 | This article has multiple issues. Please helpimprove it or discuss these issues on thetalk page.(Learn how and when to remove these messages) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
|
| Maranao | |
|---|---|
| Basa a Mëranaw باسا أ مراناو | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈməranaw] |
| Native to | Philippines |
| Region | Lanao del Sur,Lanao del Norte, northwestBukidnon, northwestMaguindanao del Norte, northwestCotabato,Misamis Occidental,Misamis Oriental,Zamboanga,Davao,Cebu,Ilocos,Quiapo, Manila, andSabah, Malaysia |
| Ethnicity | Maranao |
Native speakers | c. 2.5 Millions[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin; Historically written inJawi (Batang Arab)[2] | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Regional language in thePhilippines |
| Regulated by | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mrw |
| Glottolog | mara1404 |
 Area where Maranao is spoken | |
Maranao (Filipino:Wikang Mëranaw[4];Jawi:باسا أ مراناو), sometimes spelled asMaranaw,Meranaw, orMëranaw, is anAustronesian language spoken by theMaranao people in the provinces ofLanao del Sur andLanao del Norte and their respective cities ofMarawi andIligan located in thePhilippines, as well found also inSabah,Malaysia. It is spoken among theMoros within theBangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.
It is more closer toIranun than toMaguindanao within theDanao subgroup.
Maranao is spoken in the following provinces of:
All of which are located within the island ofMindanao in southernPhilippines.
Maranao was historically written inPerso-Arabic letters calledJawi, which were known asBatang-a-Arab orBatang Arab. It is now written with Latin letters.[6] Though there is no officially proclaimed standard orthography, Maranao is more or less written as influenced by contemporary Filipino conventions. The following are the letters used in writing out native words:
A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y[7]
In general, double vowels are pronounced separately, for example,kapaar is pronounced as/kapaʔaɾ/.
The final/w/ sound in diphthongs and "w" were marked with "-o" in older orthographies, as in other Philippine languages, but both are nowadays spelled as "w". Also, "i" was used in older orthographies to transcribe/j/, which is currently spelled as "Y".
"H" is only used for Malay loanwords,[6] and "sh" (pronounced as/ʃ/) is normally used for Arabic loanwords and names such asIshak (Isaac).[8]
"Di" or "j" are used to transcribe the/d͡ʒ/ sound, such asradia/raja (from theSanskrit word for 'king', "Rāja") or theEnglish nameJohn.[8]
In representing themid central vowel (or schwa)/ə/, different authors have employed various means to represent this sound (e.g. "E" or "U").[9] In social media, speakers use either of the two letters or just leave it blank (e.g.saken can also be spelledsakn andsakun on the internet). Meanwhile, theCommission on the Filipino Language recommends spelling this sound using "Ë" for different Philippine languages in its 2013Ortograpiyang Pambansa.
In a revised Maranao Dictionary by McKaughan and Macaraya in 1996,[8] the digraph "'ae" was introduced and used to represent the supposed presence of the vowel/ɨ/. However, analysis by Lobel (2009,[10] 2013[9]) showed that this may actually be an allophone of/ə/ after hard consonants. McKaughan and Macaraya also used "q" for theglottal stop regardless of position. Diphthongs such as[aw,aj,oi] were spelled as "ao, ai, oi".
The orthography used in the study by Lobel (2009) was the one developed by Aleem Abdulmajeed Ansano of Taraka (1943–2008), Senator Ahmad Domocao "Domie" Alonto of Ramain (1914– 2002), and Shaiekh Abdul Azis Guroalim Saromantang of Tugaya (1923–2003). In this orthography, the "hard consonants"/pʰ,tʰ,kʰ,sʰ/ are written as "ph, th, kh, z".
Below is the sound system of Maranao including underlying phonetic features.[9]
Maranao has four vowel phonemes that can become more close or higher when in certain environments (see hard consonants below).[10] The vowel raising effects of hard consonants may have led earlier studies to Although previous studies have analyzed the[ɨ] sound as a separate phoneme (written withae) instead of a raised allophone of/ə/.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /i/ | ||
| Mid | /ə/ | /o/ | |
| Open | /a/ |
Vowel [e] only occurs in loanwords from Spanish through Tagalog or Cebuano and from Malay.
According to Lobel (2013), Maranao has the following consonants:[9]
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Stop | Voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
| Heavy | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||
| Voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | s | |||||
| Heavy | sʰ | (h) | |||||
| Flap | ɾ | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||
In Maranao,/ʔ/ is not phonemic word-initially[9] (similar to non-Philippine English). Hence,layok aken ('friend of mine') is smoothly pronounced[la.jo.ka.kən].
Since the heavy consonants developed from consonant clusters, they are only found word-medially.
Orthography-wise, "r" is used for/ɾ/, "y" is used for/j/, and "ng" is used for/ŋ/
According to Lobel (2013),[h] only occurs in a few recentMalayloanwords:[9]
Earlier Arabic loanwords with "h" that enteredProto-Danao or earlier Maranao were realized ask.
Consonants are also pronounced longer if preceded with a schwa/ə/. However, this process is not a form ofgemination since consonant elongation in Maranao is notdistinctive as seen in otherPhilippine languages such asIlokano andIbanag. Some of these are:
Since 2009, it has been proposed that previous studies on the phonology of Maranao had overlooked the presence of "heavy" consonants,[10][11][9] these four "heavy" consonants being/p’t’k’s’/. Vowels that follow these consonants are raised in position.
There are four possible environments for that determine whether the vowel will be raised or not:
Similar vowel raising can be also found inMadurese.
Consonant cluster homogenization occurred in earlier Danao and Subanon, where the articulations of the first consonant followed that of the second (Ex:*-gp- >*-bp-).
A study by Allison[12] noted that Proto-Danao *b, *d, g* were lost in modern Maranao when found before other consonants with the same place of articulation (Ex:*bp >*p), but preserved elsewehere.
Lobel[10] noted that this sound change actually resulted in two features of Maranao phonology: heavy consonants and raised vowels (*[-bpa-] >[-pʰɤ-]). Aspirated consonants also developed in a similar way inSouthern (Lapuyan) Subanon, but without the vowel-raising.
| Proto-Greater Central Philippine | Proto-Danao | Maguindanaon | Maranao |
|---|---|---|---|
| *-gp-, *-dp-, *-bp- | *-bp- | -bp- | -ph- |
| *-gt-, *-dt-, *-bt- | *-dt- | -dt- | -th- |
| *-gs-, *-ds-, *-bs- | *-ds- | -ds- | -z- [sʰ] |
| *-gk-, *-dk-, *-bk- | *-gk- | -gk- | -kh- |
In contrast toTagalog which has three case markers (ang/ng/sa), andIloko which has two (ti/iti), Maranao has four: (so/ko/o/sa).
| Common | Personal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Indefinite | Definite | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative (Subject) | so | i | si | siki |
| Ergative (Direct Object) | sa | o | i | i kisi |
| Oblique/Locative (Benefactor/Location) Genitive (Possessive) | ko | ki | sa kisi | |
Curiously, thesa isindefinite in Maranao, whereas it is definite/specific in Cebuano and Tagalog.
Maranao pronouns can be free or bound to the word/morpheme before it.[8][14]
| Meaning | Nominative (free) | Nominative (bound) | Genitive/Ergative (bound) | Oblique (free) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | saken | (a)ko | aken | raken |
| you (singular) | seka | ka | (ng)ka[a] | reka |
| he/she/it | sekaniyan | sekaniyan | (n)iyan | rekaniyan |
| we (dual) | sekta | ta | ta | rekta |
| we (including you) | sektano | tano | tano | rektano |
| we (excluding you) | sekami | kami | (a)mi | rekami |
| you (plural) | sekano | kano | (n)iyo | rekano |
| they | siran | siran | (i)ran | kiran |
Below are common words found in Maranao sentences, their translations in English, Cebuano, and Tagalog, and similar words in distant Philippine languages.
| Maranao | Cebuano | Tagalog | Other PH regional language or dialect | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| na | kay | ay | is | |
| na | dayon | tápos | ampa (Tausug) | then |
| a | nga | na | that is | |
| timan | buok | piraso | piece | |
| den | na | na | ren (Kinaray-a) | already |
| pen | pa | pa | will, soon | |
| di | dili | hindi | di' (Tausug) | won't, isn't |
| da | wala | hindi | wala' (Tausug) | didn't |
| da | wala | wala | way/waruun (Tausug) | nothing |
| aden | adunay | mayroon | awn (Tausug), adda (Ilocano) | there is... |
| ino | mao | iyo (Bikol-Naga) | it is such | |
| ago | ug | at | iban (Tausug) | and |
| atawa | kon,o | o | atawa (Tausug) | or |
| ogaid | apan,pero | ngunit,subalit,pero | sa'/sagawa'/saga'/ malayngkan (Tausug) | however, but |
| o di | dili pud, dili sab | hindi rin | bukun isab/bukun sab (Tausug) | nor (?) |
| langun | tanan | lahat | katān (Tausug) | all |
| imanto | karon | ngayon | bihaun (Tausug) | now |
| oway | oo | oo/opo | huun (Tausug) | yes |
| sabap | tungod, kay | dahil, kasi | sabab, kalna' or karna' (Tausug) | because |
| seda | isda | isda | ista' (Tausug) | fish |
| sapi' | baka | baka | sapi' (Maguindanaon &Tausug) | cow |
| pagari | igsuon | kapatid | langgung, taymanghud (Tausug) | sibling |
| bago | bag-o | bago | bagu (Tausug), baro (Ilocano) | new |
| tahon | tuig | taon | tahun (Tausug) | year |
| koda' | kabayo | kabayo | kura' (Tausug) | horse |
| sorab | suwab | talim | sulab (Tausug) | blade |
| doniya' | kalibotan | mundo | duniya' (Tausug) | world |
| dalendeg | dalugdog | kulog | dawgdug (Tausug) | thunder |
| sorga' | langit | langit | sulga' (Tausug) | heaven |
| narka', diyahanam | impyerno | impyerno | nalka'/narka', jahanam (Tausug) | hell |
| mataed | nindot, tsada | maganda | malingkat (Tausug) | nice, elegant |
| otin | utin, tintin | titi, uten | utin (Tausug) | male genitalia, penis |
| papanok | langgam | ibon | manuk-manuk (Tausug) | bird |
| diyandi' | kasabotan, saad | kasunduuan, pangako | janji' (Tausug) | agreement, promise |
| ngaran | ngalan | ngalan/pangalan | ngān (Tausug) nagan (Ilocano) | name |
Maranao:
Langon a tawna inimbawataa ndudon so kapaarago ndatadatarsa bantogan ago kabnar.Bigansiransa kabnar ago gagawna aya patot a di kapakasusurotao omani isako kapakiphapagariya.
Cebuano:
Ang tanáng tawokay gipakatawonga may kagawasanug managsamasa kaligdong.Silágigasahanog pangisip ug tanlagug mag-ilhanáysa usá'g usása diwà managsoon.
Tagalog:
Ang lahát ng tao'yisinilangna malayàat pantáy-pantáysa karangalan at mga karapatán.Silá'ypinagkaloobanng katwiran at budhîat dapat magpalagayanang isa't isása diwà ng pagkákápatiran.
English:
All human beingsare bornfreeand equalin dignity and rights.Theyare endowedwith reason and conscienceand should acttowards one anotherin a spirit of brotherhood.
These phrases were taken from Alonto's[13] Maranao Drills.
Legend:topic,direct object,indirect object,possessive,verb
| Maranao | Cebuano | English |
|---|---|---|
| Pephamasaso babaysa seda. | Gapalítang babayeog isdà. | The womanis buyingfish. |
| Pephamasasi Rocayasa seda. | Gapalítsi Rocayaog isdà. | Rocayais buyingfish. |
| Pephamasasiki Teardesa seda. | Gapalítsiláng Teardeog isdà. | Tearde and friendsare buyingfish. |
| Pephamasaakosa seda. | Gapalítkoog isdà. | Iam buyingfish. |
| Pephamasakasa seda. | Gapalítkaog isdà. | Youare buyingfish. |
| Pephamasasekaniyansa seda. | Gapalítsiláog isdà. | He/sheis buyingfish. |
| Pephamasatasa seda. | Gapalíttang duháog isdà. | You and Iare buyingfish. |
| Pephamasatanosa seda. | Gapalíttaog isdà. | We (all of us)are buyingfish. |
| Pephamasakamisa seda. | Gapalítkamíog isdà. | We (excl. you)are buyingfish. |
| Pephamasakanosa seda. | Gapalítkitáog isdà. | We (incl. you)are buyingfish. |
| Pephamasasiransa seda. | Gapalítsiláog isdà. | Theyare buyingfish. |
| Pephamasaayasa seda. | Gapalítni siyáog isdà. | This guyare buyingfish. |
| Pephamasanansa seda. | Gapalítnâ siyáog isdà. | That guy near youis buyingfish. |
| Pephamasaotosa seda. | Gapalítkató siyáog isdà. | That guy over thereis buyingfish. |
| Maranao | Cebuano | English |
|---|---|---|
| Mala i argaso bangkalao maistra. | Mahálang saninàsa maestra. | The teacher'sclothesare expensive. |
| Mala i argaso bangkalai Akmad. | Mahálang saninàni Akmad. | Akmad'sclothesare expensive. |
| Mala i argaso bangkalai kisi Akmad. | Mahálang saninàniláng Akmad. | Akmad and co.'sclothesare expensive. |
| Mala i argaso bangkalaaken. | Mahálang saninànakò. | Myclothesare expensive. |
| Mala i argaso bangkalaaka. | Mahálang saninànimo. | Yourclothesare expensive. |
| Mala i argaso bangkalaiyan. | Mahálang saninàniya. | His/herclothesare expensive. |
| Mala i argaso bangkalata. | Mahálang saninànatong duhá. | Our (you and me)clothesare expensive. |
| Mala i argaso bangkalatano. | Mahálang saninànatò. | Our (all of us)clothesare expensive. |
| Mala i argaso bangkalaami. | Mahálang saninànamò. | Our (excl. you)clothesare expensive. |
| Mala i argaso bangkalaiyo. | Mahálang saninàninyo | Our (incl. you)clothesare expensive. |
| Mala i argaso bangkalairan. | Mahálang saninànila. | Theirclothesare expensive. |
| Mala i argaa bangkalaini. | Mahálninga sanina. | Thisclothingis expensive. |
| Mala i argaa bangkalaa nan. | Mahálnânga saninà. | That (with you)clothingis expensive. |
| Mala i argaa bangkalaoto. | Maháltonga saninà. | That (over there)clothingis expensive. |
| Maranao | Cebuano | English |
|---|---|---|
| Somiyongso panginginsedasa maistra. | Miadtoang mangingisdàsa maistra. | The fishermanwentto the teacher. |
| Somiyongso panginginsedaki Akmad. | Miadtoang mangingisdàkang Akmad. | The fishermanwentto Akmad. |
| Somiyongso panginginsedasa kisi Akmad. | Miadtoang mangingisdàilang Akmad. | The fishermanwentto Akmad and family/friends. |
| Somiyongso panginginsedasii raken. | Miadtoang mangingisdàsa akoa. | The fishermanwentto me. |
| Somiyongso panginginsedasa reka. | Miadtoang mangingisdàsa imoha. | The fishermanwentto you. |
| Somiyongso panginginsedasa rekaniyan. | Miadtoang mangingisdàsa iyaha. | The fishermanwentto him/her. |
| Somiyongso panginginsedasii rektano. | Miadtoang mangingisdàsa atoa. | The fishermanwentto us. |
| Somiyongso panginginsedasii rekami. | Miadtoang mangingisdàsa amoa. | The fishermanwentto ours. |
| Somiyongso panginginsedasa rekiyo. | Miadtoang mangingisdàsa inyoha. | The fishermanwentto yours. |
| Somiyongso panginginsedasa rekiran. | Miadtoang mangingisdàsa ilaha. | The fishermanwentto their house. |
| Somiyongso panginginsedasaya. | Miadtoang mangingisdadirí/dinhí. | The fishermanwenthere. |
| Somiyongso panginginsedasan. | Miadtoang mangingisdàdirâ/dinhâ. | The fishermanwentthere (near you). |
| Somiyongso panginginsedaroo. | Miadtoang mangingisdàdidto/diadto. | The fishermanwentthere (far away). |
| Maranao | Cebuano | English |
|---|---|---|
| Andai kiyapakaomangkasa Marawi? | Anus-a'y baliknimosa Marawi?(Literal) | When wasyourarrivalin Marawi?(Literal) |
| Kanus-a ra ka mibalik og Marawi?(Actual) | When did you arrive here in Marawi?(Actual) | |
| IsakoIsnin. | Atóng miagingLunes. | LastMonday. |
| IsakoSalasa. | Atóng miagingMartes. | LastTuesday. |
| IsakoArbaa. | Atóng miagingMirkules. | LastWednesday. |
| IsakoKamis. | Atóng miagingHuybes. | LastThursday. |
| IsakoDiyamaat. | Atóng miagingBiyernes. | LastFriday. |
| IsakoSapto. | Atóng miagingSabado. | LastSaturday. |
| IsakoAkad. | Atóng miagingDominggo. | LastSunday. |
| Antonaa orasi kiyasongkasa sine? | Unsa nga orasang pag-adtonimosa sinehán?(Literal) | What time wasyourtravelto the movies?(Literal) |
| Unsang orasa ka miadto sa sinehán?(Actual) | What time did you go to the movies?(Actual) | |
| Mangaala una i midiya . | Mgaala una i midiya . | Aroundone thirty. |
| Andai kambalingkasa Amerika? | Kanus-aang pagbaliknimosa Amerika?(Literal) | When willyourreturnto Americabe?(Literal) |
| Kanus-a ka mobalik og Amerika?(Actual) | When will you return to Amerika?(Actual) | |
| Andai kiyabalingkasa Amerikapoon sa Saudi? | Anus-aang baliknimosa Amerikagikan sa Saudi?(Literal) | When wasyourreturnfrom Saudito America?(Literal) |
| Anus-a ra ka mibalik sa Amerika gikan og Saudi?(Actual) | When did you return to America from Saudi?(Actual) |
| Maranao | Cebuano | English |
|---|---|---|
| sa liwawawa lamisan | sa ibabaw/taassa lamisa | on topof the table |
| sa dilalema lamisan | sa ilalomsa lamisa | beneathof the table |
| sa kilida lamisan | sa kilidsa lamisa | to the sideof the table |
| sa poroa lamisan | sa suoksa lamisa | on the cornerof the table |
| sa diwanga lamisan | sa walása lamisa | to the leftof the table |
| sa kawanana lamisan | sa tuósa lamisa | to the rightof the table |
| sa soleda Masgit | sa sulódsa Mosque | insideof the Mosque |
| sa liyoa Masgit | sa gawássa Mosque | outsideof the Mosque |
| sa una-ana Masgit | sa unahansa Mosque | just pastthe Mosque |
| sa talikudana Masgit | sa likód/luyósa Mosque | behindof the Mosque |
| sa pantaga Masgit | sa atubangansa Mosque | in frontof the Mosque |
| Maranao | Cebuano | English |
|---|---|---|
| Mbalingsiranimanto. | Theyare going homenow. | |
| Phaginomsiranoman gawii. | Theydrinkevery day. | |
| Mitharosirankagai. | Theyspokeyesterday. | |
| Pelalakawsiranroo mapita. | Theywill walktomorrow. | |
| Miyakasongsiranroo den. | Theyhave gonethere already. | |
| Miyakailayakoden.sa totul. | Iwas able to seethe report. | |
| Miyakailayakosa piraksa lalan. | Ihappened to seesome moneyon the road. | |
| Makapengadipensiran. | Theycanstill study. | |
| Peterokanopasin. | Pleasespeak, (you guys). |
| Type | Maranao | Cebuano | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present / Progressive | Penggalebekkaoman gawii? | Gatrabahokakada adlaw? | Doyou workevery day? |
| Di! | Dilì! | No, I don't! | |
| Past | Mitharokakagiya? | Misturyakakaganina? | Didyou speaka while ago? |
| Da! | Walâ! | No, I didn't! | |
| Future | Phatawagkaroo imanto? | Motawagkaunyâ? | Willyou calllater on? |
| Di! | Dilì! | No, I won't! | |
| Possessions | Adena karomangka? | Aduna baka'y asawa? | Doyou havea wife? |
| Da! | Walâ! | No, I don't have! | |
| Qualities | Abogadokabesen? | Abogado baka? | Areyou a lawyer? |
| Di! | Dilì! | No, I'm not! |
| Maranao | Cebuano | English |
|---|---|---|
| Piyamasaakenso manga seda. | Palitónnakòang mga isdà. | Iam buyingfish. |
| Mapiyaamayorsi Akmad. | Maayongamayórsi Akmad. | Akmad is agoodmayor. |
| Aden amaistroaken. | Anaaang maistronako. (Literal) | Myteacherexists (Literal) |
| Adunako'y maistro. (Actual) | Ihavea teacher. (Actual) | |
| Da akwartaaken. | Walâang kwartanako. (Literal) | Mymoneydoes not exist. (Literal) |
| Walâko'y kwarta. (Actual) | Idon't havemoney. (Actual) |
| Tense | Maranao | Cebuano | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Pemasaankoso libro. | Palitónnakòang libro. | Iam buyingbook. |
| Past | Pipesakoso walay. | Gibaligyànakòang baláy. | Isoldthe house. |
| Present | Pemasaanakenso libro. | Palitónnakòang libro. | Iam buyingbook. |
| Past | Piyamasaakenso kamays. | Palitónnakoang mais. | Iboughtthe corn. |
| Future (-en) | Barbikiungiya i. | Barbikyuhonnakòni. | Iwill barbecuethis. |
| Future (-en) | Kupiyaan[ObjVerb 1]giya i. | Kopyahonnakòni. | Iwill copythis. |
| Future (i-) | Ipelebengakenanan. | Ilubóngnakònâ. | Iwill saythat. |
| Future (i-) | Imbegayakenanan. | Ihatagnakònâ. | Iwill barbecuethat. |
| Future (-an) | Pembisitaanakenanan. | Bisitahannakònâ. | Iwill visitthat. |
| Future (-an) | Bayadanakenanan. | Bayrannakònâ. | Iwill paythat. |
| Command (-a) | Pagedangkaini. | Sakyini. | Ridethis. |
| Command (-an) | Sigopanangkanan. | Suyopinâ. | Smokethat. |
| Command (-i) | Galidingkanan. | Anihanâ. | Harvestthat. |
Notes[edit]
| |||
