Manneken Pis (pronounced[ˌmɑnəkə(m)ˈpɪs]ⓘ;Dutch for 'Little Pissing Man') is a landmark 55.5 cm (21.9 in)[1][a]bronze fountain sculpture in centralBrussels, Belgium, depicting apuer mingens: anaked little boy urinating into the fountain's basin. Though its existence is attested as early as the mid-15th century,Manneken Pis was redesigned by theBrabantine sculptorJérôme Duquesnoy the Elder and put in place in 1619. Itsblue stone niche inrocaille style dates from 1770. The statue has been repeatedly stolen or damaged throughout its history. Since 1965, a replica has been displayed on site, with the original stored in theBrussels City Museum.
Manneken Pis is one of the best-known symbols of Brussels and Belgium, inspiring several legends, as well as numerous imitations and similar statues, both nationally and abroad. The figure is regularly dressed up and its wardrobe consists of around one thousand different costumes. Since 2017, they have been exhibited in a dedicated museum calledGardeRobe MannekenPis, located on the same street. Owing to its self-derisive nature,Manneken Pis is also an example ofbelgitude (French;lit.'Belgianness'), as well as of folk humour (zwanze) popular in Brussels.
Manneken Pis is approximately five minutes' walk from theGrand-Place/Grote Markt (Brussels' main square), at the junction of theRue du Chêne/Eikstraat and the pedestrianRue de l'Étuve/Stoofstraat.[3][4][5] This site is served by thepremetro (underground tram) stationBourse - Grand-Place/Beurs - Grote Markt (on lines4 and10), as well as thebus stopGrand-Place/Grote Markt (on lines 33, 48 and 95).[6][7][8]
The statue's original name wasMenneke(n) Pis orMenneke(n) Pist.[9][5][10] In fact, in theBrabantian dialect of Brussels (known asBrusselian, and also sometimes referred to as Marols or Marollien),[11]een manneke means a small man, whereaseen menneke means a little boy (it is the diminutive ofmen, meaning boy), though in modernFlemish (the local variant of Dutch),menneke also means a small man (it is synonymous tomannetje).[12][13] Nowadays, the nameManneken Pis (Dutch,pronounced[ˌmɑnəkə(m)ˈpɪs]), usually translated as "Little Pissing Man" or "Little Peeing Man" in English,[14][15] is official in both French and Dutch.
Manneken Pis is sometimes given the nickname ofPetit Julien in French orJulianske in Dutch (both meaning "Little Julien"),[3][4] which in fact refers to a now-disappeared fountain of the "Little Julien" (Juliaenkensborre).[4][5][16] This stems from a confusion by the 19th-century historians Alexandre Henne andAlphonse Wauters, who mistook the two distinct fountains because of their proximity.[17] Due to its long history, the statue is also sometimes dubbedle plus vieux bourgeois de Bruxelles in French orde oudste burger van Brussel in Dutch ("the oldestbourgeois of Brussels").[3][4][5]
Detail fromThe Ommegang in Brussels on 31 May 1615 (Denis Van Alsloot, 1616).Manneken Pis (middle right) is dressed for the occasion.
The earliest mention of the existence ofManneken Pis dates from the mid-15th century,[3][18] and can be found in an administrative document from 1451–52 about the water lines supplying the fountains of Brussels.[b] From the beginning, the fountain played an essential role in the distribution ofdrinking water. It stood on a column and poured water into a double rectangular basin of stone. The only representations of this first statue can be found, very schematically, on a map by thecartographersGeorg Braun andFrans Hogenberg, in which the fountain appeared to be installed directly on the street and not on a corner as it is today.Manneken Pis is depicted again in a painting from 1616 by thecourt paintersDenis Van Alsloot andAntoon Sallaert representingBrussels' Ommegang of 1615, as well as in a preparatory drawing to this painting, in which it is dressed as a shepherd.[19][20]
The first statue was replaced with a newbronze version, commissioned in 1619 by theBrussels City Council.[3][4] This 55.5-centimetre-tall (21.9 in)[1][a] bronze statue, on the corner of theRue de l'Étuve/Stoofstraat and theRue des Grands Carmes/Lievevrouwbroerstraat, was conceived by theBrabantine sculptorJérôme Duquesnoy the Elder,[21][4][5] father of the architect and sculptorJérôme Duquesnoy the Younger and the famous sculptorFrançois Duquesnoy.[22] It was probably cast and installed in 1620.[c] During that time, the column supporting the statue and the double rectangular basin collecting water were completely remodelled by the stone cutter Daniel Raessens.[3][23]
View of the Fountain of Manneken Pis, etching byJacobus Harrewijn fromLes délices des Pays-Bas, 1697Manneken Pis in itsrocaille-style niche, fitted in 1770, appears to be smaller than in its original setting.
During its history,Manneken Pis faced many hazards. It survived undamaged thebombardment of Brussels of 1695 by the French army, but the pipes having been affected, it could not deliver its water for some time. Apamphlet published the same year recounts this episode. This text is the oldest attesting thatManneken Pis had become "an object of glory appreciated by all and renowned throughout the world".[24] It is also the first time that it served as a symbol for the people of Brussels. It is also traditionally said that after the bombardment, it was triumphantly placed again on its pedestal. On that occasion, the following passage from theBible was inscribed above its head:In petra exaltavit me, et nunc exaltavi caput meum super inimicos meos ("The Lord placed me on a stone base, and now I raise my head above my enemies").[25][26]
As shown by an engraving byJacobus Harrewijn, dating from 1697,[27] the fountain was no longer located on the street, but in a recess at the corner of theRue du Chêne/Eikstraat and theRue de l'Étuve/Stoofstraat and was protected by a gate.[28] In 1770, the column and the double rectangular basin disappeared; the statue was integrated into a new decor, in the form of ablue stone niche inrocaille style, originating from another dismantled fountain of Brussels.[29][3][30] The water simply flowed through a grating in the ground, which was replaced with a basin in the 19th century. In its new setting,Manneken Pis gives the impression of being smaller than in its original layout.[25]
The whole structure is protected bywrought iron railings,[3][31] the last version of which dates from 1851.[31] The latter prevented access to water, relegating the fountain to a decorative and symbolic role. It is also the case, around the same time, of the other fountains in Brussels. This correlates with efforts by theCity of Brussels, starting in 1855, to allow for the distribution ofdrinking water in homes.[32]
The figure has repeatedly been the object of theft or attempted theft. Legend has it that the statue was removed in 1745 by English soldiers and found in the Flemish town ofGeraardsbergen (French:Grammont).[25][30][33] As a sign of their appreciation, the people of Brussels gave this city a replica of the statue.[30] A second attempted theft was allegedly made in 1747 by a group of Frenchgrenadiers stationed in Brussels.[34][33] The population rebelled against this deed and threatened a bloody revenge. To calm things down, theKing of France,Louis XV, offered a gentleman's gown ofbrocade, embroidered with gold, toManneken Pis. He also authorised the statue to carry the sword, and decorated it with theCross of St. Louis.[3][35][5]
The statue was stolen in 1817 by the freed convict Antoine Licas or Lycas. The perpetrator was heavily punished; he was condemned to forced labour for life, and was first tied for an hour tostocks on theGrand-Place/Grote Markt.[30][5] The original statue was broken into eleven pieces during this abduction and was restored by a specialisedwelder, under the supervision of sculptorGilles-Lambert Godecharle.[36] The pieces were matched and used to make a mould in which the bronze statue was poured.[3][30][36] The statue was then screwed onto a newcopper base marked "1620 – REST 1817".[37]
The originalManneken Pis statue from 1619 is kept at theBrussels City Museum.The surroundings ofManneken Pis give an idea of its size.
Manneken Pis experienced similar misadventures in the 20th century. Two attempted thefts occurred in 1955 and 1957.[38][39] Some accounts say that it has been stolen up to seven times. Notably, in January 1963, students of theAntwerp student's association "De Wikings" of the Sint-Ignatius Handelshogeschool (Higher Business Education), now part of theUniversity of Antwerp, "hijacked" the statue for five days before handing it over to the Antwerp authorities. The local and international press covered the story, contributing to the students' collection of funds donated to two orphanages. The case did go further, however, and the base was replaced identically by theCompagnie des Bronzes de Bruxelles, to which the statue was anchored by a reinforced bronze attachment.[37][40][41]
Things were more serious when it disappeared in 1965; the statue had been broken by the thief and only the feet and ankles remained.[38][42][43] In June 1966, the Antwerp magazineDe Post received an anonymous phone call, signalling that the "body" was in theCharleroi Canal. It was found there by divers, sent by the magazine, and was brought back to Brussels on 27 June.[44] Restored once again, the statue was sheltered and the original version is now kept and displayed on the second floor of the Brussels City Museum, at theKing's House, on the Grand-Place.[4][45][46] In the meantime, a replica of the statue had already been commissioned by Brussels' authorities and cast by theCompagnie des Bronzes.[43] The new statue was thus installed in place of the old one and this version still adorns the niche on the Rue du Chêne to this day.
In late 2018, city technician Régis Callens discovered that the basin of the statue had developed a leak, leading to a reported 1,000–1,500 litres (220–330 imp gal; 260–400 US gal) of water being used per day.[47] The leak occurred for an unknown number of years, unnoticed among the several hundred water features in the City of Brussels and was only later discovered with the help of Shayp water monitoring technology.[48] The statue received a temporary fix in March 2019, with a permanent recirculating system set to be installed. The solution was announced during Brussels Water Week where city officials cited the situation as motivation to check for similar problems in other fountains.[49]
Godfrey III of Leuven in his cradle on the branch of an oak during the Battle of Ransbeek
There are several legends behindManneken Pis, but the most famous is one involving DukeGodfrey III of Leuven. In 1142, the troops of this two-year-old lord were battling against the troops of the Berthouts, the lords ofGrimbergen, in Ransbeek (nowNeder-Over-Heembeek, a northern part of theCity of Brussels). To give themselves courage, the soldiers placed the infant lord in a basket which they hung from a largeoak tree overlooking the battlefield. While his men were in dire straits, the little duke rose up in the basket, and from his perch, urinated onto the troops of the Berthouts, who eventually lost the battle.[50] The fountain perpetuates the memory of this victory. The name of theRue du Chêne/Eikstraat ("Oak Tree Street"), at the corner of which the statue is located, recalls the famous tree.[51][4]
Another legend suggests that, in the 14th century, Brussels was under siege by a foreign power. The city had held its ground for some time, so the attackers conceived of a plan to place explosive charges at the city walls. A little boy namedJulianske happened to be spying on them, as they were preparing. He urinated on the burning fuse and thus saved the city.[52][4] There was, at the time (middle of the 15th century, perhaps as early as 1388), a similar statue made of stone. The statue was stolen several times.[50]
Another story tells of a wealthy merchant who, during a visit to the city with his family, had his beloved young son go missing. The merchant hastily formed a search party, which scoured all corners of the city, until the boy was found happily urinating in a small garden. The merchant, as a gift of gratitude to the locals who helped out during the search, had the fountain built.[50]
Another legend tells that a small boy went missing from his mother, when shopping in the centre of the city. The woman, panic-stricken by the loss of her child, called upon everyone she came across, including the mayor of the city. A citywide search began, and when at last the child was found, he was urinating on the corner of a small street. The story was passed down over time and the statue was erected as a tribute to the well-known legend.[50]
Another legend tells of the young boy who was awoken by a fire and was able to put out the fire with his urine. In the end, this helped stop the king's castle from burning down.[50]
Manneken Pis is dressed in costumes, several times each week, according to a published schedule, which is posted on the railings around the fountain. Since 1954, the costumes are managed by thenon-profit organisationThe Order of the Friends of Manneken Pis, who review hundreds of designs submitted each year, and select a small number to be produced and used.[53] His wardrobe consists of around one thousand different costumes, many of which could previously be viewed in a permanent exhibition inside theBrussels City Museum, located on theGrand-Place, immediately opposite theTown Hall.[3][30] In February 2017, a specially designed museum, calledGardeRobe MannekenPis, opened its doors at 19,rue du Chêne/Eikstraat.[54][55]
Although the proliferation of costumes is of 20th-century origin,[56] their occasional use dates back almost to the date of casting. The oldest evidence of the tradition of dressingManneken Pis dates from 1615; during theOmmegang of Brussels organised that year in honour of ArchduchessIsabella, sovereign of theSpanish Netherlands,Manneken Pis was dressed in a shepherd's costume.[19][20] He received his first costume on 1 May 1698 from theGovernor of the Austrian Netherlands,Maximilian II Emanuel of Bavaria, during the festivities of one of theGuilds of Brussels.[17][4] The oldest costume on display in the City Museum, the gentleman's gown offered by KingLouis XV, is of 18th-century origin.[3][35][57] In 1756, an inventory indicates thatManneken Pis had five complete costumes. From 1918 to 1940, he was offered some thirty costumes. But it was especially after 1945 that the movement took on an exceptional dimension; he had more than 400 costumes in 1994, more than 750 in 2005, and more than 950 in 2016.[58] In 2018,Manneken Pis received his 1000th costume, created by fashion designerJean-Paul Lespagnard.[59]
The costume change on the figure is a colourful ceremony, often accompanied by brass band music. Many costumes represent the national dress of nations whose citizens come to Brussels as tourists; others are the uniforms of assorted trades, professions, associations, and branches of the civil and military services. As well as historical clothing, the wardrobe also contains modern costumes, such as ones ofDracula,Mickey Mouse andSanta Claus.[60] In the past, the costume was cut without a cutting pattern. The sleeves were padded with cotton wool and ended with gloves. It is only since 1945 that a pattern allowed the making of more fitted costumes.
TheOrder of the Friends of Manneken Pis was founded in 1954 and has more than 150 members. The objective of the Order is to stimulate the cultural, tourist,philanthropic and commercial development of Belgium in general, and more particularly to preserve the traditions linked toManneken Pis. The Order is always present during the ceremonies surrounding the presentation of new costumes and during the statue's official greetings and anniversaries.[61]
On certain folkloric occasions (e.g.Saint-Verhaegen,Meyboom plantation),Manneken Pis is hooked up to a keg of beer. Cups are filled up with the beer flowing from the statue and given out to passers-by.[5][62]
In June 2025,Manneken Pis was temporarily turned off to markWorld Continence Week as part of an initiative by the Belgian charity PlasPraat vzw and the Dutch charity Bekkenbodem4all to awareness aboutincontinence, and to break down stigmas around people discussing the issue with medical professionals.[63]
Geraardsbergen'sManneken Pis competes with that of Brussels as the oldest.
Although Brussels'Manneken Pis is the best known, others exist all across the country. As early as the 17th century, the statue was the subject of decorative replicas. TheBrussels City Museum exhibits a copy which was crafted by Jacques Van den Broeck in 1630, probably from a cast of Duquesnoy's statue. Another local copy, from 1636, in a private American collection, is attributed to the German founder Daniel Haneman.[64] Similar statues can also be found in the Flemish cities ofKoksijde,[65]Hasselt,Ghent, andBruges, as well as in the Walloon municipality ofBraine-l'Alleud (where it is calledEl Gamin qui piche, meaning "The Peeing Kid" inWalloon).[66]
There is an ongoing dispute over whichManneken Pis is the oldest; the one in Brussels or the one inGeraardsbergen.[5][67] According to tradition, Geraardsbergen was in a rebuilding phase after the devastating passage ofJean II de Croÿ's troops in the spring of 1452, during a war opposing the city ofGhent and the Burgundian dukePhilip the Good. On that occasion, the spout from one of the city's fountains, in the shape of a copper lion's head, was taken by the people of Ghent. The aldermen of Geraardsbergen thus had their ownManneken Pis made in 1459 to replace it.[68][69] The statue was cast inbrass by Reinier Van Tienen, based on a model designed by Gillis Vander Jeught.
It can be assumed that the first version of Brussels'Manneken Pis, dating from before 1451, served as inspiration to Geraardsbergen's statue. Looking at the ages of the statues, both of them are replicas; the one in Brussels dating from 1965 and the one in Geraardsbergen from 1985. The design of Geraarsbergen's original statue, however, which dates from 1459, antedates that of Duquesnoy's statue, from 1619. It is on this basis that Geraardsbergen asserts that itsManneken Pis is the oldest,[69] but since there was probably already aManneken Pis in 1452 in Brussels, the tradition might be slightly older there.[18]
Since the 20th century, numerous copies or imitations ofManneken Pis have been created abroad. It is necessary to distinguish the official copies offered by theCity of Brussels from copies and imitations carried out privately by admirers of the little statue. Official copies were offered to:Colmar, France (1922);Osaka, Japan (1928);Monaco (1951);London, United Kingdom (1959);Broxeele, France (1979);Benalmadena, Spain (1991); andNagoya, Japan (2015).[70]
A replica ofManneken Pis has pride of place in the lobby of the police station ofPoitiers, France, commemorating the fact that this city was, for 26 days, the seat of the Belgian government duringWorld War II.[71] Similar copies of the statue exist in the Bulgarian city ofStara Zagora,[72] in the Danish town ofBogense,[73] as well as inChiayi Park inTaiwan. Another working replica stands on the platform ofTokyo'sHamamatsuchō Station. There, the statue is a great source of pride for station workers who dress it in various costumes—traditional and otherwise—at different times of year.[74]
In September 2002, a Belgian-born waffle-maker set up a replica in front of his waffle stand in theOrlando Fashion Square mall, inOrlando, Florida. He recalled the legend as "the boy who saved Brussels from fire by extinguishing it with his urine" (perhaps confusing the legend with an incident inGulliver's Travels). Some shocked shoppers made a formal complaint. Mall officials said that the waffle-shop owner did not follow procedures when he put up the statue and was therefore in violation of his lease.[75]
In contrast, there is a 1-metre-tall (3.3 ft)similar statue known asManequinho inRio de Janeiro, Brazil, made in 1908. It used to be in front of theNational Library, but after complaints about immorality, it was moved to the headquarters ofBotafogo de Futebol e Regatas, a famous Brazilian football club, where it has been adopted as a mascot by the club. Fans usually dress it with the club's jersey after important wins.[76]
Manneken Pis is not the only peeing statue in Brussels. Since 1987, it has had a female equivalent,Jeanneke Pis ("Little Pissing Joan"), located on the eastern side of theImpasse de la Fidélité/Getrouwheidsgang ("Fidelity Alley"), a narrowcul-de-sac some 30 metres (100 ft) long leading northwards off the restaurant-packedRue des Bouchers/Beenhouwersstraat, in central Brussels. The 50-centimetre (20 in)bronze sculpture depicts a naked little girl with shortpigtails,squatting and urinating on a blue-greylimestone base. It feeds a small fountain and is now protected fromvandalism by iron bars. It is, however, less illustrious than its masculine counterpart.[77]
Het Zinneke, sometimes calledZinneke Pis, another bronze sculpture in central Brussels, depicting adog urinating against abollard, can also be seen as a reference toManneken Pis. It is, however, not associated with a fountain.Zinneke is a nickname chosen to represent a person from Brussels who was not born there.[78] The word means "mutt" or "bastard" inBrusselian dialect, and originally referred to the city's stray dogs that hung around the streets by theLesser Senne (a tangent canal of the riverSenne, which circumnavigated Brussels along thecity walls) until the end of the 19th century.[79] It is located at the junction of theRue des Chartreux/Kartuizersstraat and theRue du Vieux-Marché-aux-Grains/Oude Graanmarkt, not far from theHalles Saint-Géry/Sint-Gorikshallen.
Souvenirfigurines ofManneken Pis sold on theRue de l'Étuve/Stoofstraat
Being of prominent symbolic nature to Brussels and Belgium in general,Manneken Pis is widely used to represent both the city and country (as well as its people) in advertising, branding, tourism and as anational personification.[56][80] The statue's self-derisive nature also embodies the typical Belgian identity referred to asbelgitude (French;lit.'Belgianness'),[81] as well as a type of folk humour specific to Brussels (calledzwanze inBrusselian dialect).[82][83]
Surrounded by souvenir shops, the fountain has become a major tourist attraction.[3][30]Figurine-sized replicas ofManneken Pis inbrass,fiberglass, or evenBelgian chocolate, are commonly sold there.Manneken Pis has also been adapted into suchrisqué souvenir items asashtrays andcorkscrews.[84]
In 2001, the Irish low-cost airlineRyanair used an image ofManneken Pis in an advert attacking the Belgian national airlineSabena, with the slogan "Pissed off with Sabena's high fares?" Sabena sued Ryanair, claiming the comparison was misleading, and Ryanair was ordered to apologise. Their apology read "We're Sooooo Sorry Sabena!" and listed further price comparisons.[85][86] Sabena went bankrupt later in 2001.[87][88][89]
Manneken Pis is granted a humorous tribute in the comic albumAsterix in Belgium. ForAsterix-related events taking place in Brussels, the sculpture has also been clad in Asterix's trademark garments.[90]
The 1968 filmThe Party, starringPeter Sellers, includes a reproduction of the statue in the house's extended water feature. The statue's peeing can be changed at an extended intercom panel, and Sellers, as Hrundi V. Bakshi, soaks a guest when he hits the wrong button.[91]
In the 1986 filmThe Money Pit, the lead character, Walter Fielding, played byTom Hanks, accidentally falls in a construction area where workers are renovating his home. In a sequence reminiscent of aRube Goldberg machine, he stumbles through a window, across the roof, down a scaffold, finally into a wheeled bin in which he rolls down a hill and is dumped into a fountain resting directly under a replica ofManneken Pis.[92]
A promotional expansion for the board game7 Wonders allows a player to buildManneken Pis as an eighth wonder of the world.[96]
In 2019, under pressure from ownerHasbro, the Brusselsedition of theMonopoly board gamecensoredManneken Pis with swimming trunks.[97]
Manneken Pis is featured in the 2021 party video gameWarioWare: Get It Together! in a microgame titledManneken Pis where the player must use the statue to douse flames.[98]
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Culot, Maurice; Hennaut, Eric; Demanet, Marie; Mierop, Caroline (1992).Le bombardement de Bruxelles par Louis XIV et la reconstruction qui s'ensuivit, 1695–1700 (in French). Brussels: AAM éditions.ISBN978-2-87143-079-7.
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Deligne, Chloé (2005).Bruxelles sortie des eaux: Les relations entre la ville et ses cours d'eau du Moyen Age à nos jours (in French). Brussels: Musées de la Ville de Bruxelles.ISBN978-2-9600373-1-9.
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Emerson, Catherine (2015).Regarding Manneken Pis: Culture, Celebration and Conflict in Brussels. Leeds: Taylor & Francis Ltd.ISBN978-1-909662-30-8.
Emerson, Catherine. "Manneken Pis and cultural identity."Intercultural Spaces: Language, Culture, Identity (2007): 21ff.
Emerson, Catherine. "Paul Cazin, the 'Manneken-Pis' and the Deification of Boyhood."Boyhood Studies 1, no. 2 (2007): 138–156.
Emerson, Catherine. "The message on the street corner: alchemy, public health and the Brussels Manneken Pis urinating statue."Social Semiotics 29, no. 4 (2019): 463–475.
Heymans, Vincent (2003).Monument à Manneken Pis. Angle de la rue de l'Étuve, rue du Chêne. Étude historique du monument et de ses abords (in French). Brussels: Ville de Bruxelles, Département Urbanisme, Architecture, Cellule Patrimoine historique.
Le Roy, Georges (1947).Manneken-Pis. Brussels: A. De Boeck.
Miller, Naomi (1998).Fountains as Metaphor in Fountains, Splash and Spectacle, Water and Design from the Renaissance to the Present. New York: Marilyn Symmes, Thames and Hundson and Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution.ISBN978-0-8478-2100-6.
Vautier, Dominique; Houbrechts, David; Van Sprang, Sabine (2012). "Un dessin de Van Alsloot retrouvé et la première fontaine de Manneken-Pis".Quotidiana. Huldealbum Dr. Frank Daelemans. Archives et bibliothèques de Belgique (in French).95. Brussels:129–142.
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