Marquessate of the County of Bute
Arms of the Marquess of Bute: Quarterly, 1st & 4th, Or, a Fess chequy Azure and Argent within a Double-Tressure flory counterflory Gules (forStuart); 2nd & 3rd,, Argent a Lion rampant Azure (for Crichton).[1]
Creation date	2 February 1796
Created by	King George III
Peerage	Peerage of Great Britain
First holder	John Stuart, 4th Earl of Bute
Present holder	John Bryson Crichton-Stuart, 8th Marquess of Bute
Heir apparent	John, Earl of Dumfries
Remainder to	the 1st Marquess'sheirs maleof the body lawfully begotten
Subsidiary titles	Lord Crichton of Sanquhar; Lord Mount Stuart; Baron Cardiff; Viscount of Kingarth; Viscount Mountjoy; Earl of Bute; Earl of Windsor; Earl of Dumfries
Status	Extant
Seat	Mount Stuart House
Former seats	Cardiff Castle,Dumfries House,Castell Coch,House of Falkland,Luton Hoo
Motto	Over the centre Crest: NOBILIS EST IRA LEONIS (The wrath of the lion is noble) Over the dexter Crest: GOD SEND GRACE Over the sinister Crest: Avito viret honore (He flourishes in ancestral honour)
Currently theEarldom of Dumfries resides with the Marquesses of Bute. However, it can be inherited through the female line through an amendment to its original creation.

Marquess of the County of Bute, shortened in general usage toMarquess of Bute,^[2] is a title in thePeerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1796 forJohn Stuart, 4th Earl of Bute.

John Stuart was the member of a family that descended from John Stewart (1360–1449),Sheriff ofBute, a natural son ofRobert II of Scotland and his mistress Moira Leitch, married to Janet Sympil and, in 1407, to Elizabeth Graham. This John Stewart was granted the lands ofBute,Arran andCumbrae by his father. He was known as the 'Black Stewart' because of his dark complexion; his brother John Stewart of Dundonald was known as the 'Red Stewart'. The grant of lands was confirmed in 1400 by acharter ofRobert III.^[3][4] About 1385, John Stewart of Bute was granted the hereditary office of Sheriff of Bute by his father Robert II. He died in 1449, aged 89.^[5][6]

At about the time ofMary, Queen of Scots, the family adopted the spelling of 'Stuart', which she had used while living in France.^[3]James Stuart, seventh in descent from the Black Stewart, was created aBaronet, of Bute, in theBaronetage of Nova Scotia on 28 March 1627. His grandson, the third Baronet, represented Bute in theParliament of Scotland and was one of the Commissioners that negotiated the Union between Scotland and England. On 14 April 1703, he was raised to thePeerage of Scotland asEarl of Bute,Viscount of Kingarth, andLord Mount Stuart, Cumra and Inchmarnock. He was succeeded by his son, the 2nd Earl of Bute and 4th Baronet, who sat in theHouse of Lords as aScottish representative peer and served asLord-Lieutenant of Buteshire.

On his early death, the titles passed to his son, the third Earl. He became a politician and favourite ofGeorge III and served asPrime Minister of Great Britain from 1762 to 1763. Lord Bute marriedMary, a daughter ofEdward Wortley Montagu and his wife the writerLady Mary Wortley Montagu. In 1761, Lord Bute's wife Mary was raised to thePeerage of Great Britain in her own right asBaroness Mount Stuart, of Wortley in the County of York, with remainder to the heirs male of her body by her then husband Lord Bute. Her son became the first Marquess of Bute, whose eldest son and heirJohn Stuart, Lord Mount Stuart (who predeceased his father) married Lady Elizabeth Penelope, daughter and heiress ofPatrick McDouall-Crichton, 6th Earl of Dumfries. Lord Mount Stuart's eldest son John succeeded his maternal grandfather as seventh Earl of Dumfries in 1803, and his paternal grandfather as second Marquess of Bute in 1814. In 1805, he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Crichton before Stuart. He was succeeded by his only child, the third Marquess. He was an antiquarian, scholar, philanthropist and architectural patron and also held the post of Lord-Lieutenant of Buteshire. It was the 3rd Marquess who, in 1868, first converted toCatholicism,^[7] since which time the family have remained of that faith. His son the fourth Marquess was also Lord-Lieutenant of Buteshire.

His grandson,John Crichton-Stuart, 6th Marquess of Bute, succeeded his father and was Lord-Lieutenant of Buteshire from 1967 to 1975. As of 2021, the peerages are held by the latter's grandson, John Crichton-Stuart, 8th Marquess of Bute.

The Marquesses of Bute have important ancestors not only in Scotland but also inWales, including the firstLord Herbert of Cardiff, son and heir of Richard Herbert of Ewyas. He was also createdEarl of Pembroke.^[2] After theStuart Restoration, most of theHerbert family property was sold, and the rest was owned byThomas, Viscount Windsor, who married Charlotte, the only child ofPhilip Herbert, 7th Earl of Pembroke. In 1766, Viscount Windsor's granddaughter,Charlotte Jane, was married toJohn Stuart, Lord Mount Stuart (1744-1814), the son and heir of the 3rd Earl of Bute, prime minister from 1762 to 1763,^[2] and through this marriage great estates in south Wales came into the Bute family. In 1776, sixteen years before he succeeded his father as Earl of Bute, he was raised to the Peerage of Great Britain in his own right asBaron Cardiff, ofCardiff Castle in the County of Glamorgan, in recognition of his substantial Welsh estates. In 1796, he was further honoured when he was createdEarl of Windsor andViscount Mountjoy, on theIsle of Wight; revivals of the titles once held by his wife's family, andMarquess of Bute. These titles are also in the Peerage of Great Britain.

The Marquess of Bute is the hereditary keeper ofRothesay Castle, a privilege granted to the ancestor of the Earls and Marquesses of Bute, John Stewart, byRobert II during the 14th century. In this capacity, the Crichton-Stuart family had been responsible for the upkeep and restoration of the castle until the 1960s.^[8][9]

This branch of the Stewart (also Stuart) family previously held the office of HereditaryHigh Steward of Scotland, an office now held by theDuke of Rothesay in his capacity as a direct descendant of theHouse of Stuart.

Many other members of the family have gained distinction. Robert Stuart, a younger son of the first Baronet, was created a Baronet in his own right in 1707. The Hon.James Stuart-Mackenzie, a younger son of the second Earl, succeeded to the Mackenzie estates through his paternal grandmother and assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Mackenzie. He was a member of parliament. The Hon.James Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, second son of the third Earl, was a politician and the father ofJames Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Wharncliffe.Lieutenant-GeneralSir Charles Stuart, fourth son of the third Earl, was a distinguished soldier and the father ofCharles Stuart, 1st Baron Stuart de Rothesay. The Most Reverend the Hon.William Stuart, fifth son of the third Earl, wasArchbishop of Armagh. His sonSir William Stuart was a member of parliament. His eldest sonWilliam Stuart also sat as a member of parliament.Lady Louisa Stuart, daughter of the third Earl, was a writer.Lord Evelyn Stuart, second son of the first Marquess, was a soldier and politician. Lord Henry Crichton-Stuart, third son of the first Marquess, was the father ofHenry Villiers-Stuart, 1st Baron Stuart de Decies (see theBaron Stuart de Decies for more information on this branch of the family).

Lord William Stuart, fourth son of the first Marquess, was acaptain in theRoyal Navy and Member of Parliament. Lord George Stuart (1780–1841), fifth son of the first Marquess, was arear-admiral in the Royal Navy.Lord Dudley Stuart, sixth son of the first Marquess (and eldest from his second marriage), was a member of parliament.Lord Patrick Crichton-Stuart, second son of Lord Mount Stuart, eldest son of the first Marquess, was Member of Parliament forCardiff. His eldest sonJames Crichton-Stuart also represented this constituency in Parliament.Lord Ninian Crichton-Stuart, second son of the third Marquess, was also Member of Parliament for Cardiff before his early death in theFirst World War.Lord Colum Crichton-Stuart, third and youngest son of the third Marquess, sat as Member of Parliament forNorthwich for many years.Lord Robert Crichton-Stuart Crichton-Stuart, second son of the fourth Marquess, was Lord-Lieutenant of Buteshire. LordRhidian Crichton-Stuart, fifth and youngest son of the fourth Marquess, was a British member of the International Legislative Assembly of the Tangier International Zone.

The Earls and Marquesses of Bute originally used the courtesy title Lord Mount Stuart for the heir apparent. After the Earldom of Dumfries was inherited by the second Marquess, the heir apparent has been styled Earl of Dumfries and his heir apparent is styled Lord Mount Stuart. However, the current Marquess John Bryson Crichton-Stuart was styled as Lord Mount Stuart for some years after his father inherited the marquessate in 1993. This was because his father was well known at the time asJohnny Dumfries, Earl of Dumfries. Subsequently, the seventh Marquess became known as John or Johnny Bute and his heir adopted Jack Dumfries for short.

Coat of arms of the Marquess of Bute

Coronet ACoronet of a Marquess Escutcheon Quarterly, 1st & 4th, Or, a Fess chequy Azure and Argent within a Double-Tressure flory counterflory Gules (for Stuart); 2nd & 3rd,, Argent a Lion rampant Azure (for Crichton). Supporters Dexter: A Stag proper, attired and gorged with an Earl's Coronet Or, having therefrom a chain reflexed over the back Gules; Sinister: A Horse Argent, bridled Gules. Motto Over the centre Crest:NOBILIS EST IRA LEONIS (The wrath of the lion is noble), Over the dexter Crest:GOD SEND GRACE,Over the sinister Crest:Avito viret honore (To flourish in an honourable ancestry) Other elements Behind the shield placed in saltire, a Key Or, having within its handle a Fess chequy Azure and Argent, and a Rod Gules, surmounted with a Tower Argent, masoned Sable, conically capped loopholes and port Gules (being the Insignia of the Office of the Hereditary Keeper of Rothesay Castle).[1]

Mount Stuart House is the seat of the family of the Stuarts of Bute, on land that has been in the family since 1157, on theIsle of Bute.James Stuart, 2nd Earl of Bute, built a new Georgian house here, and this was finished in 1719. In 1877, it was damaged by fire, although the walls and most of the contents survived the blaze. A new Victorian Mount Stuart House was then built^[10] and was the first in Scotland to have electric lighting throughout, as well as having the world's first heated pool.^[11]

Although Mount Stuart House is the family seat of the Marquesses of Bute, the Mount Stuart Trust has operated it as a business since 1989.^[12]

In 1814,Dumfries House, nearCumnock,East Ayrshire, was inherited byJohn Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute, and the property remained in the Crichton-Stuart family for two centuries.^[13] In 1885, the3rd Marquess of Bute commissionedRobert Weir Schultz to design the pavilions.^[14] The heads of the Crichton-Stuart family had their main residence atMount Stuart House on theIsle of Bute. In the later 20th century, the house was inhabited by theDowager Marchioness of Bute, Lady Eileen, until her death in 1993.^[15] The6th Marquess died a few months later and the house passed to her grandson the7th Marquess; the racing driver known as John Bute.^[16]

Because of maintenance problems, in 2003 the7th Marquess decided to sell Dumfries House and to send the contents to auction. However,Charles III, (then)-Prince of Wales was able to arrange for the sale of the house, its contents, and its 2000-acre estate to a consortium of organisations, including the Scottish Government, the Art Fund, theGarfield Weston Foundation, the Monument Trust, theNational Heritage Memorial Fund, andSave Britain's Heritage. The Prince's Charities Foundation borrowed much of the £45m total sale price.^[17][18]

The3rd Marquess worked with the architectWilliam Burges in creating two Gothic revival castles in south Wales. TheWork of William Burges at Cardiff Castle^[19] has been remodelled from the originalRoman fort and the later Normanmotte-and-bailey. It passed through the hands of many noble families until, in 1766, it passed by marriage to the Bute family. The 2nd Marquess of Bute was key in the development of south Wales as one of the biggest coal exporters in its time by developing the port and Cardiff docks. Cardiff castle was inherited by his son John, the 3rd Marquess of Bute, who was extremely wealthy.^[19] The project began in 1866 with the architect William Burges who transformed the castle grounds. Within the two towers, one of which is a clock, he also designed expert interiors, with murals, stained glass, marble, gilding and elaborate wood carvings. The rooms included are the Mediterranean gardens and Italian, then also Arabian winter smoking room within the Herbert tower. Despite both previous Marquesses dying in their 50s, the project was completed by the 4th Marquess. Then, after the death of the 4th Marquess of Bute, the family gave the castle and its surrounding parks to city of Cardiff. For a quarter of a century, the Castle was leased by the National College of Music and Drama and, since 1974, Cardiff Castle has become one of Wales’s most popular tourist destinations.^[19]

TheHerbert family ruins were acquired by the Earls of Bute in 1760 whenJohn, 3rd Earl of Bute, marriedLady Charlotte Windsor, sharing her inheritance in south Wales.^[20] His grandson,The 2nd Marquess of Bute, whose wealth came fromCardiff Docks, eventually inherited the castle.^[21] The 2nd Marquess carried out exploration foriron ore atCastell Coch in 1827 and considered establishing an ironworks there.^[22]

The 3rd Marquess of Bute, anotherJohn Crichton-Stuart, inherited Castell Coch and the family estates as a child in 1848.^[23][24] On his coming of age, Bute's landed estates and industrial inheritance made him one of the wealthiest men in the world.^[25] He had a wide range of interests including archaeology, theology, linguistics and history.^[25] In 1850 the antiquarianGeorge Clark surveyed Castell Coch and published his findings, the first major scholarly work about the castle.Castell Coch^[26] has been occupied for over 700 years, the previous owner being theDe Clare Family. The castle was rarely used and given to the British Government by the5th Marquess in 1950.

• Sir James Stuart, 1st Baronet (died 1662)
• Sir Dugald Stuart, 2nd Baronet (died 1670)
• Sir James Stuart, 3rd Baronet (died 1710) (createdEarl of Bute in 1703)

• James Stuart, 1st Earl of Bute (died 1710)
• James Stuart, 2nd Earl of Bute (died 1723)
• John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (1713–1792)
• John Stuart, 4th Earl of Bute (1744–1814) (createdMarquess of Bute in 1796)

• John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute (1744–1814)
• John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute (1793–1848) (had succeeded as Earl of Dumfries in 1803)
• John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute (1847–1900)
• John Crichton-Stuart, 4th Marquess of Bute (1881–1947)
• John Crichton-Stuart, 5th Marquess of Bute (1907–1956)
• John Crichton-Stuart, 6th Marquess of Bute (1933–1993)
• John Colum Crichton-Stuart, 7th Marquess of Bute (1958–2021)
• John Bryson Crichton-Stuart, 8th Marquess of Bute (born 1989)

John Bryson Crichton-Stuart, 8th Marquess of Bute (born 21 December 1989) is the son of the 7th Marquess and his wife Carolyn E. R. M. Waddell. He was styled as Lord Mount Stuart from 1993.^[27]

On 22 March 2021 he succeeded his father as Marquess of Bute (G.B., 1796), Earl of Dumfries (S., 1633), Earl of Bute (S., 1703), Earl of Windsor (G.B., 1796), Viscount Ayr (S., 1622), Viscount Kingarth (S., 1703), Viscount Mountjoy (G.B., 1796), Lord Crichton of Sanquhar (S., 1488), Lord of Sanquhar (S., 1622), Lord Crichton of Sanquhar and Cumnock (S., 1633), Lord Mountstuart, Cumra and Inchmarnock (S., 1703), Baron Mount Stuart of Wortley (G.B., 1761), and Baron Cardiff of Cardiff Castle (G.B., 1776).He also became the 14th Stuartbaronet in thebaronetage of Nova Scotia (1627).^[28]

Theheir apparent to the Marquessate of Bute and all subsidiary titles is John, Earl of Dumfries (born 2024)^{[citation needed]}

• Mary Stuart, 1st Baroness Mount Stuart (1718–1794)
• John Crichton-Stuart, 4th Earl of Bute, 2nd Baron Mount Stuart (1744–1814) (created Marquess of Bute in 1796)

See above for further succession

• Earl of Dumfries
• Viscount Windsor
• Earl of Wharncliffe
• Baron Stuart de Decies
• Baron Stuart of Wortley
• Stuart Baronets
• Clan Stuart of Bute

• Kidd, Charles (1903).Debrett's peerage, baronetage, knightage, and companionage. London: London: Dean & son, limited. p. 184.
• Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921).Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. London: London: Dean & son, limited. p. 155.
• McLees, David (2005) [1998].Castell Coch (Revised ed.). Cardiff, UK:Cadw.ISBN 9781857602104.
• Hannah, Rosemary (2012).The Grand Designer: Third Marquess of Bute. Edinburgh, UK: Birlinn.ISBN 9781780270272.
• Crook, J. Mordaunt (2013).William Burges and the High Victorian Dream. London, UK: Francis Lincoln.ISBN 9780711233492.
• Davies, John (1981).Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute. Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press.ISBN 9780708324639.

• Marquessates in the Peerage of Great Britain
• History of Cardiff
• Stuart of Bute family
• Marquesses of Bute
• Noble titles created in 1796
• 1796 establishments in Great Britain
• Clan Stewart

• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Use British English from May 2017
• All Wikipedia articles written in British English
• Use dmy dates from May 2017
• Pages using emblem table with unknown parameters
• All articles with unsourced statements
• Articles with unsourced statements from October 2025