose mother was fromChihuahua, starting in the 1930s there was an influx of farmers to the region resulting in an increase of marriage with outsiders.[3] There is significant migration to other parts of Mexico and the United States of the young people of El Nacimiento due to a lack of opportunities.[3]Afro-Seminole Creole is used for the capeyuye and is spoken mostly by the elderly.[5]
