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Amarker pen,fine liner,marking pen,felt-tip pen,felt pen,flowmarker,sign pen (inSouth Korea),vivid (inNew Zealand),flomaster (inEast andSouth Slavic countries),texta (inAustralia),sketch pen (inSouth Asia),koki (inSouth Africa) or simplymarker is apen which has its ownink source and a tip made of porous, pressed fibers such asfelt.[1]A marker pen consists of a container (glass, aluminum or plastic) and a core of an absorbent material that holds the ink. The upper part of the marker contains the nib that was made in earlier times of a hard felt material, and a cap to prevent the marker from drying out.
Until the early 1990s, the most common solvents that were used for the ink inpermanent markers weretoluene andxylene. These two substances are both harmful[2][3] and characterized by a very strong smell. Today, the ink is usually made on the basis of alcohols (e.g.1-Propanol,1-butanol,diacetone alcohol andcresols).
Markers may be waterproof, dry-erase,wet-erase (e.g.transparency markers), or permanent.
Lee Newman patented a felt-tipped marking pen in 1910.[4] In 1926, Benjamin Paskach patented a "fountain paintbrush",[5] as he called it, which consisted of a sponge-tipped handle containing various paint colors. Markers of this sort began to be popularized with the sale ofSidney Rosenthal's Magic Marker (1953), which consisted of a glass tube of ink with a felt wick. By 1958, use of felt-tipped markers was commonplace for a variety of applications such as lettering, labeling, and creating posters.[6] The year 1962 brought the development of the modern fiber-tipped pen (in contrast to the marker, which generally has a thicker point) by Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company (which later becamePentel).In 1987Copic Sketch markers were released, further popularising markers for professional illustration.[7]
The marker reservoir, which holds the ink, is formed frompolyester. The "felt" used for the tip is usually made of highly compressed synthetic fibers or porous ceramics.Toluol andxylol were used assolvents for the dye and are still used for the indelible ink in permanent markers. Due to their toxicity, they have often been replaced with less critical substances such asalkyl or cyclic alkylene carbonates (likepropylene carbonate) in other types of markers. Water content of the ink can be up to 10%. Besides solvents and the dye itself, the ink may contain additives (e.g. nonylphenylpolyglycol ether, alkylpoly-glycol ether, fatty acid polyglycol ester, or fatty alcohol ethoxalates) and preservatives (e.g.2-Phenylphenol and its sodium salt, 6-acetoxy-2,4-dimethyl-m-dioxane).[8][9][10]
Permanent markers are porous pens that can write on surfaces such as glass, plastic, wood, metal, and stone. On most surfaces, the ink is generally resistant to rubbing and water, and can last for many years. However, on certain plastics likeTeflon,polypropylene etc., the marks made by such pens are not permanent and can be erased easily. Depending on the surface and the marker used, the marks can often be removed with either vigorous scrubbing or chemicals such as acetone.
Highlighters are a form of marker used to highlight and cover over existing writing while still leaving the writing readable. They are generally produced in neon colours to allow for colour coding, as well as attract buyers to them.
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A whiteboard marker— or dry-erase marker— uses an erasable ink, made to be used on a slick (or matte-finished), non-porous writing surface, for temporary writing withoverhead projectors,whiteboards, glass, and the like. They are designed so that the user can easily erase the marks using a damp cloth, tissue, handkerchief, baby wipe, or other easily cleaned or disposable items. Generally, people use fabrics to do so, but others use items like paper, clothing items, some even use their bare hands to wipe it clear. The erasable ink does not contain the toxic chemical compoundsxylene and/ortoluene as have been used in permanent markers, being less of a risk to being used as arecreational drug.
Wet-wipe markers— or wet-erase markers— are another version that are used on overhead projectors, signboards, whiteboards, and other non-porous surfaces.
Special "security" markers, withfluorescent but otherwise invisible inks, are used for marking valuables in case ofburglary. The owner of a stolen, but recovered item can be determined by usingultraviolet light to make the writing visible.
Marker pens withelection ink (an indelible dye and often aphotosensitive agent such assilver nitrate) used to mark the finger, and especially thecuticle, of voters in elections in order to preventelectoral fraud such as double voting. The stain stays visible for a week or two and may also be used to assist invaccinations.
Aporous point pen contains a point that is made of some porous material such asfelt orceramic.Draftsman's pens usually have a ceramic tip since this wears well and does not broaden when pressure is applied while writing.
The use of the terms "marker" and "felt-tipped pen" varies significantly among different parts of the world. This is because most English dialects contain words for particular types of marker, oftengeneric brand names, but there are no such terms in widespread international use.
In some parts ofIndia, water-based felt-tip pens are referred to as "sketch pens" because they are mainly used for sketching and writing on paper or cardboard. The permanent ink felt-tip markers are referred to as just "markers". InMalaysia andSingapore, marker pens are simply called markers. In thePhilippines, a marker is commonly referred to as a "Pentel pen", regardless of brand. InIndonesia, a marker pen is referred to as "Spidol". InSouth Korea andJapan, marker pens are referred to as "sign pens", "name pens", or "felt pens". Also, permanent pens are also referred to as "Magic" (from a famous pen brand name). InIran, felt-tip pens are referred to as "Magic" or "Highlight" regardless of its brand.
InAustralia, the term "marker" usually refers only to large-tip markers, and the terms "felt-tip" and "felt pen" usually refer only to fine-tip markers. Markers in Australia are oftengenerically called "texta", after a brand name of a type ofpermanent marker. Some variation in naming convention occurs between the states, for example in Queensland the brand name "nikko" has been commonly adopted.
The generic terms for fine-tipped markers are usually "felt pen" ,"felt tip pen" or "felts". Large permanent markers are called 'vivids' after a popular brand sold there, theBic Stephens Vivid
InSouth Africa, the term "Koki" is used for both felt pens and markers, by South Africans, as well as the standard "marker".
In the United States, the word "marker" is used as well as "magic marker", the latter being agenericized trademark. The word "sharpie" is also now used as a genericized trademark;Sharpie is a popular brand of permanent markers used for labelling. Markers are also sometimes referred to as felt-pens or felts in some parts of Canada.
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