Mark Lane | |
|---|---|
.png) Lane inAnn Arbor, 1967 | |
| Member of theNew York State Assembly fromNew York County's 10th District | |
| In office 1 January 1961 – 31 December 1962 | |
| Preceded by | Martin J. Kelly, Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Carlos M. Rios |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1927-02-24)February 24, 1927 The Bronx, New York, U.S. |
| Died | May 10, 2016(2016-05-10) (aged 89) |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Other political affiliations | Freedom and Peace(1968) |
| Spouse(s) | [1] [2][3] |
| Children | 3 |
| Known for | Conspiracy theorist on theassassination of John F. Kennedy |
| Notable work | Rush to Judgment Executive Action Plausible Denial |
Mark Lane (February 24, 1927 – May 10, 2016) was an American attorney,New York state legislator, civil rights activist, andVietnamwar-crimes investigator. Sometimes referred to as agadfly,[4][5][6][7] Lane is best known as a leading researcher, author, andconspiracy theorist[8] on theassassination ofU.S. PresidentJohn F. Kennedy.
Lane authored or co-authored a dozen books, including five on the JFK assassination, the most notable of which wasRush to Judgment (1966). It reached number one onThe New York Times bestseller list.[9] The book was written as a trial lawyer's adversarial argument against the methods and conclusions of theWarren Commission.[10] Lane's lifelong involvement with the JFK assassination began shortly after the events in Dallas when he was retained byMarguerite Oswald, mother of accused assassinLee Harvey Oswald, to represent her murdered son before the Warren Commission. Lane later defended other publicly scorned outcasts such as convicted assassinJames Earl Ray,American Indian Movement activistsDennis Banks andRussell Means, and cult leaderJim Jones. One of Lane's most gratifying legal achievements came in 1989 when he obtained the release ofJames Richardson, an African-American man wrongfully convicted of murdering his own children.[3]
Mark Lane was born inthe Bronx, aborough of New York City, on February 24, 1927.[11] He was the son of Harry and Elizabeth Levin (Levin was changed to Lane in the 1920s), and was raised in theFlatbush neighborhood ofBrooklyn.[12] His sister was the historianAnn J. Lane.[13] He served in theU.S. Army from 1945 to 1946. It was soon after the end ofWorld War II, and he was stationed in Austria. He earned his undergraduate degree fromLong Island University, and then received aBachelor of Laws fromBrooklyn Law School in 1951.[14][6] As a law student, he was the administrative assistant to theNational Lawyers Guild. He once organized a fund-raising event for the Guild atTown Hall in New York City; it featured blacklisted American folk singerPete Seeger,blues artistSonny Terry, and the Austrian-born singerMartha Schlamme whom Lane subsequently married.[15][16]
Following his admission to the New York bar in 1951, Lane established a practice with Seymour Ostrow inEast Harlem. Although Lane acquired a reputation as "a defender of the poor and oppressed", Ostrow later asserted that Lane was "motivated more by his ambition and quest for publicity than any dedication to a cause or concern for the interest of his clients." Their partnership dissolved in the late 1950s.[17]
In 1959, Lane was active in the New York Committee for Democratic Voters, also known as the Reform Democratic Movement. He co-founded it along with former first ladyEleanor Roosevelt and ex-New York GovernorHerbert H. Lehman. The movement challenged theTammany Hall machine that still wielded influence in theNew York Democratic Party, both in New York City and statewide.[18] Lane decided to become a candidate in the 1960 election, vying for a seat in the New York State Assembly. He was endorsed by Eleanor Roosevelt, who made campaign appearances with him.[19]
In the run-up to the 1960 election, Lane was contacted by presidential candidateJohn F. Kennedy, who sought Lane's help "to coordinate the varying, indeed conflicting, elements of the Democratic party in New York".[20] To that end, Lane managed the New York City area's campaign for Kennedy,[21] and he also met with the candidate on three occasions, taking publicity photos together in one of them. Lane would later write that those photos and JFK's endorsement were "significant factors" in Lane's narrow victory in November.[22]
As a member of theNew York State Assembly in1961 and 1962, Lane represented New York County's 10th District, encompassing East Harlem andYorkville, where Lane resided.[23] In the legislature, he spent considerable time working to abolishcapital punishment. As he promised, he served only one term and then managed the campaign for his replacement.
In June 1961, during the civil rights movement, Lane was the only sitting legislator to be arrested for opposing segregation as aFreedom Rider.[24] In 1962, he ran for Congress in the Democratic primary and lost.[25] In the1968 presidential election, Lane appeared on the ballot as a third party vice-presidential candidate, running on the Freedom and Peace Party ticket (an offshoot of thePeace and Freedom Party) withDick Gregory.[26]
After theassassination of President John F. Kennedy, Lane wrote a letter toChief JusticeEarl Warren on December 17, 1963, requesting that theWarren Commission give consideration to appointing defense counsel to advocate forLee Harvey Oswald's rights, and enclosed a 10,000 word "brief" that he had submitted for publication.[27][28] The only newspaper that would publish the brief was a small New York-based left-wing weekly, theNational Guardian,[29] where it appeared on December 19—just four weeks after the assassination—with the article title, "Oswald Innocent? A Lawyer's Brief".[30] Lane organized the article as a set of arguments against fifteen assertions byDallas County District AttorneyHenry Wade regarding the JFK assassination and the murder of Dallas policemanJ. D. Tippit, followed by a defense of Oswald who deserved, in Lane's estimation, "thepresumption of innocence".[27][4] Oswald's mother,Marguerite Oswald, reached out to Lane after reading the article.[4]
In late December, Lane traveled to Dallas to question Oswald's family and, on January 2, suggested to Mrs. Oswald that she sue the city of Dallas for the death of her son. Lane said: "It would be an attempt to give Lee Oswald in death what he could not obtain in life—a fair trial."[31] Mrs. Oswald announced on January 14 that she had hired Lane to represent her deceased son before the Warren Commission.[32] After Lane notified the Commission that he had been retained by Marguerite Oswald, the Commission's general counselJ. Lee Rankin replied: "The Commission does not believe that it would be useful or desirable to permit an attorney representing Lee Harvey Oswald to have access to the investigative materials within the possession of the Commission or to participate in any hearings to be conducted by the Commission."[28][33] Although the Commission would soon reverse its position in February when it appointedWalter E. Craig, president of theAmerican Bar Association, to represent Oswald, Lane remarked that he still considered himself to be Oswald's counsel.[33]
Lane testified before the Warren Commission on March 4, 1964 and again on July 2, 1964.[34] In his March 4 testimony,[35] he said he had conducted a phone interview five days earlier with Helen Markham (a witness to the Officer Tippit murder), and that she described Tippit's killer as "short, a little on the heavy side, and his hair was somewhat bushy".[36] Lane added, "I think it is fair to state that an accurate description of Oswald would be average height, quite slender with thin and receding hair."[36]
At the beginning of April, Mrs. Oswald asked Lane for a copy of his report, and requested that he halt any further "organized campaign" on behalf of her son through the Citizens' Committee of Inquiry (CCI), and she terminated his representation.[37]
In his July 2 testimony, Lane's exchanges with Chief Justice Warren were often heated.[34] After Lane reiterated his request to serve as Oswald's counsel, Warren reminded him that the Commission had previously denied his request to act as counsel, explaining thatMarina Oswald was her late husband's legal representative and that she was already represented by counsel.[38] In addressing the assertion that Markham's description of Tippit's killer did not resemble Oswald, the Commission's lawyers said they had reviewed the telephone transcript in which she was alleged to have made her comments to Lane.[39][40] The Warren Report stated: "A review of the complete transcript has satisfied the Commission that Mrs. Markham strongly reaffirmed her positive identification of Oswald and denied having described the killer as short, stocky and having bushy hair."[41] The discrepancy over this matter was a key rationale for Lane to reappear before the Commission in July.[34] Chief Justice Warren told Lane that the Commission had "every reason to doubt the truthfulness" of some of his testimony due to his apparent misrepresentation of what Markham told him.[42][43] It was observed that Warren displayed significant contempt for Lane. According to biographer Ed Cray, Warren deemed Lane "a publicity seeker who played fast and loose with the subject." Warren maintained that the Commission had investigated all leads and left no witness unheard.[44]
Lane's work on the assassination promptedBertrand Russell to rally support for the formation of aWho Killed Kennedy Committee in Britain.[45]
In October 1964 Lane debatedJack Ruby's defense lawyerMelvin Belli at theManhattan Center.[46] In December 1966, Lane debatedWilliam F. Buckley Jr. on an episode of the latter's television programFiring Line, in which Buckley defended the Warren Report.[47][48][49]
In 1975, Lane restarted the Citizens' Committee of Inquiry with him as its director (it was now called the Citizens Commission of Inquiry). The CCI lobbiedCongress to reopen the JFK murder probe.[50][51] In September 1976, in legislation Lane helped draft, Congress voted to create aHouse Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA).[52] Also in 1976, Lane worked with director Lincoln Carle on a 48-minute documentary titledTwo Men in Dallas.[53] It mainly consists of an interview Lane conducted with Dallas Deputy SheriffRoger D. Craig, who recalls what he witnessed on the day JFK was killed.[54]
Lane's critique of the Warren Commission,Rush to Judgment, was published in 1966. The book became a number one best seller and remained onThe New York Times best-seller list for over 25 weeks.[55] In 1967, it was adapted into a documentary film.
In the manner of an adversarial trial lawyer, Lane wroteRush to Judgment as a point-by-point rebuttal of the Warren Report. He questioned, among other things, the conclusion that the only shots fired were from theTexas School Book Depository. He quoted numerous witnesses who recounted seeing or hearing shots coming from thegrassy knoll in Dealey Plaza.[56] He stated that none of the Warren Commission firearm experts were able to duplicate Oswald's alleged shooting feat.[57][58] As one writer put it, "The main argument ofRush to Judgment centered around the perceived improbability of Oswald acting alone."[59] Lane also raised doubts—based on timeline, ballistics, and witness testimony—whether Oswald murdered Dallas police officer J.D. Tippit, as the Warren Commission asserted. Lane's book, along withEdward Jay Epstein's 1966 bestsellerInquest, undermined public confidence in the government's account of the JFK assassination.[59]
At a news conference a few months after the release ofRush to Judgment,Texas GovernorJohn Connally called Lane a "journalistic scavenger".[60] Lane responded that Connally had shown "an abysmal ignorance to the implications of his own testimony" and was seeking to "bring back the days ofMcCarthyism.[60]
According to formerKGB officerVasili Mitrokhin in his 1999 bookThe Sword and the Shield, the KGB helped finance Lane's research onRush to Judgment without the author's knowledge.[61] The KGB reputedly used journalistGenrikh Borovik as a contact and provided Lane with $2000 for research and travel in 1964.[25][62] Lane labeled the allegation "an outright lie" and wrote, "Neither the KGB nor any person or organization associated with it ever made any contribution to my work."[63]
In 1968, Lane wroteA Citizen's Dissent, which contained his latest criticisms of the Warren Report, as well as his reply to the many attacks he received forRush to Judgment.
In 1973, he andDonald Freed published the novelExecutive Action, a fictionalized account of a conspiracy to assassinate President Kennedy. Concurrent with the novel's publication, a film project was initiated with Lane and Freed assigned to write the screenplay. After the film project stalled because of financing problems, it was picked up by producerEdward Lewis, directorDavid Miller, and writerDalton Trumbo.[64] The original Lane-Freed screenplay strongly implicated theCIA in the assassination, but that hypothesis was muted in Trumbo's revised screenplay.[65] Lane and Freed protested privately to the producer and publicly at press conferences that errors had been introduced into their work. However,Executive Action was released as is in November 1973. Lane and Freed had their names removed as co-writers of the screenplay. They only received credit for contributing the story.[66] Lane's associateSteve Jaffe was supervising producer and credited with providing research material for the film.[67]
In 1991, Lane told Patricia Holt of theSan Francisco Chronicle that his new bookPlausible Denial would be his "last word" on the subject: "I'll never write another sentence about the (JFK) assassination".[68] But in November 2011, he published one final JFK assassination book titledLast Word: My Indictment of the CIA in the Murder of JFK.[69]
The political advocacy groupLiberty Lobby published an article inThe Spotlight newspaper in 1978 implicatingE. Howard Hunt (a convictedWatergate burglar and former CIA agent) in the JFK assassination. Hunt sued Liberty Lobby for defamation and was awarded $650,000 in damages. Representing Liberty Lobby on appeal, Lane succeeded in having this judgment reversed, due to an error in the jury instructions.[70] Lane then represented Liberty Lobby at a 1985 retrial of the case, winning a verdict rejecting Hunt's libel claim.
This case became the basis for Lane'sPlausible Denial (1991). In the book, he says he convinced the jury of Hunt's involvement in the JFK assassination. Lane cites a transcript excerpt from his cross-examination of Hunt in which the latter was seemingly caught in a contradiction concerning his whereabouts on November 22, 1963.[71] However, mainstream news accounts asserted that some jurors decided the case on the issue of whetherThe Spotlight had acted with "actual malice", as required by the Supreme Court'sFirst Amendment precedents governing libel against public figures.[71]
Lane also representedWillis Carto, a founder of Liberty Lobby, after Carto lost control of theInstitute for Historical Review in 1993.[72]
In 1995, Lane lost adefamation suit against book publisherRandom House, which used the caption "Guilty of Misleading the American Public" under a photo of Lane in an advertisement forGerald Posner's bookCase Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK (1993).[8] Lane sought $10 million in damages for disparagement of his integrity and the unauthorized use of his photograph.[8] He was rebuked by JudgeRoyce C. Lamberth of theU.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, who said: "A conspiracy theory warrior outfitted with Lane's acerbic tongue and pen should not expect immunity from an occasional, constrained chastisement."[8][73] A similar suit filed byRobert J. Groden against Random House was dismissed the previous year by a federal judge in New York.[74]
In 1970, Lane involved himself in severalwar crime inquiries being conducted primarily byantiwar organizations such as the National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam (abbreviated asCitizens Commission of Inquiry or CCI) and theVietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW). Lane used his contacts and raised funds to support these investigations, including what would become the CCI'sNational Veterans Inquiry and the VVAW'sWinter Soldier Investigation. CCI and VVAW had originally combined their efforts toward the production of one large war crime investigation, and Lane was invited to join the organizing steering committee. He suggested the name "Winter Soldier", based onThomas Paine's description in "Common Sense" of the "summer soldier and the sunshine patriot" atValley Forge shrinking from service to their country in a time of crisis.[75] Lane would often travel with fellow activistJane Fonda to antiwar speaking engagements and fundraising rallies. They made an appearance together onThe Dick Cavett Show in 1970.[52] He wrote a book,Conversations with Americans, a collection of interviews with U.S. servicemen aboutwar crimes in theVietnam War.[citation needed]
CCI staffers criticized Lane as being arrogant andsensationalistic, and said the book he was writing had "shoddy reporting in it".[76] They refused to work with him further and gave the VVAW leadership a "Lane or us" ultimatum. VVAW did not wish to lose the monetary support of Lane and Fonda, and so the CCI split from the project. The following month, after the publication of caustic reviews ofConversations with Americans by journalists and a Vietnam expert, VVAW also distanced itself from Lane.[77]
A review of Lane's book byNeil Sheehan in theNew York Times Book Review claimed that four of the 32 servicemen interviewed by Lane had misrepresented their military service, according to theDefense Department, and that Lane apparently fabricated other interviews.[78] Sheehan labeledConversations "irresponsible", concluding: "Some of the horror tales in this book are undoubtedly true", and the "men who now run the military establishment cannot conduct a credible investigation.... But until the country does summon up the courage to convene a responsible inquiry, we probably deserve the Mark Lanes."[79] Lane would later say that Sheehan "accepted the false statements provided to him by the Pentagon" and added that he "did not consult the former Department of Justice attorney referred to in the introduction who would have provided the real names for those who used pseudonyms".[78] As a result of the firestorm stirred up by Sheehan,Simon & Schuster pulledConversations from bookstores, and reneged on its contract with Lane by refusing to publish a paperback version, and by demanding he return hisbook advance.[78] Lane relates in his autobiography how he then traveled around the country collecting statements from the military personnel who he was charged with fabricating.[80] He and his agent met with Simon & Schuster to review the documents disproving Sheehan's allegations. The publisher apologized, withdrew its request for repayment of the advance, and paid a substantial sum to Lane for damages.[81][82]
The negative reviews ofConversations with Americans caused concern in the VVAW leadership, asAndrew E. Hunt notes:
Sheehan's exposé had placed VVAW leaders in a difficult position. Lane's involvement with the planning of the Winter Soldier Investigation had been extensive. His legal and financial assistance had proven invaluable. Few VVAWers doubted his sincerity or devotion to the effort. Yet they feared associating with Lane could tarnish months of difficult work. "Then the question became, 'How do we protect our integrity?'" recalled Joe Urgo, "'How do we separate ourselves from this guy?'" Organizers hoped Lane would maintain a low profile. Their wishes were fulfilled.[80]
VVAW veterans participating in the WSI event then realized they needed to take control. A new, all-veteran steering committee was formed without Lane. Ultimately, the WSI was an event produced by veterans only, without the need of civilians such as Lane and Fonda.[83]
In 1977, Lane andDick Gregory publishedCode Name "Zorro": The Murder of Martin Luther King, Jr. in which the two authors accused theFBI andMemphis Police Department of being principal conspirators in the April 1968King assassination, with government complicity in the coverup.[52][84] The "Zorro" in the title was a reference to a reported FBI moniker for King.[85] When the book was reissued in a revised version in 1993, the title was changed toMurder in Memphis.
In the book, Lane recounts his successful attempt to track down an important assassination witness, Grace Stephens. She had been staying in the Memphis boarding house from whereJames Earl Ray (King's convicted assassin) was said to have fired the fatal shot from the window of a shared bathroom on her floor. The door to her room was open. After hearing a rifle shot, she saw a man leave the bathroom carrying something long in his right hand. Her description of the man did not match Ray.[86] In July 1968, she was confined toWestern State Psychiatric Hospital inBolivar, Tennessee,[87][88] which is where Lane located her in November 1977 and conducted an interview. In his memoir, he chronicles how he smuggled out his tape recording of the Stephens interview despite the efforts of hospital employees and Memphis police officers to confiscate it.[89]
In 1978, Lane represented James Earl Ray before theHouse Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) inquiry. The HSCA said of Lane in its report: "Many of the allegations of conspiracy that the committee investigated were first raised by Mark Lane".[90] He wrote an audio docudrama,Trial of James Earl Ray, that was broadcast onKPFK on April 3, 1978, casting doubt on Ray's guilt.[91] Lane's thesis was that Ray had been an innocent pawn in a government plot.[6]
In 1978, Lane began to represent thePeoples Temple. Temple leaderJim Jones hired Lane andDonald Freed to help make the case for what was purported to be a "grand conspiracy" by intelligence agencies against the Peoples Temple. Jones told Lane he wanted to "pull anEldridge Cleaver", referring to the fugitive Black Panther who was able to return to the United States after repairing his reputation.[92]: 440
In September 1978, Lane visitedJonestown, spoke to Jonestown residents, provided support for the theory that intelligence agencies conspired against Jonestown and drew parallels betweenMartin Luther King Jr. and Jim Jones. Lane then held press conferences stating that "none of the charges" against the Temple "are accurate or true" and that there was a "massive conspiracy" against the Temple by "intelligence organizations", naming the CIA, FBI, FCC and the U.S. Post Office. Though Lane represented himself as disinterested, the Temple paid Lane $6,000 per month to help generate such theories.[92]: 440–441 Regarding the effect of the work of Lane and Freed upon Temple members, Temple member Annie Moore wrote that "Mom and Dad have probably shown you the latest about the conspiracy information that Mark Lane, the famous attorney in the M.L. King case and Don Freed the other famous author in the Kennedy case have come up with regarding activities planned against us—Peoples Temple."[93] Another Temple member, Carolyn Layton, wrote that Don Freed told them, "anything that is this drug-out could be nothing less than conspiracy".[94]
Lane was present in Jonestown, Guyana (northern Sth. America) during the evening of November 18, 1978, and witnessed or heard part of theevents claiming at least 408 lives (out of a total recount of 915 carried out five days later); these events entailed a collective suicide and murder by cyanide poisoning, and were compounded by the murder of CongressmanLeo Ryan and four others at a nearby airstrip.[95] For months before the incident, Temple cult-leader James Jones frequently created fear among members by stating that the CIA and other intelligence agencies were conspiring with "capitalist pigs" to destroy Jonestown and harm its members.[96] This included mentions of CIA involvement in the address Jones gave the day before the arrival of Congressman Ryan.[97]
During the visit of Congressman Ryan, Lane helped represent the Temple along with its other attorney,Charles R. Garry, who was furious with Lane for holding numerous press conferences and alleging the existence of conspiracies against the Peoples Temple.[98] Garry was also displeased with Lane for making a veiled threat that the Temple might move to theSoviet Union in a letter to Congressman Ryan.[99]
Late in the afternoon of November 18, two men wielding rifles approached Lane and Garry, who had earlier been sent to a small wooden house by Jones.[100] It is not clear whether the gunmen were sent to kill Lane and Garry, but one of the gunmen recognized Garry as an attorney in a trial that the gunman had attended.[100] After a relatively friendly exchange, the men informed Garry and Lane that they were going to "commit revolutionary suicide" to "expose this racist and fascist society".[100] The gunmen then gave Garry and Lane directions to exit Jonestown.[100] Garry and Lane then sneaked into the jungle, where they hid and called a temporary truce while the deaths unfolded.[101]
On a tape made while members committed suicide by ingesting cyanide-poisoned punch, the reason given by Jones to commit suicide was consistent with Jones's previously stated conspiracy theories of intelligence organizations allegedly conspiring against the Temple, that men would "parachute in here on us", "shoot some of our innocent babies" and "they'll torture our children, they'll torture some of our people here, they'll torture our seniors".[102] Parroting Jones's prior statements that hostile forces would convert captured children tofascism, one temple member states, "[T]he ones that they take captured, they're gonna just let them grow up and be dummies".[102]
Lane wrote a book about the incident,The Strongest Poison.[103] He reported hearing automatic weapon fire and presumes that U.S. forces killed Jonestown survivors.[104] While Lane blames Jones and Peoples Temple leadership for the deaths at Jonestown, he also claims that U.S. officials exacerbated the possibility of violence by employingagents provocateurs.[104] For example, Lane claimed that Temple attorney (and later defector)Timothy Stoen had repeatedly prompted the Temple to take radical action before defecting, "had evidently led three lives", one of those being a government informant or agent.[105]
In 1968 he published the bookChicago Eyewitness about theDemocratic National Convention protests that year.
In Lane's 1970 bookArcadia, he sought to prove thatJames Joseph Richardson, a black migrant worker in Florida, had been falsely accused of killing his seven children. The book alleged that Richardson was convicted of the murders through corrupt means used by the authorities involved. He languished ondeath row for almost five years, escaping execution only by virtue of theFurman v. Georgia Supreme Court decision.
Lane defended some of those who were arrested during the course of theWounded Knee Occupation in 1973. He served as a spokesman for theWounded Knee Legal Offense‐Defense Committee.[106] AlongsideWilliam Kunstler, he successfully defendedRussell Means andDennis Banks, who were eventually acquitted.[29]
Nineteen years afterArcadia was published, Richardson received a hearing in which the charges were dropped thanks to the interventions of Lane and Miami's then-prosecutorJanet Reno.[107] Richardson's babysitter, Betsy Reese, though suffering from dementia, later confessed to the crimes.[108][107] Richardson was released from prison after 21 years. Lane's wife Patricia said in an interview that when her husband was finally able to shout "You're free, James!" to a disbelieving Richardson, it was the happiest moment of her husband's career.[3]
Lane spent his last years residing inCharlottesville, Virginia.[109] He continued to practice law and lectured on many subjects, especially the importance of theUnited States Constitution (mainly theBill Of Rights and theFirst Amendment) andcivil rights.
Lane was one of twelve legal experts featured by panel moderatorBernard Hibbitts (University of Pittsburgh Law School professor) at the annualLaw Library of Congress and American Bar AssociationLaw Day symposium in 2001. The panel considered the question, "Who are the paradigms for the lawyer as reformer in American culture?"[110] In 2012 he published his autobiography,Citizen Lane, which included a foreword by the actorMartin Sheen.[111]
On May 10, 2016, Mark Lane died of aheart attack at his home in Charlottesville. He was 89.[52]
[W]hen Ray was arrested her [Grace Stephens'] statement was inconvenient. Ray was taller than average and Mrs. Stephens had described a man approximately five feet, five inches tall. Ray was well-built and muscular and she described a small-boned man. Ray was in his thirties and she described a man twenty years older.
| New York State Assembly | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Martin J. Kelly, Jr. | New York State Assembly New York County, 10th District 1961–1962 | Succeeded by Carlos M. Rios |
