In theAPG III system, 35 families were recognized.[1] Medusagynaceae, Quiinaceae, Peraceae, Malesherbiaceae, Turneraceae, Samydaceae, and Scyphostegiaceae were consolidated into other families. The largest family, by far, is theEuphorbiaceae, with about 7500 species in about 300genera.[6] Changes made in theAngiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification of 2016 (APG IV) were the inclusion ofIrvingiaceae,Peraceae,Euphorbiaceae andIxonanthaceae, together with the transfer of the COM clade from the fabids (rosid I) to the malvids (rosid II).[5]
Thephylogenetic tree shown below is from Xiet al. (2012). The study presented a more resolved phylogenetic tree than previous studies through the use of data from a large number of genes. They included analyses of 82 plastid genes from 58 species (ignoring the problematicRafflesiaceae), using partitions identifieda posteriori by applying aBayesian mixture model. Xiet al. identified 12 additional clades and three major, basal clades.[7][8]
The olderphylogenetic tree shown below is from Wurdack and Davis (2009).[9] TheDNA sequences of 13genes, 42 families were placed into 16groups, ranging in size from one to 10 families. The relationships among these 16 groups were poorly resolved. The statistical support for each branch is 100%bootstrap percentage and 100%posterior probability, except where labeled, with bootstrap percentage followed by posterior probability.
Malpighiales ismonophyletic and inmolecular phylogenetic studies, it receives strong statistical support.[3] Since the APG II system was published in 2003, minor changes to thecircumscription of the order have been made. The familyPeridiscaceae has been expanded from two genera to three, and then to four, and transferred toSaxifragales.[9][10]
Some family delimitations within the order have changed, as well, most notably, thesegregation ofCalophyllaceae fromClusiaceaesensu lato when it was shown that the latter isparaphyletic.[9] Some differences of opinion on family delimitation exist, as well. For example,Samydaceae andScyphostegiaceae may be recognized as families or included in a large version ofSalicaceae.[11]
The group is difficult to characterize phenotypically, due to sheer morphological diversity, ranging from tropical holoparasites with giant flowers, such asRafflesia, to temperate trees and herbs with tiny, simple flowers, such asSalix.[3] Members often have dentate leaves, with the teeth having a single vein running into a congested and often deciduous apex (i.e., violoid, salicoid, or theoid).[12] Also, zeylanol has recently been discovered inBalanops andDichapetalum[13] which are in the balanops clade (so-called Chrysobalanaceae s. l.). The so-called parietal suborder (the clusioid clade and Ochnaceae s. l. were also part of Parietales) corresponds with the traditional Violales as 8 (Achariaceae, Violaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Lacistemataceae, Scyphostegiaceae, Turneraceae, Malesherbiaceae, and Passifloraceae) of the order's 10 families along with Salicaceae, which have usually been assigned as a related order or suborder,[14] are in this most derived malpighian suborder, so that eight of the 10 families of this suborder are Violales. The family Flacourtiaceae has proven to be polyphyletic as the cyanogenic members have been placed in Achariaceae and the ones with salicoid teeth were transferred to Salicaceae.[12] Scyphostegiaceae, consisting of the single genusScyphostegia has been merged into Salicaceae.[15]
Malpighiales is a member of asupraordinal group called the COM clade, which consists of the ordersCelastrales,Oxalidales, and Malpighiales.[16] Some describe it as containing a fourth order,Huales, separating the familyHuaceae into its own order, separate from Oxalidales.[17]
Some recent studies have placed Malpighiales as sister to Oxalidalessensu lato (including Huaceae),[9][18] while others have found a differenttopology for the COM clade.[2][16][19]
The COM clade is part of anunranked group known asmalvids (rosid II), though formally placed inFabidae (rosid I).[20][21] These in turn are part of a group that has long been recognized, namely, therosids.[4]
The family Malpighiaceae was thetype family for one of the orders created byJussieu in his 1789 workGenera Plantarum.[22]Friedrich von Berchtold andJan Presl described such an order in 1820.[23] Unlike moderntaxonomists, these authors did not use the suffix "ales" in naming their orders. The name "Malpighiales" is attributed by some toCarl von Martius.[4] In the 20th century, it was usually associated withJohn Hutchinson, who used it in all three editions of his book,The Families of Flowering Plants.[24] The name was not used by those who wrote later, in the 1970s, '80s, and '90s.
The taxon was largely presaged byHans Hallier in 1912 in an article in theArchiv. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. titled "L'Origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes", in which his Passionales and Polygalinae were derived from Linaceae (in Guttales), with Passionales containing seven (of eight) families that also appear in the current Malpighiales, namely Passifloraceae, Salicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Achariaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Malesherbiaceae, and Turneraceae, and Polygalinae containing four (of 10) families that also appear in the current Malpighiales, namely Malpighiaceae, Violaceae, Dichapetalaceae, and Trigoniaceae.[25]
Themolecular phylogenetic revolution led to a major restructuring of the order.[3] The first semblance of Malpighiales as now known came from a phylogeny ofseed plants published in 1993 and based uponDNA sequences of the generbcL.[26] This study recovered a group of rosids unlike any group found in any previous system ofplant classification. To make a clear break withclassification systems being used at that time, theAngiosperm Phylogeny Group resurrected Hutchinson's name, though his concept of Malpighiales included much of what is now in Celastrales and Oxalidales.[27]
^abcdeKenneth J. Wurdack & Charles C. Davis (2009), "Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life",American Journal of Botany,96 (8):1551–1570,doi:10.3732/ajb.0800207,PMID21628300,S2CID23284896
^Soltis, Douglas E.; Clayton, Joshua W.; Davis, Charles C.; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Cheek, Martin; Savolainen, Vincent; Amorim, André M.; Soltis, Pamela S. (2007). "Monophyly and relationships of the enigmatic family Peridiscaceae".Taxon.56 (1):65–73.
^Mac H. Alford. 2007. "SamydaceaeArchived 3 August 2020 at theWayback Machine". Version 6 February 2007". In: The Tree of Life Web Project.
^Darbah, V. F.; Oppong, E. K.; Eminah, J. K. (2012). "Chemical investigation of the stem bark of Dichapetalum magascariennse Poir".International Journal of Applied Chemistry.8 (3):199–207.
^Brummitt, 1992. Vascular Plant Families and Genera. Kew.
^abHengchang Wang; Michael J. Moore; Pamela S. Soltis; Charles D. Bell; Samuel F. Brockington; Roolse Alexandre; Charles C. Davis; Maribeth Latvis; Steven R. Manchester & Douglas E. Soltis (10 March 2009), "Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests",Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,106 (10):3853–3858,Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.3853W,doi:10.1073/pnas.0813376106,PMC2644257,PMID19223592
^Alexander B. Doweld. 2001.Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta). Geos: Moscow, Russia.
^Li-Bing Zhang & Mark P. Simmons (2006), "Phylogeny and delimitation of the Celastrales inferred from nuclear and plastid genes",Systematic Botany,31 (1):122–137,doi:10.1600/036364406775971778,S2CID86095495
^J. Gordon Burleigh; Khidir W. Hilu & Douglas E. Soltis (2009), "Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms",BMC Evolutionary Biology,9: 61,doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-61,PMC2674047,PMID19292928
^John HutchinsonThe Families of Flowering Plants 3rd edition. 1973. Oxford University Press.
^Lawrence, George. 1960. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, p. 132. Macmillan, New York
^Mark W. Chase et alii (42 authors). 1993. "Phylogenetics of seed plants: An analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL".Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden80(3):528-580.
^Christenhusz, Maarten; Fay, Michael Francis; Chase, Mark Wayne (2017).Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. Chicago, Illinois: Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press. pp. 302–341.ISBN978-0-226-52292-0.
.jpg)
.jpg)
_Nees_%2526_Mart._(2038118904).jpg)
.jpg)
_(20394368832).jpg)
_01.jpg)
_-_Botanischer_Garten_-_Heidelberg%2c_Germany_-_DSC01386.jpg)
Humiria_balsamifera_20-01-2013.jpg)
.jpg)
_flower._Chapeltoun_North_Ayrshire.jpg)
_flower.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_Lleras_-_Flickr_-_Alex_Popovkin%2c_Bahia%2c_Brazil_(1).jpg)
_1.jpg)
