 | This article includes a list ofgeneral references, butit lacks sufficient correspondinginline citations. Please help toimprove this article byintroducing more precise citations.(August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| ||
|---|---|---|
Pre-independence Domestic policy Foreign policy Media and legacy | ||
Marhaenism (Indonesian:Marhaenisme[marhaenˈɪsmə]) is a socialistic political ideology originated and developed by the firstPresident of Indonesia,Sukarno.[1] It was developed from the ideas ofMarxism applied according to the nature and culture of Indonesia, or simply described as "Marxism adapted to Indonesian conditions".[2]
Marhaenism is a variant of Marxism but emphasizesnational unity, culture,collectivist economics, anddemocratic rights and condemnsliberalism andindividualism. It was established as ananticapitalist andanti-imperialist ideology. Marhaenism was the guiding ideology of theIndonesian National Party.[3] It also was a major influence onleft-wingnationalism taking hold in neighbouringMalaya, such as the espousals ofParti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya and laterParti Rakyat — both founded byAhmad Boestamam.[4]
 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Marhaenism" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(December 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
 | This articlehas an unclearcitation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style ofcitation andfootnoting.(December 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
The name of the ideology is alleged to be taken from the name of a peasant, Aen, whom Sukarno claimed he met near Bandung. In the dialogue between Bung Karno and the farmer, he was later referred to as Mang Aen. The farmer has various factors of production including agricultural land,hoes, and others that he cultivates himself, but the results are only enough for the needs of his simple family. This condition then triggered various questions in Bung Karno's mind, which eventually gave birth to various dialectics of thought as the basis for his next move. Life, an innocent personality, unpretentious but still has the spirit to struggle to meet the needs of his life, then the name of the farmer by Bung Karno is enshrined in every Indonesian whose life is oppressed by the prevailing system of life. As a language adjustment, Mang Aen's name became Marhaen.[5][6]
However, this turned out to be a myth as the name was used bySarekat Islam to describe ordinary people long before Sukarno first came to Bandung.[7]In any case, Sukarno took to referring to members of the agrarian class as "Marhaens", a term that was first used by Sukarno in hisIndonesia Accuses (Indonesia Menggugat) speech in 1930 to replace the termproletariat, as he considered the latter to be largely irrelevant to Indonesia.[8] Defining "proletariat" as members of the working class not owning their ownlabour power, Sukarno pointed out that many Indonesian farmers owned their labour power and used it primarily for themselves, in spite of their poverty. To Sukarno, the means of production in Indonesia were so small that they are only sufficient to sustain life of the Individual; to raise social, political, or economic status. Thus the expression "marhaen" extended the meaning aimed at all the small groups of people that are meant to be farmers and laborers (proletarians) whose lives are always in the grip of the rich and rulers/bourgeois/capitalists.[9]
In 1966, an opinion emerged stating that Marhaen was an abbreviation ofMarx,Hegel,Engels.[10][11] According to politicianNazaruddin Sjamsuddin, the first time this opinion emerged was triggered by an editorial in theAngkatan Bersenjata newspaper which was immediately answered byOsa Maliki from the Marhaen Development Institute Team.[12]
Marhaenism is essentially a struggle ideology formed fromSocial Nationalism,Social Democracy, and the cultural divinity from Sukarno's beliefs.
One of the basic theses put forward by Sukarno was the necessity of combining the idea of national liberation with the Marxist vision ofhistory, understood as a permanent struggle of the oppressed class with the oppressor. In such a vision of reality, the vast majority of Indonesians, as Marhaens, had participated for centuries in the historical system ofclass oppression, from the 350 years of the feudalistic system to the Dutch colonial system. The national liberation struggle therefore took the form of a revolution, which was to overthrow the colonial order and establish asocialist republic.[13]
According to Marhaenism, to be economically independent and free from exploitation by other parties, each person or household needs factors of production or capital. The form can be in the form of land or machines/tools. In a modern context, vehicles, information technology devices, kitchen utensils, and electronic goods can be effectively used as capital or production factors. Although not large, the ownership of capital is necessary to ensure the independence of the person or household in the economy.
Marhaenism rejected thecapitalist model of the state as contrary to the ideas of equality and democracy. Sukarno rejectedliberalism andindividualism.[14] The collectivism postulated in Marhaenism, however, differed significantly from Marx's postulates regarding thesocialization of the means of production. The aim of the national revolution was not to equalize the rights of the wealthy Dutch population with the rights of the indigenous inhabitants, but to gain full control over the land andmeans of production by the Indonesians. In contrast tocapitalism, capital in Marhaenism is not to be hoarded or multiplied but is to be processed to meet the necessities of life and produce asurplus. Farmers plant to feed their own families and then sell the surplus or excess to the market. Tailors, craftsmen, and laborers produce goods, which later some will be used by themselves although the rest is of course sold. Ideally, theself-sufficiency requirement should be met before serving the market. That means when workers, craftsmen, or farmers produce goods that will not be consumed by themselves, they act only as factors of production for others, which makes them vulnerable to being dictated by the market or exploited. In aggregate (overall) in a Marhaenist economic system, goods that are not needed will not be produced because people and households must first ensure the profile and the level of their own needs before they make anything. The innovation of the birth of a new product will occur when the need is really concrete. The method encourages the achievement of efficiency and prevents wasting resources and consumptive attitudes. Because it functions only to produce a surplus, the available capital cannot be hoarded or misappropriated to suppress the economic growth and the development of other parties.
The Marhaenism that was referred to by Sukarno can be compared with the formulation of the entrepreneurship theory approach, which was introduced only in the 1970s byDavid McClelland, almost 50 years later. The difference is that McCleland puts more emphasis on the option of planting the need for achievement or the will to get ahead from the people or small entrepreneurs and so it is in fact dominated by a functional approach. Sukarno's approach to marhaen (farmers and small traders) is actually structural, through the cultivation of a progressive revolutionary attitude.
In a speech before theUnited Nations General Assembly, September 30, 1960, Sukarno firmly stated thatPancasila was essentially a sublimation of theUnited States Declaration of Independence and theCommunist Manifesto, thus declaring that means that Pancasila was actually the third alternative from the two opposing camps in theCold War between theWestern Bloc and theEastern Bloc at that time.
| Wars and incidents |
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organisations | |||||
| Key people | |||||
| Affiliation | |||||
| Related topics | |||||
| In popular culture | |||||
%2c_p7_(3x4_close_cropped).jpg)
