Marn Grook,marn-grook ormarngrook (also speltMarn Gook^[1]) is the popular collective name for traditionalIndigenous Australian football games played at gatherings and celebrations by sometimes more than 100 players. From theWoiwurung language of theKulin people, it means "ball" and "game".

These games featuredpunt kicking and catching a stuffed ball. They involved large numbers of players, and were played over an extremely large area. The game was subject to strict behavioural protocols: for instance all players had to be matched for size, gender andskin group relationship. However, to outside observers the game appeared to lack a team objective, having no real rules or scoring system. A winner could only be declared if one of the sides agreed that the other side had played better. Individual players who consistently exhibited outstanding skills, such as kicking or leaping higher than others to catch the ball, were often praised, but proficiency in the sport gave them no tribal influence.^[2]

The earliest accounts emerged decades after theEuropean settlement of Australia, mostly from the colonial Victorian explorers and settlers. Historical reports support it as a widespread activity across south-eastern Australia of theDjabwurrung andJardwadjali people and other tribes in theWimmera,Mallee andMillewa regions of westernVictoria. According to some accounts, the range extended to theWurundjeri in theYarra Valley, theGunai people ofGippsland, and theRiverina in south-westernNew South Wales.^[3] TheWarlpiri people ofCentral Australia played a very similar kicking and catching game with a possum skin ball, and the game was known aspultja.^[4] North of Brisbane inQueensland in the 1860s it was known asPurru Purru.^[5]

Some historians claim that Marn Grook had a role in the formation ofAustralian rules football, whichoriginated inMelbourne in 1858 and was codified the following year by members of theMelbourne Football Club.^[6] This connection has become culturally important to many Indigenous Australians, including celebrities and professional footballers^[7] from communities in which Australian rules football is highly popular.^[8]

Although the consensus among historians is that Marn Grook existed before European arrival, it is not clear how long the game had been played in Victoria or elsewhere on the Australian continent.^{[9][10][11][12]}

A news article published in 1906 suggests that it had been observed around a century prior, which would put its first observations to Australia'searliest days as a convict colony.^[13]

The earliest recorded anecdotal account is from about 1841, a decade prior to theVictorian gold rush.Robert Brough Smyth in his 1878 book,The Aborigines of Victoria, quotedWilliam Thomas, aProtector of Aborigines in Victoria, who stated that he had witnessedWurundjeri Aboriginal people east of Melbourne playing the game:^[14]

The men and boys joyfully assemble when this game is to be played. One makes a ball ofpossum skin, somewhat elastic, but firm and strong. ...The players of this game do not throw the ball as a white man might do, but drop it and at the same time kicks it with his foot, using the instep for that purpose. ...The tallest men have the best chances in this game. ...Some of them will leap as high as five feet from the ground to catch the ball. The person who secures the ball kicks it. ...This continues for hours and the natives never seem to tire of the exercise.

The game was a favourite of theWurundjeri-willam clan and the two teams were sometimes based on the traditional totemic moieties ofBunjil (eagle) andWaang (crow). Robert Brough-Smyth saw the game played atCoranderrk Mission Station, wherengurungaeta (elder)William Barak discouraged the playing of imported games like cricket and encouraged the traditional native game of marn grook.^[15]

In 1855 William Anderson Cawthorne documented South Australia's indigenous Adelaide Plains people. He produced a series of illustrations: one image was of a pair of playthings, a sling and a ball. In theKaurna language a ball is apando orparndo.^[16]

An 1857 sketch found in 2007 describes an observation by Victorian scientistWilliam Blandowski, of the Latjilatji people playing a football game near Merbein, on hisexpedition to the junction of theMurray andDarling Rivers.^[17]

The image is inscribed:^[17]

A group of children is playing with a ball. The ball is made out of typha roots (roots of thebulrush). It is not thrown or hit with a bat, but is kicked up in the air with a foot. The aim of the game – never let the ball touch the ground.

In relation to the 1857 sketch, Historian Greg de Moore commented:^[17]

What I can say for certain is that it's the first image of any kind of football that's been discovered in Australia. It pre-dates the first European images of any kind of football, by almost ten years in Australia. Whether or not there is a link between the two games in some way for me is immaterial because it really highlights that games such as Marn Grook, which is one of the names for Aboriginal football, were played by Aborigines and should be celebrated in their own right

An 1860 eyewitness account of an Aboriginal colony (likely theTaungurung) from theBroken River (between the current cities ofShepparton andBenalla) describes a "great game of football" which inaugurated festivities.^[18]

James Dawson, in his 1881 book titledAustralian Aborigines, described a game, which he referred to as 'football', where the players of two teams kick around a ball made of possum fur.^[19]

Each side endeavours to keep possession of the ball, which is tossed a short distance by hand, then kicked in any direction. The side which kicks it oftenest and furthest gains the game. The person who sends it the highest is considered the best player, and has the honour of burying it in the ground till required the next day. The sport is concluded with a shout of applause, and the best player is complimented on his skill. The game, which is somewhat similar to the white man's game of football, is very rough...

In the appendix of Dawson's book, he lists the wordMin'gorm for the game in the Aboriginal languageChaap Wuurong.^[20]

In 1889, anthropologistAlfred Howitt, wrote that the game was played between large groups on atotemic basis – the whitecockatoos versus the black cockatoos, for example, which accorded with theirskin system. Acclaim and recognition went to the players who could leap or kick the highest. Howitt wrote:^[21]

This game of ball-playing was also practised among theKurnai, the Wolgal (Tumut river people), the Wotjoballuk as well as by theWoiworung, and was probably known to most tribes of south-eastern Australia. The Kurnai made the ball from thescrotum of an "old mankangaroo", the Woiworung made it of tightly rolled up pieces ofpossum skin. It was called by them "mangurt". In this tribe the twoexogamous divisions,Bunjil and Waa, played on opposite sides. The Wotjoballuk also played this game, with Krokitch on one side and Gamutch on the other. The mangurt was sent as a token of friendship from one to another.

According to Howitt's historical field notes published in 1907 held in the AIATSIS Collection, an account from a Mukjarawaint man from the Grampians indicated that both men and women would play in the same teams.^[22] This is further supported by an account from Beveridge from 1885.^[23]

In 1929David Uniapon, during a discussion aboutHarry Hewitt that appeared in the Adelaide Observer, stated that "an ancient game was played by my people with a ball about the size of a cricket ball, made of hair and emu feathers. Sides were chosen, and the ball was passed from one to the other, the idea being to keep it in possession of those on one side, and not to let their rivals secure it."^[24]

By 1906, the name Marn Grook had entered the lexicon, several articles in newspapers of the time describe it as a near extinct pastime and provide details on the size (about 6 inches) of the ball.^[25]

Another anecdotal account of Marn Grook being played near Melbourne from 1934 describes some of the rules of the game, including the highest kicker winning the game, that it was educated by the elders and that girls also played but threw instead of kicked the ball.^[26]

Since the 1980s, some commentators, includingMartin Flanagan,^[9][10] Jim Poulter andCol Hutchinson have postulated that Australian rules football pioneerTom Wills could have been inspired by Marn Grook.^[11]

The theory hinges on evidence which is circumstantial and anecdotal. Tom Wills was raised in Victoria'sWestern District. As the only white child in the district, it is said that he was fluent in the languages of theDjab wurrung and frequently played with local Aboriginal children on his father's property,Lexington, outside modern-dayMoyston.^[27] This story has been passed down through the generations of his family.^[28]

Col Hutchison, former historian for the AFL, wrote in support of the theory postulated by Flanagan, and his account appears on an official AFL memorial to Tom Wills in Moyston, erected in 1998.

While playing as a child with Aboriginal children in this area [Moyston] he [Tom Wills] developed a game which he later utilised in the formation of Australian Football.

Sports historian Gillian Hibbins—who researched theorigins of Australian rules football for theAustralian Football League's official account of the game's history as part of its 150th anniversary celebrations—sternly rejects the theory, stating that while Marn Grook was "definitely" played aroundPort Fairy and throughout the Melbourne area, there is no evidence that the game was played north of the Grampians or by the Djabwurrung people, and the claim that Wills observed and possibly played the game is improbable.^[29] Hibbin's account was widely publicised^[29] causing significant controversy and offending prominent Indigenous footballers who openly criticised the publication.^[7]

ProfessorJenny Hocking of Monash University and Nell Reidy have also published eyewitness accounts of the game having been played in the area in which Tom Wills grew up.^[30]

In his exhaustive research of the first four decades of Australian rules football, historian Mark Pennings "could not find evidence that those who wrote the first rules were influenced by the Indigenous game of Marngrook".^[31]Melbourne Cricket Club researcher Trevor Ruddell wrote in 2013 that Marn Grook "has no causal link with, nor any documented influence upon, the early development of Australian football."^[32]

Chris Hallinan and Barry Judd describe the historical perspective of the history of Australian Rules as Anglo-centric, having been reluctant to acknowledge the Indigenous contribution. They go on to suggest this is an example of white Australians struggling to accept Indigenous peoples "as active and intelligent human subjects".^[33]

If Tom Wills had have said "Hey, we should have a game of our own more like the football the black fellas play" it would have killed it stone dead before it was even born.

Advocates of these theories have drawn comparisons in the catching of the kicked ball (themark) and the high jumping to catch the ball (thespectacular mark) that have been attributes of both games.^[12] However, the connection is speculative. For instance spectacular high marking did not become common in Australian rules football until the 1880s.

Some claim that the origin of theAustralian rules termmark, meaning a clean,fair catch of a kicked ball, followed by afree kick, is derived from the Aboriginal wordmumarki used in Marn Grook, and meaning "to catch".^[35][36] The application of the word "mark" in "foot-ball" (and in many other games) dates to theElizabethan era and is likely derived from the practice where a playermarks the ground to show where a catch had been taken or where the ball should be placed.^[37] The use of the word "mark" to indicate an "impression or trace forming a sign" on the ground dates toc. 1200.[38]

• Origins of Australian rules football
• Medieval football
• Lacrosse
• Lelo burti
• Yubi lakpi
• Woggabaliri

• "Genesis of footy and its Indigenous heart", ABC radio — Interviews with Titta Secombe, author ofMarngrook, the long ago story of Aussie Rules, and Greg de Moore, biographer of Tom Wills
• Aboriginal Heritage - History and Heritage - Grampians, Victoria, Australia, archived fromthe original on 22 April 2011, retrieved5 January 2011
• James Dawson (1881).Australian Aborigines: The Languages and Customs of Several Tribes of Aborigines in the Western District of Victoria, Australia.Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.ISBN 978-0-85575-118-0.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

• Ancient sports
• History of Australian rules football
• Indigenous Australian sport
• Sports originating in Australia
• Traditional football
• Australian Aboriginal words and phrases
• Wurundjeri

• CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)
• CS1 maint: location missing publisher
• CS1: long volume value
• Articles containing Kaurna-language text
• Webarchive template wayback links
• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
• Use Australian English from November 2011
• All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English
• Use dmy dates from June 2020
• Articles containing Woiwurrung-language text
• CS1 errors: ISBN date