María Ramírez de Medrano | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms of the House of Medrano | |
| Born | María Ramírez de Medrano |
| Died | |
| Other names | Lady ofFuenmayor |
| Occupation(s) | Noblewoman,Philanthropist |
| Years active | 12th century |
| Known for | Founding the hospital, convent, and commandery of San Juan de Acre inNavarrete |
| Notable work | Establishing aid forpilgrims on theCamino de Santiago |
María Ramírez de Medrano (b.La Rioja, 12th century) was a wealthy noblewoman from the illustrious Medrano family, high nobility in theKingdom of Castile, originally from theKingdom of Navarre. She was theLady (suo jure) ofFuenmayor, and founder of thehospital,convent andcommandery of San Juan de Acre inNavarrete, La Rioja in 1185 for theOrder of Saint John; and to provide assistance and protection topilgrims on theCamino de Santiago. María Ramírez de Medrano was the wife of Fortún de Baztán, lord ofBaztán, descendant of the earlyNavarrese kings. María's son Don Martín de Baztán y Medrano was thebishop ofOsma inSoria.[1]
The House of Medrano are one of the great families ofFuenmayor, who inherited from María Ramírez de Medrano the title oflords of Fuenmayor, leading to centuries-long disputes with the municipality.[1] In 1076, a serious dispute between the Kingdoms ofCastile andPamplona (Navarre) over the lands ofLa Rioja occurred. Castile claimed La Rioja and other Navarrese lands.[2] As a result, this early branch of the House of Medrano in La Rioja became vassals of KingAlfonso VI of León and Castile, while the main lineage of the Medrano family, residing closer to the capital of Pamplona, inIgúzquiza, remained vassals of KingSancho Ramírez of Aragon and Navarre.
The establishment of María's hospital affiliated with theOrder of Saint John of Acre closely coincided with the founding ofNavarrete, La Rioja.[3][4] Historical accounts state that Fuenmayor was founded by three captains of KingRamiro I's troops, who settled in the valley after defeating the Moslems in theBattle of Clavijo (844). Most likely one of those captains are related to thericohombre Fortún de Baztán, Lord of Bazán, her husband. María is documented as thelady of Fuenmayor in a later manuscript dated 1411, preserved in the archive of Fuenmayor.[1]
This earlyecclesiasticalpatronage by the Medrano family to the Order of St. John of Jerusalem lasted centuries, and evidently spread to other provinces.Tomás Fernández de Medrano's lordship of Valdeosera also coincided with the battle of Clavijo in 844; Tomás was a Knight of the Order of Saint John, and appointedthe most reverend patron and master of the convent of San Juan de Acre inSalinas de Añana in Álava on 22 June 1608, 48.467 miles (79km) away from Maria's hospital, commandery and convent of San Juan de Acre inNavarrete.[5]
María Ramírez de Medrano is from the important Medrano family, direct lineal descendants of theirprogenitor, a Moorish Prince named Andres Vélaz de Medrano from thePalace of Vélaz de Medrano, who entered theKingdom of Navarre in 979.[6][7] His descendant María Ramírez de Medrano played a significant role in the history ofFuenmayor in the 12th century. Her marriage to Fortún de Baztán (or Bazán), a descendant of earlyNavarrese royal kings, solidified the family's ties to the region. María Ramírez de Medrano, widow of Fortún de Baztán, was the mother of Martín de Baztán y Medrano (died 27 July 1201). Martín de Baztán y Medrano was ordained abishop of theDiocese of Osma inSoria in 1188.[1][8]
In a lawsuit that was settled in the Royal Chancery of Valladolid over many centuries, the disputed lordship of the Medrano family was settled, although for this, the residents of Fuenmayor had to pay large sums of money to continue maintaining their independence from these lords of Fuenmayor.[9]
In the late 14th century,Diego López de Medrano y Zúñiga inherited the lordships of Fuenmayor andAlmarza de Cameros, in La Rioja. Diego's fatherJuan Martínez de Medrano y Hurtado de Mendoza was the lord of Fuenmayor and Almarza de Cameros before him.[10]
On 1 September 1054, Fuenmayor is documented as one of the sevenVillas de Campo ("Seven Towns of the Country"), namely:Navarrete,Fuenmayor, Coscujos,Hornos de Moncalvillo,Medrano, Vilella (or Velilla), andEntrena.[11][12]
QueenEstefanía de Nájera, widow of KingGarcía Sánchez III of Pamplona, received the privilege of joining the seven villages of the country, which together with Navarrete, Hornos, Medrano, Coscujos, Entrena, Velilla and Fuenmayor benefited from the joint use of water,pastures and paths.[13]
The establishment of María Ramírez de Medrano'scommandery associated with theOrder of Saint John of Acre closely aligns with the founding of the town ofNavarrete itself, occurring around 1185.[3] In the Middle Ages, a commandery was the smallest administrative division of the European landed properties of amilitary order. It was also the name of the house where the knights of the commandery lived. They were the equivalent for those orders to amonastic grange. The knight in charge of a commandery was a commander.
María's commandery for her hospital was founded two years prior to thesiege of Jerusalem in 1187. Fuenmayor's connection to this hospital may explain the origin of the patronage of Saint John and its flag in Fuenmayor, the "Pendón de San Juan," featuring theMaltese cross. The Order, founded as the Military andHospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem in the 11th century, later relocated to Acre after the loss of the Holy Land toSaladin in 1187. Subsequently, it moved toRhodes and eventually toMalta.[1]
It was María Ramírez de Medrano's drive and perseverance, supported by her distinguished Medrano lineage and immense wealth, that allowed an endeavor that very few women undertook in this medieval era. María Ramírez de Medrano established acommandery in 1185 to support the hospital and convent of San Juan de Acre that she founded in Navarrete, La Rioja. This provided assistance topilgrims on theCamino de Santiago and the needy of the region.[1]
Fuenmayor was one of the towns, along withEntrena,Medrano, and theValle de Baztan (from where María and her husband came), that paid for the maintenance of María's hospital with theirtithes, which gave them the right to choose the commander who directed it. The Medrano family held the position ofcommanders of the hospital of San Juan de Acre for many years.[1]
The selection of the commander was a joint decision made by "the members of the convent residing in the hospital"[14] and by the "locals" (residents of the towns associated with the hospital), who had the authority to remove the commander from office if he failed to fulfill his duties adequately. This commander, upon assuming office, would pledge not to violate the "privileges, freedoms, customs, and traditions,"[15] with the understanding that failure to uphold these principles would result in his removal from office, allowing for the appointment of a successor chosen by the community.[1] In a 1373 manuscript, witnesses testified under oath and confirmed that individuals, including those from Baztán, Entrena, Medrano, and Fuenmayor, appointed thefriarRuy Fernández de Medrano as commander of the hospital. He became commander when Gonzalo, who served as commander in the hospital, passed away, and Ruy de Medrano was appointed as commander by the convent and the locals. Later, due to mismanagement of resources, Ruy Fernández de Medrano was removed, and Rodrigo Alfonso de Logroño took his place. It was also stated that during their time, neither the commander nor the friars attended the prior of Castile's summons or council.[16]
TheRomanesque church in Navarrete, attributed to María Ramírez de Medrano and built by her son Martín de Baztán y Medrano,Bishop of theDiocese of Osma, is a historic landmark with a complex architectural and artistic narrative. This church was part of a broader complex, including a hospital forpilgrims, and showcases the transition from Romanesque toGothic architectural styles. The church and hospital complex was founded around 1185 by María Ramírez de Medrano, the widow of Fortún de Baztán, and was handed over to theOrder of Saint John of Jerusalem. Her son, Martín de Baztán y Medrano, expanded the works between 1189 and 1201.[1]
Around 1185, María Ramírez de Medrano, the widow of Don Fortún de Baztán, facilitated the establishment of the hospital and entrusted it to the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. Her son, Don Martín de Baztán y Medrano, who also served as thebishop of theDiocese of Osma, oversaw the construction of the hospital'sRomanesque church and the expansion of its facilities between 1189 and 1201.[3][4]
Witnesses testified under oath about the appointments and operations of the hospital founded by María Ramírez de Medrano. María's hospital enjoyed exemption due to her donations to the prior of San Juan de Acre and the Order of Saint John. When María Ramírez de Medrano, Lady of Fuenmayor, built the said hospital on her own land, she made it exempt from any jurisdiction and servitude for the purpose of providing charity and supporting the commander and convent, and so that the prior serving at the time of the Order of Saint John in Castile could outfit the friars with habits and crosses, as she had granted this Order the district orbailiwick of San Salvador inLogroño.[16]
This historical timeline is substantiated by the earliest surviving document from 1200, where the abbess ofCañas, Toda García de Baztán y Medrano, sold land in Fuenmayor to Don Martín de Baztán y Medrano, her brother, for the hospital built by their mother in Navarrete.[4]
Throughout the 13th century, additional textual evidence emerges. In 1274, Don Pedro Sánchez de Corefia made a contribution to the hospital by offering houses inRincón de Soto. Similarly, in 1292, various representatives of theclergy from beyond theEbro River, including those from Navarrete, negotiated terms with regards to the payment of two thousandmaravedis, as requested by kingPhilip IV of France and Navarre.[4]
The oldest document in the archive of Fuenmayor is a parchment dated 1373, which includes the sentence given inValladolid on 21 June 1373, which confirms the privileges, uses and customs of the San Juan de Acre hospital founded by María Ramírez de Medrano in the 12th century, digitized by the Government of La Rioja and included in the catalog of medieval documents prior to 1500.[17]
Line 119 in a 1378 manuscript states that the towns ofBaztán, where María Ramírez de Medrano's husband was from, along withEntrena,Medrano, andFuenmayor, were all part of thejurisdiction or domain of María's hospital of San Juan de Acre in Navarrete.[18] This manuscript is a copy made by the scribe Diego López of the proceedings conducted by Fray Miguel Sánchez and Fray Pascual, commander and prior respectively of the monastery of Buradón in the province ofBurgos. It discusses the "liberties, franchises, good practices, and customs" of the hospital established by María Ramírez de Medrano, as well as the ruling issued by the prior of theOrder of Saint John in the kingdoms of Castile and León regarding the maintenance of these privileges and rights.[1]
In its 120 lines, the document contains copies of statements and testimonies related to the lawsuit, along with other matters concerning the topic, and finally, the rulings that were issued. From these declarations and inquiries emerge the rights and privileges of the hospital, which the ruling commands to be upheld "now and for all time, according to the best and most comprehensive understanding contained in said inquiries."[1]
Another surviving document in the Municipal Archive, dated 1378, sheds light on the rights and obligations of Fuenmayor's inhabitants in the Hospital of San Juan de Acre. María Ramírez de Medrano is mentioned in this manuscript regarding her establishment of the hospital and house on her own lands for the welfare offriars andnuns residing there. In the document preserved in the Municipal Archive, it can be read that María Ramírez de Medrano founded the "hospital and house" on her own lands for "hospitality and for the command and provision of the friars and nuns who lived there," and so that it would not depend on thePrior of Castile, the founder María donated to theOrder of Saint John her properties inLogroño, in the "San Salvador neighborhood, from the new wall to the old wall with the churches of San Salvador and San Blas" (the old wall could correspond to the currentcalle Portales, formerly called "Rúa de Las Tiendas") and her possessions inVarea andLardero.[1]
Should the Prior of Castile fail to meet these expectations, the hospital retained the right to appropriate the revenues from the bailiwick of Logroño (the properties entrusted to the Order of Saint John by the founder María Ramírez de Medrano to exempt the hospital). Due to the papal decree of 1113, her hospital, church, convent and commandery were under the independent authority of the Order of Saint John (Pie postulatio voluntatis).[1]
Additional records from the parish archives, dating to the latter half of the 14th century, detail conflicts between the hospital of San Juan de Acre and the churches of Fuenmayor and Navarrete. These disputes persist into the 15th century. The 16th century marks a period characterized by a lack of documentary evidence.[4]
According to a manuscript dating back to the 17th century, a commitment letter from either 1374 or 1375 referencesFray DonRuy Fernández de Medrano, thePrior of the monastery established by María Ramírez de Medrano. This document is incorporated into the proceedings involving the inhabitants ofCeniceros and those ofNájera. By the 17th century, the institution of the Hospital of Saint John of Acre is documented in the Book of the Hospital, having transitioned into asecular establishment.[4]
In the 18th century, further disputes arise between the hospital and the churches of Fuenmayor and Navarrete.[4]
The hospital founded by María Ramírez de Medrano remained operational until the disentailments of the 19th century. Despite its eventual closure, the church and hospital buildings endured, albeit in a dilapidated state, until the late 19th century.[1]
In 1887, architect Luis Barrón undertook the project to construct a new cemetery in Navarrete. As part of this endeavor, the portico and windows of the original hospital were relocated to the new cemetery, preserving elements of María Ramírez de Medrano's legacy. Even in the 1920s, the Municipal Archive contains legal actions related to claims for money from the assets of this institution. Today, the path leading to the ruins of the hospital is still known as the "path of theorder."[1]
Several sculptural fragments and capitals, representing both vegetal motifs and historical scenes, have been found during excavations and are now housed in local museums or the town hall, contributing to the understanding of the site's rich historical and artistic legacy. In the 20th century, the remaining sculptures and architectural elements were consolidated and restored, with some being relocated to the municipal cemetery to serve as its portal. This work included sealing cracks and cleaning architectural elements to preserve the remaining structures.[1]
Today, the ruins of the hospital, consolidated and restored, stand as a testament to María Ramírez de Medrano's enduring impact on the region. Located at the entrance of the Camino de Santiago inNavarrete, these remnants serve as a reminder of her commitment to providing aid to pilgrims and the needy during themedieval era.[1]
Initially believed to be a basilica with threenaves, archaeological investigations in 1990 revealed the church had a Greek cross plan with a single nave. The semi-decagonal head of the church had columns at the interior angles andbuttresses on the outside. The unique structure included a vault with three ribs leading from the triumphalarch key to thecorbels at the angles of theapse. The nave was divided into two uneven sections by apointed arch, supported bycruciform pillars. The church's design included a northern main entrance, unusual forLa Rioja, where entrances are typically situated to thesouth. This was likely due to the proximity of theCamino de Santiago. The main door was flanked bycylindrical towers, with one containing aspiral staircase leading to the tribune and possibly the attached hospital. The exterior walls were made ofashlar masonry, with rubble filling the center.[1]
The Romanesque church inNavarrete, associated with María Ramírez de Medrano and expanded by her son,Martín de Baztán y Medrano,Bishop of Osma, serves as a monumental embodiment of the era’s religious and cultural ideologies. Its protogothic style blendsRomanesque themes with earlyGothic elements, evident in the multi-lobedoculus,archivolts, and thematic capstones. The sculptural work featuresacanthus leaves,geometric patterns, and figurativesculptures, including two confronted bird-sirens and agriffin, with iconography centered on the struggle betweengood and evil. Allegorical scenes depict battles betweenknights, humans and beasts, andzoomorphic struggles, reflecting the ideals of theMilitary Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Acre. Key iconography includesSaint Michael slaying thedragon, human figures symbolizingvirtues andvices, and aJanus head at theportal's apex, representing protection and transition to the spiritual realm. Positioned along theCamino de Santiago, the church’s architecture welcomes travelers, with sculptures of animals and humans allegorically depicting life's temptations, virtues, and the soul's quest for salvation.[1]
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María Ramírez de Medrano was the ancestor of Diego de Terán, IMarquess of Terán, from the House of Terán, a minor branch of theHouse of Medrano, who constructed the palace of the Royal Council in the 18th century. Descendants of María Ramírez de Medrano also formed alliances with the Ladrón de Guevara family, a prominent lineage inCastile andAragon during the Middle Ages. Notable among her descendants was Juan Corbarán de Lehet, who in the 14th century sold the family's castle in Fuenmayor, and was also regent of theKingdom of Navarre alongside the regentJuan Martínez de Medrano y Aibar.[1]