Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland dominated between 1550 and 1650, when it was finally replaced withbaroque.^[1] The style includes variousmannerist traditions,^[1] which are closely related with ethnic and religious diversity of the country, as well as with its economic and political situation at that time. The manneristcomplex of Kalwaria Zebrzydowska and mannerist City ofZamość areUNESCO World Heritage Sites.^[2][3]

The period between 1550 and 1650 was a Golden Age of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (created in 1569) and a Golden Age of Poland.^[4] It was a time of economic prosperity due tograin trade.^[5] Grain was kept in richly embellished granaries (e.g. inKazimierz Dolny) and transported along theVistula to the main port of Poland -Gdańsk, where it was sold to theNetherlands,England,France,Italy, andSpain (about 80% of the city's revenues in the beginning of the 17th century came from grain trade).^[5][6] It was also the time ofreligious tolerance due to theWarsaw Confederation (1573).^[7]

Poland was a multinational (Poles,Ruthenians,Jews,Germans,Italians,Dutch,Flemish,Armenians,Scots,Bohemians, andTatars) and multi-religious country (Roman Catholics,Eastern Orthodox,Greek Catholics,Calvinists,Lutherans,Muslims,Polish Brethren,Hussites and many others).^[8][9] All those nations and worships contributed to creation of the exceptional diversity of mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland. The first half of the 17th century is marked by strong activity of theJesuits andCounter-Reformation, which led to banishing of progressive Arians (Polish Brethren) in 1658 and which has its reflection in architecture (spread of baroque). Despite that Poland remain a "country withoutstakes".^[7][10] All the major wars and military conflicts were conducted far from the territory of today's Poland, so the country could develop equally. Those favorable conditions are the reason why mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland left so many beautiful examples.^{[citation needed]}

The mannerist architecture and sculpture have two major traditions: Polish-Italian and Netherlandish (Dutch-Flemish), that dominated in northern Poland.^[11] TheSilesian mannerism of South-Western Poland was largely influenced by Bohemian and German mannerism, while the Pomeranian mannerism of North-Western Poland was influenced byGothic tradition and Northern German mannerism. The Jews in Poland adapted patterns of Italian and Polish mannerism to their own tradition.^[12]

The major inspiration for many structures in Poland was early renaissance constructions atWawel Hill –Sigismund's Chapel (1519–1533), tomb of kingSigismund I inside the chapel (1529–1531), andWawel Castle's arcade courtyard (1506–1534), as well as buildings inAntwerp -City Hall (1561–1565), houses atGrote Markt and funeral sculptures by the Flemish artistCornelis Floris de Vriendt. In conclusion the main criterion of differentiation between types of mannerism in Poland is the source of inspiration and in many cases the founders conception played an essential role for the final shape of the construction (e.g., Tomb of Jędrzej Noskowski inMaków Mazowiecki byWillem van den Blocke is an example of Polish mannerism inspired by Tomb of Sigismund I with a founder depicted sleeping).^[13]

Trianglegables of late Gothic origin and large windows are the features of Dutch urban architecture in Northern Poland. The Polish mannerism, though largely dominated by Italian architects and sculptors, has its unique characteristics that differentiate it from its Italian equivalent (attics, decorational motives, construction and shape of buildings, Dutch, Bohemian and German influences).^[11] Among notable architects and sculptors of Netherlandish Mannerism in Poland wereAnthonis van Obbergen, Willem van den Blocke,Abraham van den Blocke, Jan Strakowski, Paul Baudarth, Gerhard Hendrik, Hans Kramer and Regnier van Amsterdam and of Polish/Italian mannerism Santi Gucci, Jan Michałowicz of Urzędów, Giovanni Maria Padovano,Giovanni Battista di Quadro, Jan Frankiewicz,Galleazzo Appiani, Jan Jaroszewicz, Bernardo Morando, Kasper Fodyga, Krzysztof Bonadura, Antoneo de Galia and many others.

The architecture of the 16th-century Polish mannerism is marked by common usage of richly embellished attics of palaces and houses, arcade courtyards and side towers.^[11] The church architecture combined the late gothic tradition with renaissance symmetry and mannerist decoration. Churches were slender, usually without towers. The 17th-century Polish mannerism characterize with much more simplicity in decoration in benefit to harmony of the construction. The model to the early 17th-century residences were royal palaces.Ujazdów Castle constructed for kingSigismund III Vasa was possible inspiration to theBishop Palace inKielce,^[14] whereas the Kielce palace was imitated by many magnate families in their residencies (e.g., Tarło Palace inPodzamcze, 1645–1650,^[15] and Radziwiłł Palace inBiała Podlaska). This type of the palace is known asPoggio–Reale because it combined a square building with a central loggia with side towers, as inVilla Poggio Reale nearNaples (1487–1489) according to conception ofBaldassare Peruzzi andSebastiano Serlio.^[16] Side towers become an obligatory element of every palace and funeral church chapels, modelled after mentioned Sigismund's Chapel, flourished all over Poland (Staszów, Włocławek). Another characteristics of the mannerism in Poland are city and palacefortifications built inDutch style^[17] (Zamość, Ujazd) and town halls with high towers (Biecz, Zamość, Poznań). The most popular decoration techniques wererelief (Kazimierz Dolny),sgraffito (Krasiczyn), andrustication (Książ Wielki), whereas the material was mainlybrick,plastered brick,sandstone, and sometimeslimestone. For some time the late renaissance coexisted with early baroque (introduced in Poland in 1597 with Church of SS. Peter and Paul in Kraków).^[18]

Netherlandish (Dutch-Flemish) and Polish-Italian architectural traditions were not isolated and penetrate each other to create (among others) a unique composition ofKrzyżtopór Palace.^[19] This, one of the largest constructions of mannerism and early baroque in Poland, was intended as a fortified palace (type known in Poland under Italian namepalazzo in fortezza).^[19] The complex combined Dutch style fortifications with a palace built to Italian design (inspirations ofPalazzo Farnese inCaprarola are visible in the plan of the complex), mannerist Polish decoration and some other, presumably Dutch elements (octagonal tower resemblingBinnenhof'sTorentje inThe Hague, spires). The palace was destroyed during theDeluge and currently remains in ruins.

Lublin region created its own style with folk motives (Kazimierz Dolny), while the urban mannerism inGreater Poland replaced the gothic gables with Italian style arcades,tympanums,friezes and pillars intuscan order (Poznań). Warsaw, as one of the main cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and due to its role as seat ofParliament and King, was a place of meetings of cultures.^[20] The mannerist architecture in the city was a combination of many types of mannerist traditions, includingLublin type (Jesuit Church), Greater Poland mannerism (Kanonia), Italian mannerism with elements of early baroque (Royal Castle), Lesser Poland mannerism (Kryski Chapel),Poggio–Reale type (Villa Regia Palace – not existing), Bohemian and Netherlandish Mannerism (Ossoliński Palace – not existing, possible inspiration to palace's upper parts pavilion with characteristic roof was Bonifaz Wohlmut's reconstruction of Belvedere inPrague, 1557–1563).

The Bohemian mannerism had also large influence on the architecture and sculpture in Poland.^[21] This concerned not only the lands that were part of theKingdom of Bohemia, likeSilesia.^[21] The familiar relations between theHabsburgs and thePolish Vasas enabled to draw form the patterns ofPrague mannerism. Both kingSigismund III and his sonWładysław IV Vasa as well as magnates purchased many sculptures in Prague, especially those byAdriaen de Vries.^[22] Bohemian mannerism in Silesia joined the Prague renaissance with itsbrunelleschian arcades (inspired by QueenAnna Jagiellon's Belvedere in Prague, 1535–1537) and German influences originating from the late gothic (steep gable with renaissance decoration). Also Silesian mannerism had its impact on neighbouring regions – the arcade courtyard of the Piast Castle in Brzeg, with arcades replaced in upper parts with columns (constructed by Francesco de Pario, 1556–1558), was possible inspiration for similar constructions in Bohemia –Opočno Castle (1560–1567),Jindřichův Hradec Castle (loggia, before 1597), and SchlossGüstrow in Germany (built by Pario after 1558).^[23]

Characteristic forJewish mannerism in Poland is adjustment of the Polish/Italian patterns to the Jewish tradition, rejection of human images in benefit to the sophisticated floral-animal decorations (tendrils, lions),mythological creatures (unicorns,griffins) andHebrew inscriptions.^[12] The synagogues were adorned with horizontal attics (Zamość) or had a richly decorated interior (Pińczów). The main decorating techniques were fresco (Tykocin, Pińczów), relief, and stucco (Zamość).^[12]

The sculpture is mainly represented in sepulchral art and decorations of facades. Free standing sculptures are rare, though before the Deluge gardens of many residencies were adorned with sculptures (e.g.,Villa Regia Palace's garden in Warsaw was embellished with sculptures by Adriaen de Vries).^[16][22] Also the free standing tomb monuments were uncommon. The tombs were generally constructed to be attached to the wall, exception is the Niedrzwicki Brothers Tomb inKoprzywnica. During the first stage of mannerism in Poland, the tomb monuments were constructed according to the early renaissance tradition, where the deceased was depicted sleeping.^[24] They were generally made of sandstone, while the founder's figure was carved in redmarble (e.g. Tarnowski Tomb inTarnów Cathedral). In the beginning of the 17th century, Dutch and Flemish architects and sculptors (especially Willem van den Blocke and his son Abraham) popularised in Poland new type of tomb monument^[25] originating from the Cornelis Floris workshop (e.g. not existing Tomb of dukeAlbert of Prussia in theKönigsberg Cathedral). The founders were depicted kneeling, the construction was more spacious and it employ darker materials – brown marbles fromChęciny, black marbles fromDębnik or imported from theSpanish Netherlands (e.g. Tomb ofBáthory brothers inBarczewo). Some of the most impressive Dutch style tombs in Poland were constructed far from the center of Netherlandish Mannerism in Poland - Gdańsk.^[26] These were tombs of Jan Tarnowski inŁowicz (1603–1604) and of Ostrogski family in Tarnów (1612–1620).

Many of the mannerist structures in Poland are postwar reconstructions. They were destroyed by the Germans during theWorld War II (e.g., all mannerist constructions inWarsaw and many Jewishpray houses) or damaged inAlliedaerial bombings (Gdańsk, Wrocław).^[27] Also, many were not restored after the war (e.g., tomb monument of Wolski Brothers in Warsaw, by Jan Michałowicz, destroyed in 1944;^[28] or Tarnów Synagogue, destroyed in 1939).^[29]

Place	Building	Date of construction	Style and history	Image
Chełmno	Town Hall	1567–1572	Netherlandish/Polish mannerism. The original building was built in 1298. The tower was added between 1584 and 1596.[30] Architecture of the building had many influences - horizontal attic embellished with volutes is characteristic for Polish mannerism, the elevated gables and soaring windows are in Netherlandish/Flemish style and tower decorated with corner rustication is typical for similar structures in Germany.
Gdańsk	Golden House	1609–1618	Netherlandish Mannerism (architectAbraham van den Blocke).[31] Built for Johann Speymann, a wealthy grain trader and mayor of the city, and his wife Judith Bahr. The attic is decorated with sculptures depictingCleopatra,Oedipus,Achilles andAntigone by Johann Vogt ofRostock.
	Golden Gate	1612–1614	Netherlandish Mannerism (constructed by Jan Strakowski to design by Abraham van den Blocke).[32] The attic was adorned with allegorical sculptures of citizen's virtues: Peace, Liberty, Fortune and Fame (west side), Harmony, Justice, Piety and Prudence (east side).[32] They were carved in 1648 by Peter Ringering toJeremias Falck's design.
	Green Gate	1564–1568	Netherlandish Mannerism, inspired by theAntwerp City Hall (architect Regnier van Amsterdam).[31] It was built to serve as the formal residence of thePolish monarchs.[33]
	Neptune's Fountain	1617	Netherlandish Mannerism (design by Abraham van den Blocke).[34] The fountain was founded by the city councillors at Barthell Schachtmann's initiative.[35] The Neptune's statue was cast inAugsburg by Peter Husen and Johann Rogge. In 1634 the fountain was encompassed by a fence decorated with gildedPolish Eagles, also designed by Abraham van den Blocke.[35]
	Old Arsenal	1602–1605	Netherlandish Mannerism (architectsAnthonis van Obbergen, Jan Strakowski andAbraham van den Blocke).[36]
	Schumann House	1560	Netherlandish Mannerism.[31] Built for Hans Conert the Younger by unknown architect. The building was known at that time as theKing's House.[37] The top of the house is decorated with the sculpture ofZeus. Schumann House's architecture bears strong resemblance toGildehuis der Kuipers (Coopers' House) and toHuis van de Schutters (Archer's House) in Antwerp.
	St. Mary's Church – Epitaph of Edward Blemke	1591	Netherlandish Mannerism (sculptor Willem van den Blocke).[38] The central relief depicts the resurrection in theValley of Josaphat according to prophetEzekiel's vision (the dynamic of skeletons' transformation from bones to corpse is exceptional).[38] The epitaph was crowned with a sculpture of death. Inspiration were epitaphs by Cornelis Floris - the construction bears resemblance to Epitaph of Dirk van Assendelft and his wife Adriana van Nassau inGrote Kerk inBreda (1555).
Oliwa	Oliwa Cathedral – Kos Tomb	1599–1620	Netherlandish Mannerism (sculptor Willem van den Blocke). Established by Mikołaj Kos,landlord inŻukczyn.[39] Mikołaj and his son Andrzej were depicted wearing armours ofPolish hussars.[39]
Szczecin	Pomeranian Dukes Castle	1573−1582	Pomeranian mannerism (architect Wilhelm Zachariasz Italus).[40] The original castle (built in 1346 by dukeBarnim the Great) was rebuilt in the late renaissance style for duke John Frederick.[41]
Włocławek	Włocławek Cathedral – Chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary	1604–1611	Polish mannerism. Originally built in 1503, it was reconstructed in the mannerist style by bishopJan Tarnowski.[42] The architecture of the chapel, though inspired by Sigismund's Chapel was adapted and transformed according to Dutch patterns. The dome was hidden behind thebalustrade and the walls were covered with a subtle corner rustication.

Place	Building	Date of construction	Style and history	Image
Drobin	Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and St. Stanisław – Kryski Tomb	1572–1576	Italian/Polish mannerism (circle of Santi Gucci).[43] Established by Stanisław Kryski,voivode of Masovia. It depicts Stanisław's parents Paweł Kryski, his wife Anna Szreńska and their son Wojciech Kryski,chamberlain ofPłock.[43] The structure was by most account inspired by the tombs in theMedici Chapel in theBasilica of San Lorenzo inFlorence and thetomb of Pope Julius II inSan Pietro in Vincoli inRome, designed byMichelangelo.[43]
Gołąb	Church of St. Catherine and St. Florian	1628–1638	Polish mannerism (circle of Santi Gucci) with elements of Dutch mannierism (ferrule ornament).[44] The church was established by priest Szymon Grzybowski.[44]
	Loreto House	1634–1642	Italian mannerism, an exact replica of theLoreto House in Italy.[44] Founded by ChancellorJerzy Ossoliński.[44] The main decorating features are ceramic statues of prophets, created under strong influence ofMichelangelo's works.[44]
Kazimierz Dolny	Celej House	before 1635	Polish mannerism (Lublin type, circle of Santi Gucci), the attic is decorated with folk motives (basilisks,dragons and birds among others)[45] Built for a wealthy merchant Bartłomiej Celej.
	Church of St. John the Baptist and St. Bartholomew	1586–1613	Polish mannerism (architect Jakub Balin). The original 14th-century building burned in 1561.[46] The initiators of the reconstruction and the founders were the Firlejs.[46] The church was enhanced and covered with a cradle vault with lanterns. The gothicgables were rebuilt in the late renaissance style.[46]
	Mikołaj Przybyła Granary	1591	Polish mannerism. In the beginning of the 17th century there were about 60 granaries in the town.[47]
	Przybyła Houses	1615	Polish mannerism (Lublin type with folk motives).[48] Built for two brothers Mikołaj and Krzysztof Przybyła.[48]
Lublin	Carmelite Church	1635–1644	Polish mannerism (Lublin type).[49] The church was founded by Katarzyna z Kretków Sanguszkowa forDiscalced Carmelite Sisters.[49] The main gabled facade was decorated with arcade-pilaster divisions and frescoes. Nave elevations were divided with pilasters supporting the consolecornice.[49]
	Konopnica House	1575	Polish mannerism. The original late gothic house (built before 1512) was obtained by Sebastian Konopnica as a dowry of his wife Katarzyna z Kretków.[50] Konopnica, city mayor of Lublin, rebuilt the house in mannerist style.[50] Rich decorations of windows with medallions bearing effigies of Sebastian Konopnica and his wife Katarzyna are attributed to Pińczów workshop.[50]
Pabianice	Manor house	1565–1571	Polish mannerism (architect Wawrzyniec Lorek). Built forcanon Stanisław Dąbrowski.[51]
Poznań	City Hall	1550–1567	Italian/Polish mannerism (architect Giovanni Battista di Quadro). The town hall was built during the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries.[52] In the 16th century the building was enhanced, roofs were covered with attics and facade was embellished with a three-story loggia.[52]
	Poznań Cathedral – Tomb of bishop Izdbieński	1557–1560	Polish mannerism (sculptor Jan Michałowicz ofUrzędów). It was established for Benedykt Izdbieński, bishop of Poznań by his heirs. The tomb was carved in sandstone and red marble and adorned with profuse floral decorations.[53] Characteristic for Michałowicz blend of Netherlandish and Italian influences is visible in the tomb.[53]
	Ridt House	1576	Polish mannerism (Greater Poland type, architect Giovanni Battista di Quadro).[54] The gothic building was purchased in 1566 by Zachariasz Ridt, a rich cloth and leather merchant.[54] Zachariasz, who was also a seniorpastor of theLutheran community in Poznań, rebuilt the house in mannerist style.[54] The tuscan order, decorational features of the gable (volutes and pillars) as well as division of facade surfaces with simple details are typical for Greater Poland mannerism.
Siedlisko	Schönaich Castle	1597–1618	German mannerism (architect Melchior Duckhardt). The original woodencastrum in Sedlscho was replaced between 1550 and 1560 by a brick building.[55] It was later enlarged and reconstructed for Georg Schönaich, who also built a chapel (Protestantrood screen) with mannerist decorations.[55]
Uchanie	Church of the Assumption of Mary – Uchański Tomb	c. 1607	Polish mannerism (sculptor Santi Gucci).[56] Established by Anny Herburtówna to commemorate herself and her husband Paweł Uchański,voivode of Bełz.[56] Made of sandstone with marble incrustatins, adorned with profuse floral and animal decorations. The effigies of the deceased were carved inalabaster.[56]
Warsaw	Jesuit Church	1609–1626	Polish mannerism (Lublin type, architect Jan Frankiewicz).[57] The church was founded by KingSigismund III Vasa and achamberlain Andrzej Bobola (the Old) atPiotr Skarga's initiative, in 1609.
	Negro House	1622–1628	Polish mannerism. The reconstruction of thegothic house (built before 1449) in the mannierist style was started by Jana Kluga and accomplished by Jakub Gianotti, who get a specialtax exemption for this undertaking from the city municipalities.[58] The facade was adorned with two richly decorated portals and a medallion with effigy of Negro, attributed to Gucci's workshop.[59] This sculpture gave its name to the house.[59] One of the portals bears a mark of ownership (gmerk) with initials 'IG' of Jakub Gianotti.[59]
	Royal Castle	1598–1619	Polish mannerism/early baroque (architectGiovanni Battista Trevano - his plans were probably amended byVincenzo Scamozzi).[60] The original castle, built between 1407 and 1410, was expanded for king Sigismund III Vasa by a group of Italian architects and sculptors, including Giacomo Rodondo, Paolo del Corte and Matteo Castelli.
Zamość	Armenian Houses No. 30-26	first half of the 17th century	Polish mannerism. No. 30 (green) - rebuilt in 1665–74 for Jan Wilczek and adorned with profuse floral-animal motives, No. 28 (dark yellow) - built in 1645–47 for Bazyli Rudomicz professor of theZamojski Academy, No. 26 (red) - built in 1632–34 for Armenian merchant Gabriel Bartoszewicz.[61]
	Cathedral	1587–1637	Polish mannerism (Lublin type, architectBernardo Morando).[62] It was constructed as a three-navebasilica with side chapels.[62] The main 20m high nave was covered with a cradle vault with lanterns. The naves are divided by thickcorinthian pillars crowned with richly decoratedentablature. Vaults were embellished withmoldings (geometric, floral and figural motives).[62]
	Synagogue	1610–1620	Jewish mannerism.[12] Built for theSephardi Jews. The interior was richly decorated with stucco in Kalisian-Lublin style. The main part was a great pray hall (11.5 x 12.2 m).[63]
	Town Hall	1591–1622	Polish mannerism (architect Bernardo Morando). Between 1639 and 1651 it was rebuilt by Jan Jaroszewicz and Jan Wolff.[64] The building was enlarged and enhanced by adding another storey with high mannerist attic, while the horseshoe shaped staircase is an 18th-century addition.[64] The clock tower is 52 meters tall and consist of five levels on square and octagonal plan.

Place	Building	Date of construction	Style and history	Image
Baranów Sandomierski	Leszczyński Castle	1591–1606	Polish mannerism (circle of Santi Gucci).[65] The castle was built forRafał Leszczyński and his son Andrzej as a fortified palace (palazzo in fortezza).[65] The architecture of the castle merge all the characteristics of Polish mannerism - side towers, arcade courtyard and richly decorated attic.
Brzeg	Piast Castle Courtyard	1556–1558	Silesian mannerism (architect Francesco de Pario ofBissone). The original gothic castle was rebuilt forJerzy II the Magnificent, duke of Brzeg and Legnica.[66] It was probably inspired by Wawel Castle courtyard.[67] The architecture of the castle's arcades bears strong resemblance toOpočno Castle in theCzech Republic and SchlossGüstrow in Germany.
	Piast Castle Gate	1554–1560	Silesian mannerism. The gate was adorned with profuse mannerist reliefs and sculptures of Jerzy II and his wifeBarbara of Brandenburg.[67] The busts depicts 24Piasts, ancestors of Jerzy II - 12 rulers of Poland from the legendaryPiast the Wheelwright toWładysław II the Exile and 12 dukes of Silesia fromHenry I the Bearded toFrederick II of Legnica.[67] The inspiration for this decoration were woodcuts from the 1521Chronica Polonorum byMaciej Miechowita.[67]
Jarosław	Orsetti House	1570–1593, 1646	Polish mannerism. Built for Stanisław Smiszowic, Jarosław'sapothecary.[68] In 1633 the building was purchased by Wilhelm Orsetti and rebuilt in 1646.[68]
Kalwaria Zebrzydowska	Ecce Homo Chapel	1605–1609	Netherlandish Mannerism (architect Paul Baudarth). It was built on the plan of the Greek cross. The vault adorned with profuse stucco decorations in the style of Dutch mannerism.[69]
Kielce	Bishops' Palace	1637–1644	Italian/Netherlandish Mannerism (architect Tommaso Poncino).[14] The palace was established byJakub Zadzik, bishop of Kraków. The building was inspired by the royal residences in Warsaw and modelled in the so-calledPoggio–Reale style.[14] Steep roofs, towers and decorations are Netherlandish/Flemish style features.
Kraków	Ciborium inSt. Mary's Basilica	1552	Polish mannerism (sculptor Giovanni Maria Padovano).[70] The St. Mary's Basilica'sCiborium was established by Kraków's goldsmiths Andrzej Mastelli and Jerzy Pipan.[70] It was made ofsandstone and adorned with redSalzburg marble, alabaster andstucco. A castbronze balustrade was created in 1595 by Michał Otto and decorated withPolish and Lithuanian coat of arms.[70]
	Decjusz Villa	1630	Italian mannerism (architect Maciej Trapola).[71] The original villa, built between 1528 and 1535 for Justus Decjusz, was rebuilt forSebastian Lubomirski.[71] Inspiration for this reconstruction was a renaissance treaty bySebastiano Serlio.[71]
	Holy Trinity Church – Gonzaga-Myszkowski Chapel	1603–1614	Polish mannerism/early baroque (architect Santi Gucci), decorated withrustication. The chapel was modelled after theSigismund's Chapel (1519–1533). It was founded by Zygmunt Gonzaga-Myszkowski (together with his brother Piotr, he was adopted in 1597 byVincenzo Gonzaga,Duke of Mantua).[72]
	Prelate House	1618–1619	Polish mannerism (architects Maciej Litwinkowicz and Jan Zatorczyk).[73] The characteristics are late renaissance attic by Zatorczyk (1625) and sgraffito decoration imitating diamond-pointed rustication.[73]
	Wawel Cathedral – Stephen Báthory Tomb	1594–1595	Polish mannerism (sculptor Santi Gucci). Established by Queen Anna Jagiellon to commemorate her husband Stephen Báthory.[74] Made of sandstone, redmarble andalabaster.[74]
Krasiczyn	Krasicki Palace	1580–1631	Polish mannerism (architectGalleazzo Appiani).[75] The construction was started by Stanisław Krasicki and accomplished by his son Marcin Krasicki,voivode of Podolia. It was built as a fortified palace.[75] Each tower of the Krasicki Palace is different and both inner and the outer facades were decorated with profuse sgraffitos (they cover more than 7000 square meters in total).[75]
Książ Wielki	Mirów Palace	1585–1595	Polish mannerism (architect Santi Gucci). Founded by Piotr Myszkowski,bishop of Cracow as a fortified palace (palazzo in fortezza).[76] The palace is decorated with rusticated stonework.[76]
Lesko	Fortified Synagogue	1626–1654	Jewish mannerism.[77] The facade bears a Hebrew inscription that reads:He was afraid and said, "How awesome is this place! This is none other than the house of God; this is the gate of heaven." (Genesis 28:17)[78]
Oleśnica	Ducal Castle	1585–1608	German mannerism (architect Bernard Niuron).[79] The original gothic castle (built by dukeKonrad I of Oleśnica) was successively enlarged and rebuilt by the powerful bohemian magnats the Poděbrads.[79] The reconstruction in mannerist style began in 1585. Duke Charles II built a new eastern and southern wings. He also rebuilt the so-calledWidow Palace. The courtyard was emebllished with characteristicbalconies and the main gate portal was adorned with Silesian and Poděbrad family crests.[79]
Pińczów	St. Anne's Chapel	1600	Polish mannerism (architect Santi Gucci).[80] The building was established by Zygmunt Gonzaga-Myszkowski,marquess in Mirów to commemorate aJubilee of 1600.[80]
Przemyśl	Carmelite Church	1624–1630	Polish mannerism (architect - probably Galleazzo Appiani).[81] The church was founded in 1620 by Marcin Krasicki, starost of Przemyśl and owner of Krasiczyn.[81] The construction started in 1630 and was conducted by master craftsman Ligęski of Przemyśl.[81]
	Przemyśl Cathedral – Fredro Tomb	after 1622	Polish mannerism. The tomb monument was constructed for Jan Fredro, castellan of Przemyśl and his wife Anna ze Stadnickich.[82] It was carved in limestone and alabaster in tuscan order.[82] The top of the tomb is decorated with a sculpture ofarchangel Michael.
Rzeszów	Alabaster Altar in Bernardine Church	before 1637	German mannerism. Commissioned by Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza and executed by Johann Pfister or Johann Behem.[83] The central bas-relief in alabaster depicts the Lamentation of Christ and is supplemented with seven wooden, waxed and gilded reliefs with scenes from the Passion (from bottom right): Christ in the Garden of Olives, Flagellation, Crowning with thorns, Fall under the cross, Christ being nailed to the Cross, Elevation of the Cross and Descent from the Cross and three alabaster reliefs in predella: the Archangel Gabriel, Saint Anne and the Annunciation.[83]
Staszów	Church of St. Bartholomew – Tęczyński Chapel	1618–1625	Polish mannerism (Pińczów workshop, circle of Santi Gucci).[84] Tęczyński Chapel was founded by Katarzyna Leszczyńska to commemorate her husband Andrzej Tęczyński, castellan ofBełz and son Jacek.[84] The chapel was modelled after the Sigismund's Chapel and decorated with rustication.[84]
Sucha Beskidzka	Komorowski Castle	1608–1614	Polish mannerism (architect - probably Paul Baudarth). The original defensive mansion built between 1554 and 1580 was enlarged and rebuilt for Piotr Komorowski.[85]
Tarnów	Tarnów Cathedral – Ostrogski Tomb	1612–1620	Netherlandish Mannerism (design by Willem van den Blocke). Established byJanusz Ostrogski,voivode of Volhyn.[86] Made of black and redmarble and yellowalabaster. It depicts the kneeling figures of the founder and his first wife Zsuzsanna Serédi of Felsőnovaj.[86] The monument was enlarged using thetrompe-l'œil technique.[86]
Ujazd	Krzyżtopór	1621–1644	Polish mannerism/early baroque (architect Wawrzyniec Senes ofSent). The palace was built forKrzysztof Ossoliński as a fortified palace with bastions on plan of a regularpentagon. Krzyżtopór has 4 towers (seasons of the year), 12 halls (months), 52 chambers (weeks of the year) and 365 windows (days of the year).[87]
Wrocław	House of the Griffins	1587–1589	German/Dutch mannerism (architect Friedrich Gross).[88] It is the largest merchant house in Wrocław (16.25m wide), originally built in about 1300.[88] The house was rebuilt for Daniel von Turnau und Kueschmalz and his wife Dorothea von Matte. The mannerist portal with founders' crests was carved by Gerhard Hendrik ofAmsterdam.[88] The house was named after griffins decorating the attic.[88]
Żórawina	Holy Trinity Church	1600–1608	German/Dutch mannerism. The 14th-century church was reconstructed in mannerist style at Adam von Hanniwaldt's initiative. The undertaking was financially supported by Adam's brother Andreas, councillor at the court ofEmperor Rudolph II. Among the artists employed in decoration of the church were eminent Netherlandish Mannerist sculptors.[89]

Place	Building	Date of construction	Style and history	Image
Elbląg	Artus Court	1578–1581	Dutch mannerism (architect Hans Schneker ofLindau).[90] The building of theSt. GeorgeGuild was established and financed by the members of the guild.[90] The official inauguration of the new abode occurred in 1583. It served as a place of meetings of merchants, receptions and performances.[90] The facade of the house represented typical for Dutch mannerism merge of stone and brick elements.
Warsaw	Town Hall	1580	Polish mannerism (architect Antoneo de Ralia).[91] It was rebuilt between 1620 and 1621.[91] The architecture of the building was similar to many other structures of that type in Poland. It was adorned with attic and four side towers. Clock tower, embellished with an arcade loggia, was covered with a bulbous spire typical for Warsaw mannerist architecture (e.g. Royal Castle, not existing timber manor house of Opaliński family inWarsaw New Town).[92]
	Villa Regia	1626–1639 or 1637–1641	Polish mannerism (architectGiovanni Trevano and Matteo Castelli). The Villa Regia was erected in 1637-41 for KingWładysław IV in the mannerist-earlyBaroque style as avilla suburbana (suburbanvilla) christened theVilla Regia (Latin: "Royal Villa").[93][94] It was constructed as a rectangular building with corner towers, a type of residence known asPoggio–Reale - Serlio.
Łowicz	Houses	?	Polish mannerism.[95] The facade of the houses represented typical for Polish mannerism elements.

• Renaissance in Poland
• Bartholomeus Strobel, the leading Mannerist painter in Poland
• Northern Mannerism

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