Maputo (Portuguese pronunciation:[mɐˈputu]) is thecapital and largest city ofMozambique. Located near the southern end of the country, it is within 120 kilometres (75 miles) of the borders withEswatini andSouth Africa. The city has a population of 1,088,449 (as of 2017[3]) distributed over a land area of 347.69 km2 (134.24 sq mi). TheMaputo metropolitan area includes the neighbouring city ofMatola, and has a total population of 2,717,437. Maputo is aport city, with an economy centered on commerce. It is noted for its vibrant cultural scene and distinctive, eclectic architecture.[4][5][6] Maputo was formerly namedLourenço Marques (Portuguese:[lo(w)ˈɾẽsuˈmaɾkɨʃ]; until 1976).
Maputo is situated ona large natural bay on theIndian Ocean, near where the rivers Tembe, Mbuluzi, Matola and Infulene converge. The city consists of seven administrative divisions, which are each subdivided intoquarters orbairros. The city is surrounded byMaputo Province, but is administered as a self-contained, separateprovince since 1998. Maputo City is the geographically smallest and most densely populated province in Mozambique.[5] Maputo is acosmopolitan city, withXitsonga,Portuguese, and, to a lesser extent,Arabic,Indian, andChinese languages and cultures present.[citation needed] Almost 50% of Maputo speaks Portuguese as a native language as of 2017.[7]
The area on which Maputo stands was first settled as afishing village by ancientTsonga people.[6] It was soon named Lourenço Marques, afterthe navigator of the same name who explored the area in 1544. The modern city traces its origins to aPortuguese fort established on the site in 1781. A town grew around the fort starting around 1850, and in 1877 it was elevated to city status. In 1898, the colony ofPortuguese Mozambique relocated its capital there. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Lourenço Marques grew both in population and economic development as a port city. UponMozambican independence in 1975, the city became the national capital and was renamed Maputo. During theMozambican Civil War, the city's economy was devastated. When the war ended, theFRELIMO government launched a program to revive the city's economy, and to clean up the city by forcibly removing criminals, squatters, and undocumented residents.
View of Lourenço Marques, c. 1905Cathedral of Maputo
On the northern bank of Espírito Santo Estuary ofDelagoa Bay, an inlet of theIndian Ocean, Lourenço Marques was named afterthe Portuguese navigator who, with António Caldeira, was sent in 1544 by the governor ofMozambique on a voyage of exploration.[13] They explored the lower courses of the rivers emptying their waters intoDelagoa Bay, notably the Espírito Santo. The forts and trading stations that the Portuguese established, abandoned and reoccupied on the north bank of the river were all named "Lourenço Marques". The existing town dates from about 1850, with the previous settlement having been entirely destroyed by the natives. The town developed around a Portuguese fortress completed in 1787.[14][15]
They explored the lower courses of the rivers emptying their waters into Delagoa Bay, notably the Espírito Santo. The forts and trading stations that the Portuguese established, abandoned and reoccupied on the north bank of the river were all named "Lourenço Marques".[16]
In 1871, the town was described as a poor place, with narrow streets, fairly good flat-roofed houses, grass huts, decayed forts, and a rusty cannon, enclosed by a recently erected wall 1.8 metres (6 ft) high and protected by bastions at intervals.[17] The growing importance of theTransvaal led, however, to greater interest being taken back in Portugal in the development of a port.[18] A commission was sent by the Portuguese government in 1876 to drain the marshy land near the settlement, to plant the bluegum tree, and to build a hospital and a church.[19] A city since 1887, it superseded theIsland of Mozambique as the capital ofMozambique in 1898.[20] In 1895, the opening of theNZASM railroad toPretoria,South Africa, caused the city's population to grow.[21] TheWitwatersrand Gold Rush, which began in 1886, also increased the economic development of the city in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as Lourenço Marques served as the closest seaport for the export of gold from South Africa.[22] The existing town dates from about 1850, with the previous settlement having been entirely destroyed by the natives. The town developed around a Portuguese fortress completed in 1787.[16]
On 9 December 1876, Lourenço Marques was elevated to the status of town ("vila" in Portuguese), and on 10 November 1887 it became a city.[13]
The Luso-British conflict for the possession of Lourenço Marques ended on 24 July 1875 withPatrice de MacMahon, theFrench President, ruling in favour of Portugal.
In the early 20th century, with a well-equipped seaport, with piers, quays, landing sheds and electric cranes which enabled large vessels to discharge cargoes direct into the railway trucks, Lourenço Marques developed under Portuguese rule and achieved great importance as a lively cosmopolitan city.[14] It was served by British, Portuguese, and German liners, and the majority of its imported goods were shipped toSouthampton,Lisbon, andHamburg.[16]
With the continuous growth of the city's population due to its expanding economy centred on the seaport, from the 1940s Portugal's administration built a network of primary and secondary schools, industrial and commercial schools as well as the first university in the region.[14][23] TheUniversity of Lourenço Marques was opened in 1962. Portuguese, Islamic (includingIsmailis), Indian (including fromPortuguese India) and Chinese (includingMacanese) communities — but not the unskilled African majority — achieved great prosperity by developing the industrial and commercial sectors of the city. Urban areas of Mozambique grew quickly in this period due to the lack of restriction on the internal migration of indigenous Mozambicans, a situation that differed from theapartheid policies of neighbouring South Africa.[16]
Before Mozambique's independence in 1975, thousands of tourists fromSouth Africa andRhodesia (nowZimbabwe) frequented the city and its scenic beaches, high-quality hotels, restaurants, casinos, and brothels.[24]
The Mozambique Liberation Front, orFRELIMO, formed inTanzania in 1962 and led byEduardo Mondlane, fought for independence from Portuguese rule. TheMozambican War of Independence lasted over 10 years, ending only in 1974 when theEstado Novo regime was overthrown in Lisbon by a leftist military coup — theCarnation Revolution. The new government of Portugal granted independence to almost all Portuguese overseas territories (except forTimor Leste andMacau).[25]
The words "Aqui é Portugal" (Here is Portugal) were once inscribed on the walkway of its municipal building.[26]
ThePeople's Republic of Mozambique was proclaimed on 25 June 1975 in accordance with theLusaka Accord signed in September 1974.[27][28] A parade and a state banquet completed the independence festivities in the capital, which was expected to be renamed Can Phumo, or "Place of Phumo", after aShangaan chief who lived in the area before the Portuguese navigatorLourenço Marques first visited the site in 1545 and gave his name to it.[29] However, after independence, the city'sname was changed (in February 1976) to Maputo. Maputo's name reputedly has its origin in theMaputo River: in fact, this river, which marks the border withSouth Africa in the southernmost extent of Mozambique, had become symbolic during the FRELIMO-led armed struggle against Portuguese sovereignty[citation needed], after the motto «Viva Moçambique unido, do Rovuma ao Maputo», that is,Hail Mozambique, united from Rovuma down to Maputo (Rovuma is the river which marks the northern border withTanzania).
Maputo is located on the west side ofMaputo Bay, near the Estuário do Espírito Santo where the four riversTembe,Umbeluzi,Matola andInfulene drain. The bay is 95 kilometres (59 miles) long and 30 kilometres (19 miles) wide. At the extreme east of the city and bay is the island ofInhaca. The total area covered by the municipality of Maputo is 346 square kilometres (134 sq mi) and borders the city ofMatola northeast and east, the districts ofMarracuene to the north;Boane in the east andMatutuíne at the south all of which are part of Maputo Province. The city is 120 km (75 miles) from the South African border atRessano Garcia and 80 km (50 miles) from the border withEswatini near the town ofNamaacha.
Maputo features atropical savanna climate (Aw) under theKöppen climate classification, having enough precipitation to prevent it from being classified as ahot semi-arid climate (BSh). Maputo is a relatively dry city, averaging 829.6 millimetres (32.7 inches) of precipitation per year. Precipitation is abundant during summer and sparse during winter. The city has a relatively warm climate averaging a mean temperature of 22.8 °C (73.0 °F). The hottest month is January with a mean temperature of 26.8 °C (80.2 °F), while the coolest month is July with a mean temperature of 18.8 °C (65.8 °F).
A 2019 paper published inPLOS One estimated that underRepresentative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario ofclimate change where global warming reaches ~2.5–3 °C (4.5–5.4 °F) by 2100, the climate of Maputo in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate ofGoiânia inBrazil. The annual temperature would increase by 1.8 °C (3.2 °F), and the temperature of the warmest month by 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), while the temperature of the coldest month would increase by 0.3 °C (0.54 °F).[33][34] According toClimate Action Tracker, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 °C (4.9 °F), which closely matches RCP 4.5.[35]
Moreover, Maputo is particularly vulnerable to impacts such ascyclones and flooding caused bysea level rise. Poverty and inequality, which are concentrated in the overpopulatedbairros, further exacerbate climate change vulnerabilities in the city.[36] According to the 2022IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Maputo is one of 12 major African cities (Abidjan,Alexandria,Algiers,Cape Town,Casablanca,Dakar,Dar es Salaam,Durban,Lagos,Lomé,Luanda and Maputo) which would be the most severely affected by future sea level rise. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of US$65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact frommarine ice sheet instability at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to US$187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, US$206 billion for RCP8.5 and US$397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.[37] Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.[38]
The Hotel PolanaCentral Bank of MozambiqueMunicipal Market of Maputo
The central area of Maputo is a planned city with square blocks and wide avenues, with Portuguese traces and their typical architecture of the 1970s. After theCarnation Revolution (1974) military coup inLisbon, Portuguese refugees fled in massive numbers close to the date of independence (1975), and the resultant lack of skills and capital, in the context of a fierce civil war and government mismanagement, contributed to its state of dereliction in the years following these events.[citation needed]
Recovery of the older infrastructure has been slow and most property developers in recent years[which?] have decided to invest in the construction of new properties rather than rehabilitating any of the existing ones. The rates for property in the city are high as investment increases, larger numbers of businesses are hoping to locate within easy reach of the airports, banks and other facilities.[citation needed]
Maputo faces many challenges, such as poor transport and drainage infrastructure, which have profound implications on people's livelihoods, particularly in informal settlements. Inadequate planning regulation and law enforcement, as well as perceived corruption in government processes, lack of communication across government departments and lack of concern or government coordination with respect to building codes are major impediments to progressing the development of Maputo's infrastructure, according to theClimate & Development Knowledge Network.[39]
As a coastal city, Maputo is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of sea level rise, and population growth is putting increasing pressure on the coastal areas.[40]
In 2007, the municipality of Maputo began a project to seriously consider rehabilitating the city's infrastructure. PROMAPUTO was a project that began as co-operation between the local city council and theInternational Development Association (IDA) of theWorld Bank. The first phase (PROMAPUTO1) took place between 2007 and 2010 and was chiefly concerned with developing the systems, knowledge and planning required to support the gradual overhaul of the infrastructure. The project was broken into several key areas and a budget allocated to each of these, namely: Institutional Development, Financial Sustainability, Urban Planning, Urban Infrastructure Investment and Maintenance, Metropolitan Development (services such as waste collection and disposal). The total financial allocation for this phase was US$30 million. Little was done, however.
Maputo's central mail station
In 2011, PROMAPUTO2, the second phase of the project began. This phase was to last until 2015 and a total of US$105 million was spent. The plan called for an IT systems, Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS) together withGeographic Information System (GIS). These systems would supposedly help the municipality control its budgets and manage tenders, while theGIS would allow for precise information about land location and titling to be kept. Several roads should have been expanded and improved and the Avenida Julius Nyerere finally completed. Financial sustainability for the project was to be guaranteed through the improved collection of property tax (IPRA). The project also coincided with the recent overhaul of the Road Safety and Traffic Regulations (final completion 2020) which was an antiquated system that had not seen changes since the 1950s. Amongst the new regulations, heavy penalties and fines would now apply to many detrimental actions done by automobiles, such as pollution, loud noises, and illegal maneuvers.[citation needed]
On November 10, 2018, theMaputo–Katembe bridge, Africa's largestsuspension bridge, was inaugurated, connecting the center of the city to the urban district ofKatembe, on the south bank of the estuary
In spite of its previous instability, Mozambique is experiencing one of the fastest growth rates for a developing country in the world.[41] The projected growth rate for 2011 is expected to be around 7.5%, some of it centered on the construction of several capital intensive projects in Maputo. Some of the more notable developments include Edificio 24, a mixed-use development that will be located at the center of the city along Avenida 24 Julho and Avenida Salvador Allende. The Maputo Business Tower is a modern 19-story building.[42] The Radisson Blu corporation has constructed a 22-story hotel with 256 rooms in one of the city's trendiest spots on themarginal along the beach. A 15-story building for the second largest telecommunication company in the country,Vodacom, was projected to be completed in 2010. The regeneration of the Maputo waterfront is an urban regeneration project that is being developed at site of the former annual industrial fair grounds (FACIM).[citation needed]
In February 2011, presidentArmando Guebuza announced that theVila Algarve would be restored to its former condition and the building transformed into a museum for the veterans of the civil war. The Vila Algarve belonged to theInternational and State Defence Police (PIDE) during colonial rule. It was where political prisoners and others accused of conspiring to harm the regime were taken for interrogation and torture. There are claims that several individuals were executed in the building. No dates have been released on when the renovation is to commence. The building has changed ownership several times and has been an off-on residence for squatters.[citation needed]
Maputo has a number of stadiums designed for football, which can be modified for other purposes, such as the newEstádio do Zimpeto,Estádio do Maxaquene and theEstádio do Costa do Sol which can seat 32,000, 15,000 and 10,000 people respectively. The largest stadium in the Metropolitan Area is, however, theEstádio da Machava (opened as Estádio Salazar), located in neighbouringMatola municipality. It opened in 1968, in Machava and was at the time the most advanced in the country conforming to standards set byFIFA and theUnion Cycliste Internationale (UCI). The cycling track could be adjusted to allow for 20,000 more seats.[44] It was the site wherePortugal officially handed over the country toSamora Machel andFRELIMO on 25 June 1975.[45] In 2005, theBirmingham basedreggae groupUB40 held a one-night-only concert in the stadium filled to maximum capacity. A newer stadium called theEstádio do Zimpeto which is located in the suburb of Zimpeto will be opened in 2011.[needs update] The stadium will be built in time for the2011 All-Africa Games with a capacity for 42,000 spectators. A smaller football stadium,Estádio Mahafil, holds 4,000 people.
Beginning in the 1950s, motorsport was introduced to the city. At first race cars would compete in areas around the city, Polana and along themarginal but as funding and interest increased, a dedicated race track was built in the Costa Do Sol area along and behind themarginal with the ocean to the east with a length of 1.5 km (0.9 mi). The initial surface of the new track, named Autódromo de Lourenço Marques did not provide enough grip and a crash in the late 1960s killed eight people and injured many more. Therefore, in 1970, the track was renovated and the surface changed to meet the safety requirements that were needed at large events with many spectators. The length then increased to 3,909 km (2,429 mi). The city became host to several international and local events beginning with the inauguration on 26 November 1970.[46] The track was abandoned after 1975 and events only occurred sporadically such as in 1981 when the government allowed the sport again. Since 2000, interest has been rekindled by the Automovel & Touring Club de Moçambique (ATCM) and several events including go-carting, drag racing and motocross are planned.
The street names were changed after independence in 1975. Close ties with theEastern Bloc highly influenced the new names that were chosen as did removal of names referring to colonial era figures.
Maputo International Airport is the main international airport of Mozambique. An international terminal was opened in 2010 with a capacity for 900,000 passengers per year; a domestic terminal was completed in 2012.[47][48][49]
Maputo's transportation needs are mainly served by minibus taxis calledchapas, which support a majority of non-walking trips.[50][51] In an effort to resolve a public transport crisis in the city, the state-owned company, Transporte de Moçambique (TPM) has recently acquired a new fleet of 270+ buses. There are three major bus terminals in the city: at Baixa (downtown/central), Museu (Museum), and at Junta (regional and national buses).[citation needed]
24 de Julho Avenue, Maputo in 2008The Maputo Railway Station, an example of colonial architecture
Ferry boats departing from Maputo to the district of KaTembe are available during the week. A ferry can carry approximately 20 vehicles per trip.[citation needed]
Maputo was home to one of the first electric tramway systems in Africa, commencing in February 1904.[53] At first the lines ran from the Central Railway Station (CFM) to the City Municipality building. It is said[by whom?] that the establishment of the tram system caused some protests from the general public as certain classes had limited access to its use. Trams lost favor in the second half of the 20th century as cars and buses became more common, and they have not been in use at all since 1936, although parts of some of the tracks can still be seen coming up through the tar in certain streets, like Av. 24 de Julho.[citation needed]
Maputo's harbour is very important economically to the city.
The mainport of Maputo handled 17 million tons of cargo in 1971, at its peak. It was part of the trio of Mozambique's main ports for the Nacala-Beira-Maputo route. Today, it is managed by the Maputo Port Development Company (MPDC), a joint venture ofGrindrod andDP World. The government has allowed the firm to manage the port until 2030 in order to upgrade much of its infrastructure that has been destroyed after years of stagnation. In 2010, the dredging works in the channel were finished and the Port of Maputo can now handle larger vessels – such as the Panamax vessels – with more cargo. In addition, investments are being made for coal and container terminals.[54]
A new terminal for vehicles was developed, which allowed for over 50,000 vehicles to be moved per year (Phase 1) with a peak 250,000 under an agreement withHöegh Autoliners as a potential trans-shipment route between theMiddle East andEurope.[55] Coal will also be exported from theMatola side at a rate of 10 million tons per year. It is envisaged that by 2020, the port will generate about US$160 million per year. By 2030, the port will be able to handle up to 25 trains a day and 1,500 trucks for a total of 50 million tons of cargo per year. The total investment will exceed US$500 million.[56][57][58]
A recent introduction is three-wheelers commonly known astuk-tuks in some Asian countries. The three-wheeled bikes, called "tchopelas" by the population, are cheaper to own and run and have posed a commercial threat to conventional taxis.[59][60]
Maputo city council buildingACasa de Ferro – The Iron House
Maputo had always been the center of attention during its formative years and this strong artistic spirit was responsible for attracting some of the world's most forward architects at the turn of the 20th century. The city is home to masterpieces of building work byPancho Guedes,Herbert Baker and Thomas Honney, amongst others. The earliest architectural efforts around the city focused on classical European designs such as the Central Train Station (CFM) designed by architects Alfredo Augusto Lisboa de Lima, Mario Veiga and Ferreira da Costa and built between 1913 and 1916 (sometimes mistaken with the work ofGustav Eiffel),[61] and the Hotel Polana designed byHerbert Baker.
As the 1960s and 1970s approached, Maputo was yet again at the center of a new wave of architectural influences made most popular by Pancho Guedes. The designs of the 1960s and 1970s were characterized bymodernist andbrutalist movements of clean, straight and functional structures. However, prominent architects such as Pancho Guedes fused this with local art schemes giving the city's buildings a unique Mozambican theme. As a result, most of the properties erected during the second construction boom take on these styling cues.[62]
In recent years[when?], the influx of capital into the real estate sector from local and international investors has resulted in the demolition of many historically significant buildings. Single homes along Av. Julius Nyerere, Av. 24 de Julho and Av. Mao Tse Tung have been torn down and high rise residential apartments built in their place. The difficulty in legally expanding the city coupled with a limited heritage building protection framework have been the main impediments. The local government, the City Council of Maputo has been unable to bring order to the situation.[citation needed]
Mansion prepared for demolition Av. Kim Il Sung
Mansion prepared for demolition Av. Mao Tse Tung
Additionally, many acacia trees that once lined the footpaths and gave the city its distinct identity have also been removed for unclear reasons. The process gains momentum usually in the winter months between June and August under the guise of pruning overgrown trees. Without proper supervision the pruning work is excessive and destructive leading to the eventual loss of the tree.[citation needed]
Maputo is a melting pot of several cultures. TheBantu andPortuguese cultures dominate, but the influence ofArab,Indian, andChinese cultures is also felt.
Before television was introduced in 1981, film and cinema had a prominent position as a form of entertainment in the lives of Mozambicans especially in Maputo where there were at least a dozen movie theaters by the time of independence.[citation needed] In the 1950s and 1960s, at the height of racial segregation, most of the movie-goers were either European whites or South Asians – each group having their own designated locale. Black Mozambicans, although more heavily discriminated against, also enjoyed movies in makeshift theatres, often in rooms temporarily converted to handle a projector, screen and chairs.[citation needed]
For much of the late 1970s and 1980s, the local film industry was geared towards creating "home-made" productions depictingSocialist ideologies which placed great influence on the family unit, the non-commercialized production of agriculture and political autonomy. Maputo has been the setting for manyHollywood blockbuster movies such asThe Interpreter,Blood Diamond andAli.[citation needed]
The Mozambique National Library.Telecommunications of Mozambique seat in Rua da Sé 2, Maputo
An important cultural and artists' centre in Maputo is the Associação Núcleo de Arte. It is the oldest collective of artists in Mozambique. Seated in an old villa in the centre of Maputo the Núcleo has played a significant role in metropolitan cultural life for decades. The two best known and most influential contemporary Mozambican artists started their career at Núcleo de Arte, the painterMalangatana Ngwenya and the sculptorAlberto Chissano. Over one hundred painters, sculptors and ceramists are members of the Núcleo, which regularly stages exhibitions on its own premises and over the last few years has actively participated in exchanges with artists from abroad. The Núcleo became well known for their project transforming arms into tools and objects of art. It played an important role for reconciliation after theMozambican Civil War. The exhibition of art objects such as theChair of the African King and theTree of Life was shown around the world, among others in theBritish Museum in 2006.[63]Maputo is home to theDockanema Documentary Film Festival, and international festival showcasing documentary films from around the world.
Mozambique's capital is famous for making special small sculptures called "pshikelekedanas" from soft wood using a penknife. These sculptures often depict important animals in Mozambique, like hippos, etc...[64]
During its five centuries of Portuguese colonialization, the city has gained several examples of Portuguese architecture. Most of the noteworthy buildings are former colonial administrative buildings or current government buildings.
The city does not yet have a very expansive list of parks and other recreational areas. However, at the center of the city lies the Jardim Tunduru (Tunduru Gardens) which was formerly called the Vasco Da Gama Garden. It was designed in the 1880s by aBritish architect, Thomas Honney. The entrance of the park is designed in theNeo-Manueline style. After independence, the name was changed to the current one and a statue of the country's first president was erected.[citation needed]
Maputo offers several options for education with pre-schools, primary, secondary schools and higher education institutions. The quality of the syllabus is said to differ greatly depending on whether an institution is private or public.[citation needed]
Mozambique's largest higher education institution is theUniversidade Eduardo Mondlane which was established in 1968 as the Universidade de Lourenço Marques. Most of the universities faculties and departments are located in the city of Maputo with nearly 8,000 students attending 10 faculties. Some faculties also exist inBeira,Quelimane, Nampula andInhambane.[citation needed]
Since the 1990s there has also been a rapid growth of private education houses offering higher education such asInstituto Superior de Ciências e Tecnologias de Moçambique (ISCTEM),Instituto Superior de Tecnologias e Gestão (ISTEG) andInstituto Superior de Transportes e Comunicações (ISUTC).[citation needed]
Maputo has several hospitals and clinics, including the city and country's largest hospital, theHospital Central de Maputo. Other hospitals include the public Hospital Geral José Macamo as well as the private Clinica da Sommerschield, Clínica Cruz Azul, Hospital Privado and Hospital Geral de Mavalane.[67]
The construction of Hospital Miguel Bombarda began in 1900. In 1976,Samora Machel renamed the hospital asHospital Central de Maputo (HCM). The hospital has 1500 beds for in-patients and has an estimated staff number of 3000. It is made of a multi-block structure with 35 separate buildings spanning an area of 163,800 m2. The hospital has six departments:Medicine,Surgery,Pediatrics,Orthopedics,Gynaecology andObstetrics. It also has divisions forOphthalmology andOtolaryngology and a morgue. The hospital provides services for an average 700 out-patients a day and over 1,000 kg (2,205 lb) of washing is done daily. In the early 1990s, a section of the hospital was divided and turned into a private clinic offering higher quality services for those who could afford it called theClínica Especial de Maputo.[68] The residence for the head of medicine is on the corner ofAvenida Eduardo Mondlane andAvenida Salavador Allende. It is a historically valuable structure which was completed in 1908 and has since the 1990s been converted into a charming restaurant with colonial themes calledRestaurante 1908. The upper floors are still used by the hospital as offices.
^Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022:Chapter 9: Africa. InClimate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121
^JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (March 2014).Comprehensive Urban Transport Master Plan for the Greater Maputo: Final Report Executive Summary. JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY.
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