Foundedc. 600 BC by Greek settlers fromPhocaea, Marseille is the oldest city in France, as well as one of Europe'soldest continuously inhabited settlements.[9] It was known to theancient Greeks asMassalia and toRomans asMassilia.[9][10] Marseille has been a trading port since ancient times. In particular, it experienced a considerable commercial boom during the colonial period and especially during the 19th century, becoming a prosperous industrial and trading city. Nowadays theOld Port still lies at the heart of the city, where the manufacture ofMarseille soap began some six centuries ago. Overlooking the port is theBasilica of Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde or "Bonne-mère" for the people of Marseille, aRomano-Byzantine church and the symbol of the city. Inherited from this past, the Grand Port Maritime de Marseille (GPMM) and the maritime economy are major poles of regional and national activity and Marseille remains the first French port, the second Mediterranean port and the fifth European port.[11] Since its origins, Marseille's openness to the Mediterranean Sea has made it acosmopolitan city marked by cultural and economic exchanges with Southern Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and Asia. In Europe, the city has the third largest Jewish community afterLondon and Paris.[12]
InLatinMassilia, from theGreekΜασσαλία (Massalía), which is the oldest attestation of the name, sincethe city was founded by Greek settlers around 600 BC, and remained for a long time a Greek-speaking place even after it fell under Roman rule.
Marseille has the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far asCassis, are theCalanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with smallfjord-like inlets. Farther east still are theSainte-Baume (a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest ofdeciduous trees), the city ofToulon and theFrench Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the lowGarlaban and Etoilemountain ranges, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft)Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony ofl'Estaque; farther west are theCôte Bleue, theGulf of Lion and theCamargue region in theRhônedelta. Theairport lies to the north west of the city atMarignane on theÉtang de Berre.[13]
The city's main thoroughfare (the wide boulevard called theCanebière) stretches eastward from theOld Port to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas[b][14] on the south side andFort Saint-Jean on the north. Farther out in the Bay of Marseille is theFrioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location ofChâteau d'If, made famous by theDumas novelThe Count of Monte Cristo. The main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at Rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse (one of the city's main shopping malls). The centre of Marseille has several pedestrianised zones, most notably Rue St Ferréol, Cours Julien near the Music Conservatory, the Cours Honoré-d'Estienne-d'Orves off the Old Port and the area around the Hôtel de Ville. To the south east of central Marseille in the6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the monumental fountain of Place Castellane, an important bus and metro interchange. To the south west are the hills of the7th and8th arrondissements, dominated by thebasilica ofNotre-Dame de la Garde. Marseille's main railway station—Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement; it is linked by the Boulevard d'Athènes to the Canebière.[13]
The city has ahot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen:Csa) with cool-mild winters with moderate rainfall, because of the wet westerly winds, and hot, mostly dry summers.[15] December, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 12 °C (54 °F) during the day and 4 °C (39 °F) at night. July and August are the hottest months, averaging temperatures of around 28–30 °C (82–86 °F) during the day and 19 °C (66 °F) at night in the Marignane airport [35 km (22 mi) from Marseille] but in the city near the sea the average high temperature is 27 °C (81 °F) in July.[16]
Marseille receives the most sunlight of any French city, 2,897.6 hours per year on average,[17] while the average sunshine in the country is around 1,950 hours.[citation needed] It is also the driest major city with only 532.3 mm (21 in) of precipitation annually, mainly due to themistral, a cold, dry wind originating in theRhône Valley that occurs mostly in winter and spring and which generally brings clear skies and sunny weather to the region. Less frequent is thesirocco, a hot, sand-bearing wind, coming from the Sahara. Snowfalls are infrequent; over 50% of years do not experience a single snowfall.[citation needed]
The hottest temperature was 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) on 26 July 1983 during a great heat wave, the lowest temperature was −16.8 °C (1.8 °F) on 13 February 1929 during a strong cold wave.[18]
The city maintained its position as a premier maritime trading hub even after its capture by theVisigoths in the fifth century AD, although the city went into decline following the sack of AD 739 by the forces ofCharles Martel against theUmayyadArabs. It became part of theCounty of Provence during the tenth century, although its renewed prosperity was curtailed by the Black Death of the 14th century and a sack of the city by theCrown of Aragon in 1423.[28] The city's fortunes rebounded with the ambitious building projects ofRené of Anjou, Count of Provence, who strengthened the city's fortifications during the mid-15th century. During the 16th century, the city hosted a naval fleet with the combined forces of theFranco-Ottoman alliance, which threatened the ports and navies of theGenoese Republic.[29]
Marseille lost a significant portion of its population during theGreat Plague of Marseille in 1720, but the population had recovered by mid-century. In 1792, the city became a focal point of theFrench Revolution, and though France'snational anthem was born inStrasbourg, it was first sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille, hence the name the crowd gave it:La Marseillaise. TheIndustrial Revolution and establishment of theSecond French colonial empire during the 19th century allowed for the further expansion of the city, although it was occupied by the GermanWehrmacht in November 1942 and subsequently heavily damaged duringWorld War II. The city has since become a major center for immigrant communities from former French colonies in Africa, such asFrench Algeria.
Marseille is a major French centre for trade and industry, with excellent transportation infrastructure (roads, sea port and airport). Marseille Provence Airport is the fourth largest in France. In May 2005, the French financial magazineL'Expansion named Marseille the most dynamic of France's large cities, citing figures showing that 7,200 companies had been created in the city since 2000.[30] As of 2019[update], the Marseille metropolitan area had aGDP amounting to US$81.4 billion,[e] or US$43,430 per capita (purchasing power parity).[31]
The entrance to the Old Port, flanked by Fort Saint-Jean and Fort Saint-Nicolas
Historically, the economy of Marseille was dominated by its role as a port of the French Empire, linking the North African colonies of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia withMetropolitan France. TheOld Port was replaced as the main port for trade by the Port de la Joliette (now part ofMarseille-Fos Port) during theSecond Empire and now contains restaurants, offices, bars and hotels and functions mostly as a private marina. The majority of the port anddocks, which experienced decline in the 1970s after theoil crisis, have been recently redeveloped with funds from theEuropean Union. Fishing remains important in Marseille and the food economy of Marseille is fed by the local catch; a daily fish market is still held on theQuai des Belges of the Old Port.
The economy of Marseille and its region is still linked to its commercial port, the first French port and the fifthEuropean port by cargo tonnage, which lies north of the Old Port and eastern inFos-sur-Mer. Some 45,000 jobs are linked to the port activities and it represents €4 billion of added value to the regional economy.[32] 100 million tons offreight pass annually through the port, 60% of which is petroleum, making it number one in France and the Mediterranean and number three in Europe. However, in the early 2000s, the growth in container traffic was being stifled by the constant strikes and social upheaval.[33] The port is among the 20th firsts in Europe for container traffic with 1,062,408TEU and new infrastructure has already raised the capacity to 2 million TEU.[34] Marseille is connected with the Rhône via acanal and thus has access to the extensive waterway network of France. Petroleum is shipped northward to the Paris basin by pipeline. The city also serves as France's leading centre of oil refining.[citation needed]
In recent years,[when?] the city has also experienced a large growth inservice sector employment and a switch fromlight manufacturing to a cultural,high-tech economy.[citation needed] The Marseille region is home to thousands of companies, 90% of which aresmall and medium enterprises with less than 500 employees.[35][full citation needed] Among the most famous areCMA CGM, container-shipping giant;Compagnie maritime d'expertises (Comex), a leader in sub-sea engineering and hydraulic systems;Airbus Helicopters, anAirbus division; Azur Promotel, an activereal estate development company;La Provence, the localdaily newspaper; RTM, Marseille's public transport company; and Société Nationale Maritime Corse Méditerranée (SNCM), a major provider of passenger, vehicle and freight transportation in the Western Mediterranean. The urban operationEuroméditerranée has developed a large offer of offices and thus Marseille hosts one of the main business district in France.
Marseille is the home of three maintechnopoles: Château-Gombert (technological innovations), Luminy (biotechnology) and La Belle de Mai (17,000 sq.m. of offices dedicated to multimedia activities).[36][37]
The port is also an important arrival base for millions of people each year, with 2.4 million including 890,100 from cruise ships.[32] With its beaches, history, architecture and culture (24 museums and 42 theatres), Marseille is one of the most visited cities in France, with 4.1 million visitors in 2012.[38]
They take place in three main sites, thePalais du Pharo, Palais des Congrès et des Expositions (Parc Chanot) and World Trade Center.[39] In 2012 Marseille hosted theWorld Water Forum. Several urban projects have been developed to make Marseille attractive. Thus new parks, museums, public spaces and real estate projects aim to improve the city's quality of life (Parc du 26e Centenaire,Old Port of Marseille,[40] numerous places inEuroméditerranée) to attract firms and people. Marseille municipality acts to develop Marseille as a regional nexus for entertainment in the south of France with high concentration of museums, cinemas, theatres, clubs, bars, restaurants, fashion shops, hotels, andart galleries.
Unemployment in the economy fell from 20% in 1995 to 14% in 2004.[41][needs update] However, Marseille unemployment rate remains higher than the national average. In some parts of Marseille, youth unemployment is reported to be as high as 40%.[42][needs update]
The sectors and arrondissements of MarseillePolitical majority in each sector since 2014
The city of Marseille is divided into 16municipal arrondissements, which are themselves informally divided into 111 neighbourhoods (French:quartiers). The arrondissements are regrouped in pairs, into 8 sectors, each with a mayor and council (like the arrondissements inParis andLyon).[43] Municipal elections are held every six years and are carried out by sector. There are 303 councilmembers in total, two-thirds sitting in the sector councils and one third in the city council.
In recent years, the Communist Party has lost most of its strength in the northern boroughs of the city, whereas theNational Front has received significant support. At thelast municipal election in 2014, Marseille was divided between the northern arrondissements dominated by the left (PS) and far-right (FN) and the southern part of town dominated by the conservative (UMP). Marseille is also divided intwelve cantons, each of them sending two members to theDepartmental Council of theBouches-du-Rhônedepartment.
Mayors of Marseille since the beginning of the 20th century
All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1926 to 1936 (incl.) are the redressed figures calculated byINSEE to correct the overestimated population of Marseille published by the municipal authorities at the time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and remain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Lyon).[44] Source: EHESS[45] and INSEE[46]
Population of the Marseille metropolitan area (3,972 km²) (92 communes, within 2020 borders)
All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1926 to 1936 (incl.) use for the commune of Marseille the redressed figures calculated byINSEE to correct the overestimated population published by the municipal authorities at the time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and remain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Lyon).[44] Source: EHESS[47] and INSEE[48]
Because of its pre-eminence as a Mediterranean port, Marseille has always been one of the main gateways into France. This has attracted many immigrants and made Marseille a cosmopolitanmelting pot. By the end of the 18th century about half the population originated from elsewhere in Provence mostly and also from southern France.[51][52][page needed]
Economic conditions and political unrest in Europe and the rest of the world brought several other waves of immigrants during the 20th century: Greeks and Italians started arriving at the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, up to 40% of the city's population was of Italian origin;[53] Russians in 1917; Armenians in 1915 and 1923; Vietnamese in the 1920s, 1954 and after 1975;[54]Corsicans during the 1920s and 1930s; Spanish after 1936;Maghrebis (bothArab andBerber) in theinter-war period; Sub-Saharan Africans after 1945;Maghrebi Jews in the 1950s and 1960s; thePieds-Noirs from the formerFrench Algeria in 1962; and then fromComoros.
At the 2019 census, 81.4% of the inhabitants of the Marseillemetropolitan area were natives ofMetropolitan France, 0.6% were born inOverseas France, and 18.0% were born in foreign countries (two-fifth of whom French citizens from birth, in particularPieds-Noirs from Algeria arrived in Metropolitan France after the independence of Algeria in 1962).[49] A quarter of the immigrants living in the Marseille metropolitan area were born in Europe (half of them in Italy, Portugal, and Spain), 46% were born in theMaghreb (almost two-third of them in Algeria), 14% in the rest of Africa (almost half of them in theIndian Ocean islands ofComoros,Madagascar, andMauritius, not counting those born inRéunion andMayotte who are not legally immigrants), and 15.0% in the rest of the world (not counting those born in theFrench overseas departments of the Americas and in the French territories of the South Pacific, who are not legally immigrants).[50]
In 2002, about one third of the population of Marseille can trace their roots back to Italy.[55] Marseille also has the second-largestCorsican andArmenian populations of France. Other significant communities includeMaghrebis,Turks,Comorians, Chinese, andVietnamese.[56]
The largest immigrant communities (including descendants) in 2002 were Italians (290,000 Italians, or 33%), then Muslims - mainly Maghrebis (200,000 Muslims, or 23%), then Corsicans (100,000 Corsicans, or 11.5%), then Armenians (80,000 Armenians, or 9%).[55]
In 1999, in several arrondissements, about 40% of the young people under 18 were of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent).[57]
Since 2013 a significant number of Central- and Eastern European immigrants have settled in Marseille, attracted by better job opportunities and the good climate of this Mediterranean city.[58]
Place of birth of residents of the Marseillemetropolitan area at the 2019 census
^a Persons born abroad of French parents, such asPieds-Noirs and children of French expatriates. ^b An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants. ^cMorocco,Tunisia,Algeria
^a Persons born abroad of French parents, such asPieds-Noirs and children of French expatriates. ^b An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants. ^cMorocco,Tunisia,Algeria
Marseille is a city that has its own unique culture and is proud of its differences from the rest of France.[60] Today it is a regional centre for culture and entertainment with an importantopera house, historical and maritime museums, five art galleries and numerous cinemas, clubs, bars and restaurants.
Marseille has a large number of theatres, including La Criée, Le Gymnase and the Théâtre Toursky. There is also an extensivearts centre inLa Friche, a former match factory behind the Saint-Charles station. TheAlcazar, until the 1960s a well knownmusic hall andvariety theatre, has recently been completely remodelled behind its original façade and now houses the central municipal library.[61] Other music venues in Marseille include Le Silo (also a theatre) andGRIM.
Rich and poor neighborhoods exist side by side. Although the city has crime, Marseille has a large degree of multicultural tolerance. Urban geographers[63] say the city's geography, being surrounded by mountains, helps explain why Marseille does not have the same problems as Paris. In Paris, ethnic areas are segregated and concentrated in the periphery of the city. Residents of Marseille are of diverse origins, yet appear to share a similar particular identity.[64][65] An example is how Marseille responded in 2005, when ethnic populations living in other French cities' suburbsrioted, but Marseille remained relatively calm.[66]
Marseille served as theEuropean Capital of Culture for 2013 along withKošice.[67] It was chosen to give a 'human face' to the European Union to celebrate cultural diversity and to increase understanding between Europeans.[68] One of the intentions of highlighting culture is to help reposition Marseille internationally, stimulate the economy, and help to build better interconnection between groups.[69]Marseille-Provence 2013 (MP2013) featured more than 900 cultural events held throughout Marseille and the surrounding communities. These cultural events generated more than 11 million visits.[70] The European Capital of Culture was also the occasion to unveil more than 600 million euros in new cultural infrastructure in Marseille and its environs, including theMuCEM designed byRudy Ricciotti.
Early on, immigrants came to Marseille locally from the surrounding Provence region. By the 1890s immigrants came from other regions of France as well as Italy.[71] Marseille became one of Europe's busiest ports by 1900.[65] Marseille has served as a major port where immigrants from around the Mediterranean arrive.[71] Marseille continued to be multicultural. Armenians from the Ottoman Empire began arriving in 1913. In the 1930s, Italians settled in Marseille. After World War II, a wave of Jewish immigrants from North Africa arrived. In 1962, a number of French colonies gained their independence, and the French citizens from Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia arrived in Marseille.[72] The city had an economic downturn and lost many jobs. Those who could afford to move left and the poorest remained. For a while, the mafia appeared to run the city, and for a period of time the communist party was prominent.[72]
Multi-cultural Marseille can be observed by a visitor at the market at Noailles, also called Marché des Capucins, in old town near the Old Port. There, Lebanese bakeries, an African spice market, Chinese and Vietnamese groceries, fresh vegetables and fruit, shops selling couscous, shops selling Caribbean food are side by side with stalls selling shoes and clothing from around the Mediterranean. Nearby, people sell fresh fish and men from Tunisia drink tea.[72]
Although most Armenians arrived after theArmenian Genocide, Armenians had a long presence even before the 20th and late 19th centuries. Armenians, having an extensive trade network worldwide, massively traded with Marseille and its port. Most notably, during the 16th century, and after the Armenians gained a monopoly over Iranian silk, which was granted to them by Shah Abbas of Iran, the trade flow of Armenians of Marseille increased tremendously.[citation needed] Merchants of Armenian origin received trade privileges in France by Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu (1585–1642) and later on Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619–1683) Marseille a free port in 1669. One notable Armenian-Iranian merchant gained a patent from Louis XIV (1638–1715) over Iranian silk.[73] Armenians also became successful money-lenders and bankers in the city. Due to these policies and the multiculturalism of the city of Marseille, Armenians became very wealthy, and the legacy of the Armenians in the city still lives on.
Multiculturalism in Marseille is not without its challenges; the city still does not have an official mosque, despite some estimates for the Muslim population in Marseille being as high as 40%. In addition, the city is still heavily segregated, between the poor, majority-Muslim north, and the richer, less Muslim south. And, "according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development thinktank, Marseille is the most economically divided city in Europe."[74]
Languages spoken in Marseille include French, Arabic, Occitan,[75] and Marseillais.[76]
The most commonly usedtarot deck takes its name from the city; it has been called theTarot de Marseille since the 1930s—a name coined for commercial use by the French cardmaker and cartomancer Paul Marteau, owner of B–P Grimaud. Previously this deck was calledTarot italien (Italian Tarot) and even earlier it was simply called Tarot. Before beingde Marseille, it was used to play the local variant oftarocchi before it became used incartomancy at the end of the 18th century, following the trend set byAntoine Court de Gébelin. The nameTarot de Marseille (Marteau used the nameancien Tarot de Marseille) was used by contrast to other types of Tarots such asTarot deBesançon; those names were simply associated with cities where there were many cardmakers in the 18th century (previously several cities in France were involved in cardmaking).[77]
Another local tradition is the making ofsantons, small hand-crafted figurines for the traditional Provençal Christmascreche. Since 1803, starting on the last Sunday of November, there has been a Santon Fair in Marseille; it is currently held in the Cours d'Estienne d'Orves, a large square off the Vieux-Port.
Marseille's main cultural attraction was, since its creation at the end of the 18th century and until the late 1970s, theOpéra. Located near the Old Port and the Canebière, at the very heart of the city, itsarchitectural style was comparable to the classical trend found in other opera houses built at the same time inLyon andBordeaux. In 1919, a fire almost completely destroyed the house, leaving only the stonecolonnade andperistyle from the original façade.[78][79] The classical façade was restored and the opera house reconstructed in a predominantlyArt Deco style, as the result of a major competition. Currently the Opéra de Marseille stages six or seven operas each year.[80]
There are several popular festivals in different neighborhoods, with concerts, animations, and outdoor bars, like the Fête du Panier in June. On 21 June, there are dozens of free concerts in the city as part of France'sFête de la Musique, featuring music from all over the world. Being free events, many Marseille residents attend.
Marseille hosts a Gay Pride event in early July. In 2013, Marseille hostedEuropride, an internationalLGBT event, 10 July–20.[81] At the beginning of July, there is the International Documentary Festival.[82] At the end of September, the electronic music festivalMarsatac takes place.In October, theFiesta des Suds offers many concerts of world music.[83]
Bouillabaisse is the most famous seafood dish of Marseille. It is a fish stew containing at least three varieties of very fresh local fish: typically red rascasse (Scorpaena scrofa);sea robin (fr:grondin); andEuropean conger (fr:congre).[85] It can include gilt-headbream (fr:dorade);turbot;monkfish (fr:lotte orbaudroie);mullet; or silverhake (fr:merlan), and it usually includes shellfish and other seafood such assea urchins (fr:oursins),mussels (fr:moules);velvet crabs (fr:étrilles);spider crab (fr:araignées de mer), plus potatoes and vegetables. In the traditional version, the fish is served on a platter separate from the broth.[86] The broth is served withrouille, a mayonnaise made with egg yolk, olive oil, red bell pepper, saffron, and garlic, spread on pieces of toasted bread, orcroûtons.[87][88] In Marseille, bouillabaisse is rarely made for fewer than ten people.[89]
Aïoli is a sauce made from raw garlic, lemon juice, eggs and olive oil, served with boiled fish, hard boiled eggs and cooked vegetables.[87]
Anchoïade is a paste made from anchovies, garlic, and olive oil, spread on bread or served with raw vegetables.[87]
Bourride is a soup made with white fish (monkfish, European sea bass, whiting, etc.) and aïoli.[90]
Fougasse is a flat Provençal bread, similar to the Italianfocaccia. It is traditionally baked in a wood oven and sometimes filled with olives, cheese or anchovies.[citation needed]
Navette de Marseille [fr] are, in the words of food writerM. F. K. Fisher, "little boat-shaped cookies, tough dough tasting vaguely of orange peel, smelling better than they are."[91] They are sold in one specific shop, dedicated to its fabrication since 1781 called "le four des navettes".
Cade is chickpea flour boiled into a thick mush, allowed to firm up, then cut into blocks and fried.[92]
Pastis is an alcoholic beverage made withaniseed and spice. It is extremely popular in the region.[93]
Pistou is a combination of crushed fresh basil and garlic with olive oil, similar to the Italianpesto. The "soupe au pistou" combines pistou in a broth with pasta and vegetables.[87]
Tapenade is a paste made from chopped olives, capers, and olive oil (sometimes anchovies may be added).[94]
Marseille is listed as a major centre of art and history. The city has many museums and galleries and there are many ancient buildings and churches of historical interest.
Most of the attractions of Marseille (including shopping areas) are located in the 1st, 2nd, 6th and 7th arrondissements. These include:[95][96]
The Old Port or Vieux-Port, the main harbour and marina of the city. It is guarded by two massive forts (Fort Saint-Nicolas andFort Saint-Jean) and is one of the main places to eat in the city. Dozens of cafés line the waterfront. The Quai des Belges at the end of the harbour is the site of the daily fish market. Much of the northern quayside area was rebuilt by the architect Fernand Pouillon after its destruction by theNazis in 1943.
The Hôtel-Dieu, a former hospital inLe Panier, transformed into anInterContinental hotel in 2013.
La Vieille Charité inLe Panier, an architecturally significant building designed by the Puget brothers. The central baroque chapel is situated in a courtyard lined with arcaded galleries. Originally built as analms house, it is now home to an archeological museum and a gallery of African and Asian art, as well as bookshops and a café. It also houses the Marseille International Poetry Centre.[97]
TheCathedral of Sainte-Marie-Majeure or La Major, founded in the fourth century, enlarged in the 11th century and completely rebuilt in the second half of the 19th century by the architectsLéon Vaudoyer andHenri-Jacques Espérandieu. The present day cathedral is a gigantic edifice in Romano-Byzantine style. Aromanesquetransept,choir andaltar survive from the older medieval cathedral, spared from complete destruction only as a result of public protests at the time.
The 12th-centuryparish church ofSaint-Laurent and adjoining 17th-century chapel of Sainte-Catherine, on the quayside near the cathedral.
In addition to the two in the Centre de la Vieille Charité, described above, the main museums are:[99]
TheMusée des Civilisations de l'Europe et de la Méditerranée (MuCEM) and the Villa Méditerranée were inaugurated in 2013. The MuCEM is devoted to the history and culture of European and Mediterranean civilisations. The adjacent Villa Méditerranée, an international centre for cultural and artistic interchange, is partially constructed underwater. The site is linked by footbridges to the Fort Saint-Jean and to the Panier.[100][101]
The Musée Regards de Provence, opened in 2013, is located between the Cathedral of Notre Dame de la Majeur and the Fort Saint-Jean. It occupies a converted port building constructed in 1945 to monitor and control potential sea-borne health hazards, in particular epidemics. It now houses a permanent collection of historical artworks from Provence as well as temporary exhibitions.[102]
The Musée des Docks Romains preserves in situ the remains of Roman commercial warehouses, and has a small collection of objects, dating from the Greek period to the Middle Ages, that were uncovered on the site or retrieved from shipwrecks.
TheMarseille History Museum (Musée d'Histoire de Marseille), devoted to the history of the town, located in the Centre Bourse. It contains remains of the Greek, and Roman history of Marseille as well as the best preserved hull of a sixth-century boat in the world. Ancient remains from theHellenic port are displayed in the adjacent archeological gardens, theJardin des Vestiges.
TheMusée Cantini, a museum of modern art near the Palais de Justice. It houses artworks associated with Marseille as well as several works byPicasso.
The Calanque of Sugiton in the 9th arrondissement of MarseilleThe Château d'IfHollywood-style "Marseille" sign
The main attractions outside the city centre include:[96]
The 19th-century Basilica ofNotre-Dame de la Garde, an enormous Romano-Byzantine basilica built by architect Espérandieu in the hills to the south of the Old Port. The terrace offers views of Marseille and its surroundings.[106]
TheUnité d'Habitation, an influential and iconic modernist building designed by the Swiss architectLe Corbusier in 1952. On the third floor is the gastronomic restaurant, Le Ventre de l'Architecte. On the roof is the contemporary gallery MaMo opened in 2013.
The islands of theFrioul archipelago in the Bay of Marseille, accessible by ferry from the Old Port. The prison ofChâteau d'If was one of the settings forThe Count of Monte Cristo, the novel byAlexandre Dumas.[112] The neighbouring islands of Ratonneau and Pomègues are joined by a human-madebreakwater. The site of a former garrison and quarantine hospital, these islands are also of interest for their marine wildlife.
The main French research bodies including theCNRS,INSERM andINRA are all well represented in Marseille. Scientific research is concentrated at several sites across the city, including Luminy, where there are institutes in developmental biology (the IBDML), immunology (CIML), marine sciences and neurobiology (INMED), at the CNRS Joseph Aiguier campus (a world-renowned institute of molecular and environmental microbiology) and at the Timone hospital site (known for work in medical microbiology). Marseille is also home to the headquarters of theIRD, which promotes research into questions affecting developing countries.[citation needed]
The city is served by an international airport,Marseille Provence Airport, located in Marignane. The airport is the fifth busiest French airport, was known as the fourth most important European traffic growth in 2012.[113] An extensive network of motorways connects Marseille to the north and west (A7), Aix-en-Provence in the north (A51), Toulon (A50) and theFrench Riviera It is the most populous city in the French Riviera(A8) to the east.
Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles is Marseille's main railway station. It operates direct regional services to Aix-en-Provence,Briançon, Toulon,Avignon,Nice,Montpellier,Toulouse,Bordeaux,Nantes, etc. Gare Saint-Charles is also one of the main terminal stations for theTGV in the south of France making Marseille reachable in three hours from Paris (a distance of over 750 km) and just over one and a half hours from Lyon. There are also direct TGV lines toLille, Brussels, Nantes,Geneva,Strasbourg andFrankfurt as well asEurostar services toLondon (just in the summer) and Thello services to Milan (just one a day), via Nice and Genoa.
There is a new long-distance bus station adjacent to new modern extension to the Gare Saint-Charles with destinations mostly to otherBouches-du-Rhône towns, including buses toAix-en-Provence, Cassis,La Ciotat andAubagne. The city is also served with 11 other regional trains stations in the east and the north of the city, includingMarseille-Blancarde.
Marseille is connected by theMarseille Métro train system operated by theRégie des transports de Marseille (RTM). It consists of two lines: Line 1 (blue) between Castellane and La Rose opened in 1977 and Line 2 (red) between Sainte-Marguerite-Dromel and Bougainville opened between 1984 and 1987. An extension of the Line 1 from Castellane to La Timone was completed in 1992, another extension from La Timone to La Fourragère (2.5 km (1.6 mi) and 4 new stations) was opened in May 2010. The Métro system operates on a turnstile system, with tickets purchased at the nearby adjacent automated booths. Both lines of the Métro intersect at Gare Saint-Charles and Castellane. Threebus rapid transit lines are under construction to better connect the Métro to farther places (Castellane -> Luminy; Capitaine Gèze – La Cabucelle -> Vallon des Tuves; La Rose -> Château Gombert – Saint Jérôme).
An extensivebus network serves the city and suburbs of Marseille, with 104 lines and 633 buses. The three lines of thetramway,[114] opened in 2007, go from theCMA CGM Tower towards Les Caillols.
As in many other French cities, a bike-sharing service nicknamed "Le vélo", free for trips of less than half an hour, was introduced by the city council in 2007.[115]
A free ferry service operates between the two opposite quays of the Old Port. From 2011 ferry shuttle services operate between the Old Port and Pointe Rouge; in spring 2013 it will also run to l'Estaque.[116] There are also ferry services and boat trips available from the Old Port toFrioul, theCalanques and Cassis.
Marseille is famous for its importantpétanque activity, it is even renowned as thepétanque capitale.[117] In 2012 Marseille hosted the Pétanque World Championship and the city hosts every year theMondial la Marseillaise de pétanque, the main pétanque competition.
Match Race France 2008
Sailing is a major sport in Marseille. The wind conditions allow regattas in the warm waters of the Mediterranean.[citation needed] Throughout most seasons of the year it can be windy while the sea remains smooth enough to allow sailing. Marseille has been the host of 8 (2010) Match Race France events which are part of theWorld Match Racing Tour. The event draws the world's best sailing teams to Marseille. The identical supplied boats (J Boats J-80 racing yachts) are raced two at a time in an on the water dogfight which tests the sailors and skippers to the limits of their physical abilities.Points accrued count towards the World Match Racing Tour and a place in the final event, with the overall winner taking the title ISAF World Match Racing Tour Champion. Match racing is an ideal sport for spectators in Marseille, as racing in close proximity to the shore provides excellent views. The city was also considered as a possible venue for 2007America's Cup.[118]
^Port Saint-Nicholas is a 17th-century fortress built around the small medieval chapel of Entrecasteaux near theAbbey of St Victor, Marseille.
^The altitude provided from the site varies about 31 m, a much larger value than the margin of error, which may mean that the station was relocated ms in one of the data had maintained the elevation from when measured, which should be used.[19][20]
^Although the values have a record of more than two decades, it can not be used as an overview of the local climate, as it does not reach the minimum period of 30 years required byWMO.[24]
^An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.
^Ebel, Charles (1976).Transalpine Gaul: the emergence of a Roman province. Brill Archive. pp. 5–16.ISBN90-04-04384-5., Chapter 2,Massilia and Rome before 390 B.C.
^ab"Marseille–Obs (13)"(PDF).Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Meteo France. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 10 March 2018. Retrieved10 March 2018.
^"Marignane (13)"(PDF).Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records (in French). Meteo France. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 10 March 2018. Retrieved14 July 2022.
^Neumann, Benjamin (1 May 2005)."Les villes qui font bouger la France" [Cities That Are Moving France].L'Express (in French). Paris: Roularta Media Group. Archived fromthe original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved28 January 2008.
^Ingram, Mark (2009). "Euro-Mediterranean Marseille: Redefining State Cultural Policy in an Era of Transnational Governance".City & Society. Vol. 21. pp. 268–292.
^Moreau, Alain (2001).Migrations, identités, et territoires à Marseille.Migrations, identités, et territoires à Marseille. Paris: Hamattan. pp. 27–52.
^Williams, D (27 October 2005). "Long Integrated, Marseille Is Spared. Southern Port Was Largely Quiet as Riots Raged in Other French Cities".The Washington Post.
^Bullen, Claire (2010). "European Capitals of Culture and Everyday Cultural Diversity: A Comparison of Liverpool (UK) and Marseilles (France)".European Cultural Foundation.
^Zukin, S (1995).The Culture of Cities. Oxford: Blackwell.
^see:Musée du Vieux-Marseille (2004),Cartes à jouer & tarots de Marseille: La donation Camoin, Alors Hors Du Temps,ISBN2-9517932-7-8, official catalogue of the permanent collection of playing cards from the museum of Vieux-Marseille, including a detailed history ofTarot de MarseilleDepaulis, Thierry (1984),Tarot, jeu et magie, Bibliothèque nationale,ISBN2-7177-1699-8
^Root, Waverley (1992) [Originally published 1958].The Food of France. New York: Vintage Books. p. 333.ISBN0-679-73897-5.panisso, made either of chick-pea or maize flour, boiled into a sort of mush, then allowed to cool and become more solid, when it is fried.
^Jessula, Georges (2003)."Darius Milhaud, Compositeur de Musique".Revue Juive.36 (1):140–144.doi:10.3917/aj.361.0140. Since their marriage in 1892, Milhaud's parents lived in theBras d'Or in Aix-en-Provence, where their son grew up; however he was delivered at the home of his maternal grandparents in Marseille.
^ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՔԱՂԱՔԱՊԵՏԱՐԱՆՊԱՇՏՈՆԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՅՔ [Yerevan expanding its international relations].Yerevan Municipality Official Website (in Armenian). Archived fromthe original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved5 August 2013.
Palanque, J.R. (1990). "Ligures, Celtes et Grecs" [Ligures, Celts and Greeks]. In Baratier, Edouard (ed.).Histoire de la Provence [History of Provence]. Univers de la France (in French). Toulouse: Editions Privat.ISBN2-7089-1649-1.
Abulafia, David, ed. (1999).The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press.ISBN0-521-36289-X.
Kitson, Simon (2014).Police and Politics in Marseille, 1936–1945. Amsterdam: Brill.ISBN978-90-04-24835-9.
Liauzu, Claude (1996).Histoire des migrations en Méditerranée occidentale [History of Migration in the Western Mediterranean] (in French). Brussels: Editions Complexe.ISBN2-87027-608-7.
Trott, Victoria (2007). Cannon, Gwen; Watkins, Gaven (eds.).Provence. London: Michelin Apa Publications.ISBN978-1-906261-29-0.
Peraldi, Michel; Samson, Michel (2006).Gouverner Marseille : Enquête sur les mondes politiques marseillais. Editions La Découverte.ISBN2-7071-4964-0.
Busquet, Raoul.Histoire de la Provence des origines à la révolution française (1954). Éditions Jeanne Lafitte.ISBN2-86276-319-5.
Attard-Marainchi, Marie-Françoise; Échinard, Pierre; Jordi, Jean-Jacques; Lopez, Renée; Sayad, Abdelmalek; Témime, Émile (2007).Migrance – histoires des migrations à Marseille. Éditions Jeanne Laffitte.ISBN978-2-86276-450-4., single book comprising 4 separate volumes:La préhistoire de la migration (1482–1830);L'expansion marseillaise et "l'invasion italienne" (1830–1918);Le cosomopolitisme de l'entre-deux-guerres (1919–1945);Le choc de la décolonisation (1945–1990).
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