Although it was the location of one of the earliestMalay sultanates, namely theMalacca Sultanate, the local monarchy was abolished when the Portugueseconquered it in 1511. The head of state is theYang di-Pertua Negeri or Governor, rather than asultan. Malacca is noted for its unique history and it is one of the major tourist destinations in Malaysia. With a highly strategic state position for international trade routes, Malacca was once a well-known international trade centre in the East. Many traders anchored in Malacca, especially traders fromArabia, China and India, traded at the port of Malacca and from there were born many of the descendants and tribes that exist in Malacca to this day.
A great diversity of races and ethnicities have long existed among the local community reflecting its history.Malays,Chinese,Indians,Baba Nyonya,Kristang,Chitty,Temuan and Eurasians are significant ethnic groups living in the State of Malacca in the present day.[16][17][18]
The state's name dates to a popular legend surrounding the founding of the Malacca Sultanate byParameswara, who sought a new location to establish a kingdom after fleeing aMajapahit invasion ofSingapura. As the story goes, Parameswara was resting under aMalacca tree (Malay:pokok melaka) near a river during a hunt, when one of his dogs cornered amouse deer. In self-defence, the mouse deer pushed the dog into the river. Impressed by the courage of the deer, and taking it as a good omen of the weak overcoming the powerful, Parameswara decided then to found an empire at that spot. He named this empire after the tree where he had just taken shelter.[19] This story shows remarkable similarities with and was probably adapted (as some historians argued) from folk-tales fromKandy, Sri Lanka, andPasai, Sumatra (both of which pre-date Malacca).[20][21]
The "Malacca tree" was taken as a basis for the speciesPhyllanthus emblica named byCarl Linnaeus in 1753 through Latinising its originalSanskrit nameआमलक (āmalaka), to which the species have since been planted as ornamentals in various state attractions.[22] However, some researchers like those of the Forestry Research Institute of Malaysia speculate that the legendary name-giving tree may have been the speciesPhyllanthus pectinatus more endemic to Malay Archipelago forests which superficially resembleP. emblica. There is no geographical overlap between the species.[22]
Another account on the origin of the naming of Malacca claims that during the reign of Muhammad Shah (1424–1444), Arab merchants called the kingdom 'Malakat' (Arabic for 'congregation of merchants') because it was home to many trading communities.[23] One theory suggests, as mentioned in theSuma Oriental byTomé Pires, that it is derived from the Javanese terms melayu or mlayu (to steadily accelerate or to run), to describe the strong current of a river in Sumatra that today bears the name Sungai Melayu ('Melayu river') which was later possibly adopted to be Melaka as denoting a place for the fleeing prince.[24]
Before the arrival of the firstsultan, the area that is now Malacca was a fishing village. Malacca was founded byParameswara, also known as Iskandar Shah, after discovering a suitable port that was accessible in all seasons and on the strategically located narrowest point of theStrait of Malacca.[25] In collaboration with hisProto-Malay privateers allies, called theOrang Laut ("sea people"), he established Malacca as an international port by compelling passing ships to call there and establishing fair and reliable facilities for warehousing and trade.[25]
In 1403, the first official Chinese trade envoy, led by Admiral Yin Qing, arrived in Malacca. Later, Parameswara was escorted byZheng He and other envoys in his successful visits. Malacca's relationship withMing China granted it protection from attacks bySiam andMajapahit, and the settlement officially submitted to Ming China as aprotectorate. This encouraged the development of Malacca into a major center on the trade route between China and India, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe.[26]
Mao Kun map, fromWubei Zhi, which comes from the early 15th century maps ofZheng He's navigators and cartographers, showing Malacca (滿剌加) near the top left.
During the early 15th century, Ming China actively sought to build in Malacca a commercial hub and a base of operations for theirtreasure voyages into the Indian Ocean.[27] Malacca had been a relatively insignificant region, not even qualifying as a polity prior to the voyages, according to bothMa Huan andFei Xin, and it was a vassal region of Siam.[27] In 1405, the Ming court dispatched Admiral Zheng He with a stone tabletenfeoffing the Western Mountain of Malacca, as well as an imperial order elevating the status of the port to a country.[27] The Chinese also established a government depot (官廠) as a fortifiedcantonment for their soldiers.[27] Ma Huan reported that Siam did not dare invade Malacca thereafter.[27] The rulers of Malacca, such as Parameswara in 1411, would pay tribute to the Chinese emperor in person.[27] In 1431, when a Malaccan representative complained that Siam was obstructing tribute missions to the Ming court, theXuande Emperor dispatched Zheng He, carrying a threatening message for the Siamese king, saying, "You, king should respect my orders, develop good relations with your neighbours, examine and instruct your subordinates and not act recklessly or aggressively".[27] The early kings of Malacca—Parameswara,Megat Iskandar Shah, andSri Maharaja—understood that they could gain Ming China's protection through skilful diplomacy and thereby establish a strong foundation for their kingdom against Siam and other potential enemies.[28] Chinese involvement was thus crucial for Malacca to grow into a key alternative to other important and established ports.[29]
According to Malaccan folklore, to enhance relations,Hang Li Po, a daughter of the Ming emperor of China, arrived in Malacca, accompanied by 500 attendants, to marry SultanMansur Shah, who reigned from 1456 until 1477. Her attendants married Malaccans and settled mostly inBukit Cina.[30]
Map of Malacca in 1602
Malacca again sent envoys to China in 1481 to inform the Chinese that, while Malaccan envoys were returning from China in 1469, theVietnamese attacked them, killing some while castrating the young men and enslaving them. The Malaccans reported that Vietnam was in control ofChampa and also sought to conquer Malacca, but the Malaccans did not fight back, because they did not want to fight against another state that was a tributary to China without permission from the Chinese. They requested to confront the Vietnamese delegation to China, which was in China at the time, but the Chinese informed them that since the incident was years old, they could do nothing about it, though the emperor sent a letter to the Vietnamese ruler, reproaching him for the incident. The Chinese emperor also ordered the Malaccans to raise soldiers and fight back with violent force if the Vietnamese attacked again.[31][32]
1630 map of the Portuguese fort and the city of MalaccaThe construction of theMiddelburg Bastion was carried out in 1660 duringDutch-rule in Malacca, it is strategically located at the mouth of Malacca River
In April 1511,Afonso de Albuquerque set sail fromGoa to Malacca with a force of some 1,200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships.[33] Theyconquered the city on 24 August 1511. After seizing the city Afonso de Albuquerque spared theHindu,Chinese andBurmese inhabitants but had the Muslim inhabitants massacred or sold into slavery.[1]
It soon became clear thatPortuguese control of Malacca did not also mean that they controlled theAsian trade centred there. The Malaccan rule was severely hampered by administrative and economic difficulties.[34] Rather than achieving their ambition of dominating Asian trade, the Portuguese had disrupted the organised network that had existed. The centralised port of exchange of Asian wealth was now gone, as was a Malay state to police theStrait of Malacca which had made it safe for commercial traffic. Trade was now scattered over a number of ports that fought amongst each other.[34]
TheJesuitmissionaryFrancis Xavier spent several months in Malacca in 1545, 1546, and 1549. The Dutch launched several attacks on thePortuguese colony during the first four decades of the seventeenth century. The first attack took place in 1606 under the command of Dutch AdmiralCornelis Matelief de Jonge who laid siege to the town with the help of his ally, theJohor Sultanate. He engaged the Portuguese armada which had been sent from Goa to offer armed relief to the besieged port.[35] On 14 January 1641, the Dutchdefeated the Portuguese in an effort to capture Malacca, with the help of the Sultan ofJohor.[2][3][36] The Dutch ruled Malacca from 1641 to 1798 but they were not interested in developing it as a trading centre, placing greater importance onBatavia (Jakarta) andJava as their administrative centre. However they still built an administrative building called,Stadthuys, which is now a landmark. In the Dutch era the building was white, the current red paint was from a later date.
After the war, Malacca was placed under amilitary administration until 1946. Subsequently, theStraits Settlements was abolished, as the British sought to consolidate the various political entities inBritish Malaya under a single polity named theMalayan Union. The now separateCrown Colony of Malacca was consequently merged into the Malayan Union, which was then replaced by theFederation of Malaya in 1948.[8][9] The declaration of independence was made by the first Prime Minister of Malaya,Tunku Abdul Rahman, at Padang Pahlawan on 20 February 1956, which eventually led to the independence of Malaya on 31 August 1957.[10] On 16 September 1963, Malaysia was formed with the merger of Malaya with Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, and Malacca became part of it.[38]
Malacca is one of fourMalaysian states without hereditary monarchies, despite being the location of one of the earliest Malay sultanates, as the local monarchy was abolished when the Portugueseconquered it in 1511. The head of state of Malacca is the governor (Malay:Yang di-Pertua Negeri), who is appointed by theKing of Malaysia.Ali Rustam is the current Governor of Malacca, having assumed office on 4 June 2020. In practice, the Governor's role is largely symbolic and ceremonial. This includes the authority to appoint thehead of government and approve legislation that has been passed by the state's legislature.[39]
The Malacca state government has its own executive council and legislature, but their powers are limited compared to theMalaysian federal government. According to theConstitution of Malaysia, the state may legislate on matters pertaining to Malay customs, land, agriculture and forestry, local government, civil and water works, and state administration, whereas matters that fall under the joint purview of both state and federal authorities include social welfare, wildlife protection and national parks, scholarships, husbandry, town planning, drainage and irrigation, and public health and health regulations.[40]
Malacca's state legislature is the unicameral 28-seatState Legislative Assembly, the highest authority in the state which decides on policy matters. The State Executive Council is responsible to the assembly and comprises members who are appointed every five years by the political party or coalition in power.
The state government is headed by thechief minister, appointed by the Yang di-Pertua Negeri from among the State Legislative Assembly members of the governing party or coalition. The chief Minister presides over a meeting of State Executive Council ministers weekly at the chief minister's office. The Chief Minister's Department is responsible for the overall administration of the state, as well as its political interest. The current chief minister isSulaiman Md Ali of theUnited Malays National Organisation (UMNO).
Malacca is further divided into four municipalities, one of which is a city-level municipality, each administered by alocal government. The local governments exercise power in areas such as planning and development control, public housing, public spaces, waste disposal, business licensing, markets, local transport, and municipal roads.[41] Malacca is also divided into three administrative districts of Alor Gajah, Jasin and Melaka Tengah. Each district is headed by a district officer. The lands and district office in each district deals with land administration and revenue. Thus, it differs from the local governments that oversee the provision and maintenance of urban infrastructure.[42]
Jasin Municipal Council administers most ofJasin District.
Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council is in charge ofHang Tuah Jaya municipality, which consists of the northern part of Melaka Tengah District, the southeastern part of Alor Gajah District and the western part of Jasin District.
Graha Makmur in Ayer Keroh serves as the headquarters of the Malacca City Council.
Melaka Mall, adjacent to Graha Makmur and formerly known as Kotamas, houses the Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council headquarters.
The state of Malacca covers an area of 1,775 km2 (685 sq mi).[13] It is located on the southwestern coast of theMalay Peninsula oppositeSumatra, with the state ofNegeri Sembilan to the north and west andJohor to the east. Malacca is situated roughly two-thirds of the way down the west coast, 149 km (93 mi) south ofKuala Lumpur and has a central position on theStrait of Malacca. With the exception of some of itssmall hills, Malacca is generally a lowland area with average elevation of less than 50 metres above sea level.[54] While being relatively isolated from theTitiwangsa Mountains proper, which end near the border withNegeri Sembilan at the neighbouring towns ofPulau Sebang andTampin, the hills are composed of Titiwangsagranite. The southernmost known Titiwangsa granite outcrop is known to be inBesar Island, off the coast ofJasin District. The 512-metre-tall Bukit Gapis, also known as Gunung Melaka, is the state's highest point.
The peninsula ofTanjung Tuan (formerly known as Cape Rachado) is an exclave of the state, situated on the coast of Negeri Sembilan which it borders to the north. The major rivers within Malacca include the Malacca, Linggi and Kesang Rivers.Malacca River (Sungai Melaka) runs roughly north to south down the middle of the state,Linggi River acts as the western border of Malacca withNegeri Sembilan, whileKesang River acts as the eastern border of Malacca withJohor. Malacca has 17 islands off its coast, withBesar Island being the largest.[55]
The climate of Malacca is hot and humid throughout the year with abundant rainfall, highest between September and November. Daytime high temperatures range between 31 and 33 °C (88 and 91 °F) and nighttime lows around 23 °C (73 °F).[56]
Serkam industrial areaMelaka International Trade Centre
Despite being in a location without any significant natural resources, the economy of Malacca dates back more than 500 years, due to its strategic location. As the centre of thespice trade, Malacca attracted many colonial powers that engaged in wars to control it.[58]
The Port of Tanjung Bruas, located inTanjung Kling, was constructed in the late 1970s and commenced operations in the early 1980s to provide port facilities and services to the local business communities and to handle the exportation of hinterland goods as well as the importation of raw materials.[59][60] Container ship handling services began in 2019, with the MVWest Scent became the first container vessel to dock at the port.[61][62]
ThePort of Kuala Sungai Linggi, commercially known as Linggi International Floating Transshipment & Trading HUB (LIFT-HUB), is a transshipment area for liquid bulk transshipments and break-bulking located offshore ofLinggi River in theStrait of Malacca. It was gazetted in 2006, covers an area of 154 km2 (45 sq mi) and is among the largest designatedShip-to-ship cargo transfer areas inMalaysia.[63][64]
Sungai Udang houses thePETRONAS Malacca Refinery Complex consisting of two refining trains, established in 1994 and 1999 and owned by PETRONAS Penapisan (Melaka) Sdn. Bhd. and Malaysian Refining Company Sdn. Bhd. respectively. The total capacity of the refinery is 270,000 barrels of oil per day.[65][66]
On 20 October 2010 an event was held to announce that Malacca had met the benchmark of 'Developed State' as set out by theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and a declaration of "Melaka Maju 2010" (Progressive Malacca 2010) was made.[68][69]
As of 2012[update], service sector had the largest share of Malacca's economy at 46.9%, followed by manufacturing at 43.5%, agriculture at 6.5%, construction at 2.9% and mining at 0.1%.[70] In terms workforce numbers, as of 2013[update], there were 275,000 people working in the industrial sectors, 225,000 people working in the service sectors, 35,000 people working in the entrepreneurship sectors and 12,300 people working in the agricultural sectors.[71]
Malacca has successfully opened itself up to foreign investors since the early 1970s. By 1997, the state has registered a total investment of over MYR16 billion. In 2014, the state achieved a total MYR4.4 billion worth of investment, in which MYR1.8 billion came from foreign investors.[72]
In 2013, Malacca had a GDP of MYR22,646 million with a GDP per capita of MYR34,109. It had 3.2% GDP growth in 2013. The inflation rate in 2012 was 1.6%. As of 2015[update], the Malacca State Government has an outstanding MYR861.7 million of loan to thefederal government. In 2014, the state government's reserve amounted to MYR206.61 million.[73] The unemployment rate in 2014 was 0.9% or around 3,500 people.[74] The state has a relatively well-educated population, with a youth literacy rate of 99.5% as reported by Malaysia Millennium Development Goals Report 2015.[75]
Currently there are 23 industrial areas which are centred along the edges of the city proper in suburbs which include Ayer Keroh, Batu Berendam, Cheng, Taman Tasik Utama and Tanjung Kling. While outside Malacca City, industrial areas include Alor Gajah and Sungai Udang. There are around 500 factories in the state which come from Germany, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, United States etc. Forsmall and medium-sized enterprises, a number of estates have been established by the state government.[76][77]
In 2016, Malacca became the safest place to live in Malaysia.[78] The state crime rates dropped by 15.5 per cent in 2017 with 3,096 cases recorded compared to 3,663 in 2016.[79] Malacca recorded a gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 8.1% in 2017, the second highest in the country after Sabah. Services sector remained the main contributor to the state’s economy at 44.8% of GDP. The GDP per capita also expanded 11.2% to RM46,015 in 2017, surpassing the national-level figure of RM42,228.[80] The State Socioeconomic Report 2017 published on 26 July 2018 reported that Malacca was the state that recorded the lowest unemployment rate in 2017 with only 1.0 percent.[81][82]
Malacca houses three power stations, namely the 330 MWTanjung Kling Power Station inTanjung Kling and 440 MW Telok Gong Power Station 1 and 720 MW Telok Gong Power Station 2 inTelok Gong, with a total installed generation capacity of 1,490 MW.[83]
On 16 December 2013, the Malacca State Government unveiled the draft 8,000 hectares special area called the Melaka World Solar Valley in Rembia,Alor Gajah applying solar energy as the primary alternative in all municipal activity sectors.[84][85] By 2020, the government-run 7,248ha Melaka World Solar Valley aims to power most of the daily activities of manufacturers, housing developers, farmers, and other stakeholders. Recently, a public-private partnership installed 100,000 LED street lamps along the Alor Gajah–Melaka Tengah–Jasin (AMJ) highway, which will improve road safety and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.[86]
Water supply-related matters in Malacca is administered bySyarikat Air Melaka Berhad (Malacca Water Company Limited) which is headquartered at Malacca City. It was established on 1 July 2006 after it was upgraded from its predecessor Malacca Water Corporation (Malay:Perbadanan Air Melaka). The company is also responsible for the maintenance and delivery infrastructure of clean water in the state.[87]
Daily water consumption for Malacca is 500 million litres and each resident consumes 220 litres per day, higher than the national average of 180 litres per day. The Malacca State Government signed an agreement with Johor State Government on a water supply agreement in 1993 and additional water supply agreement in 2013.[90][91] Another water supply agreement is planned to be signed withNegeri Sembilan in the future.[92]
Malacca International Airport (IATA: MKZ, ICAO: WMKM) (formerly known as Batu Berendam Airport) is an airport located in Batu Berendam, Malacca, Malaysia. The airport serves the state of Malacca, as well as northern Johor, with links toSingapore provided byScoot since October 2024.[93]
There were railway tracks fromPulau Sebang to Malacca City before World War II, but these were dismantled by the Japanese for the construction of theBurmeseDeath Railway.[94] On 10 October 2015, Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) commuter service has introduced a new route, shuttle service between Seremban-Sebang/Tampin-Gemas station.[95][96]
A 1.6-km line ofMelaka Monorail was launched in October 2010, served the route along theMalacca River. Due to several technical glitches months into its operation, the system was left idle in 2013. However, in June 2015 the Malacca State Government decided to revive the project.[97] On 4 December 2017, Melaka Monorail has re-operate[98] with enhanced safety features such as lightning-prevention devices and the addition of a rescue vehicle to attract wagons in the event of a technical problem.[99] The previous incident is believed will not recur as tests had been performed for two months before re-operation. The Melaka Monorail operating hours are 10.00 am to 10.00 pm on weekdays and continued until 12.00 midnight on Saturdays and Sundays.[100]
Daily ferries run from Malacca to the Indonesian cities ofBengkalis,Dumai andPekanbaru departing from Harbour Master's Jetty.[101] Regular boat services toBig Island depart from mainland Malacca inUmbai. Several jetties around the state, such as inMerlimau, are used by fishermen.[102]
Travelling to Malacca by bus is favored by most people. This is because Malacca is well connected to thePLUS highway via three major exits. The Ayer Keroh exit at theNorth–South Expressway is the main entry to Malacca, connected byAyer Keroh highway toMalacca City. There are two additional exits along the North–South Expressway, namely the Simpang Ampat and Jasin exits. TheSyed Abdullah Aziz Road or Malacca Coastal Highway roughly connects the western and eastern sides of Malacca separated by theMalacca River through theMalacca Coastal Bridge. It is also easy to access Malacca by bus because Malacca has three main bus hubs such as Melaka Sentral, Alor Gajah Sentral and Jasin Sentral. The location of the bus stations are based on their districts,Melaka Tengah,Alor Gajah andJasin.[104] TheMelaka Sentral bus station, combined with taxi terminal, serves cities aroundPeninsular Malaysia andSingapore.[105] The Panorama Melaka bus is the public bus serving Malacca City and major landmarks.[106]
Efforts are also being undertaken to promote pedestrianisation and the use of bicycles as an environmentally friendly mode of transportation.[107][108] Dedicated bicycle lanes are being built on several main roads in this historic city.[109]
Many of the heavily decoratedcycle rickshaws (Malay:beca) equipped with sound system can be seen on the streets in Malacca City. Most of them are used to bring tourist around the town for sightseeing. The average size can accommodate two average adult with probably a child.[110]
Malacca has an estimated population of 931,210 as of 2016[update] with an average annual population growth of 2%.[74][111] As of 2016[update], 27% of the population were below 15 years old and 8% were above 60 years old.[71] The ethnic composition of Malacca as of 2015 is 66.8%Malays (552,700), 1.4% other Bumiputras (11,500), 26.0%Chinese (215,000), 6.2%Indians andChitty (51,400) and 0.6% others (4,800).[112] Malacca has small communities ofKristang,Dutch Eurasian andTemuan people.
Jonker Walk is theChinatown area of Malacca. It was once known for its antique shops but have since turned into a well-known tourist destination that features clothes, food and crafts. ThePeranakan people in Malacca show unique features, such as furniture, porcelain, crockery, style and food. Their culture is showcased at theBaba Nyonya Heritage Museum.
Indians in Malacca are predominantly Tamils, many of whom used to work at the rubber plantation.[115] However, many of them now work in the jewellery, fabric, retail, merchant and money lending sectors.[116] Many of them reside inLittle India. There is also Chitty Village for the minorityChitty people which houses theChitty Museum.
A sizeable number ofPunjabiSikhs residing in Malacca, and Sikhs from Malacca and abroad congregate in thegurdwara (Sikh temple) situated in Jalan Temenggong.[117] They celebrate the Guru Nanak's birthday and Vasakhi new year annually.
Apopulation of Portuguese descent, who speak a Portuguese creole, are the descendants of colonists from the 16th and 17th centuries.[118] To this day, many of the traditions originating with the Portuguese occupation are still practised, i.e. "Intrudu" from Portuguese word "Entrudo" (a water festival that marks the beginning ofLent, the Catholic fasting period), "branyu" (traditional dance), "Santa Cruz" (a yearly Festival of street celebrations). Many of them settled down around thePortuguese Settlement area, which has a population of about 1,200 residents.[119]
Theindigenous population, mostly ethnicTemuan is relatively small. They generally reside in rural settlements, the edge of the woods and along the coast facing the Strait of Malacca. Malacca houses theAborigines Museum inAyer Keroh.[120]
According to the 2010 census, the population of Malacca is 66.1%Muslim, 24.2%Buddhist, 5.7%Hindu, 3.0%Christian, 0.4% of unknown affiliation, 0.2% non-religious, 0.2%Taoist orChinese religion follower, and 0.2% of followers of other religions.[122]
Statistics from the 2010 census indicate that 91.6% of the Chinese population in Malacca identify as Buddhists, with significant minorities identifying as Christians (6.7%),Chinese folk religions (0.7%) and Muslims (0.4%). The majority of the Indian population are Hindus (86.3%), with significant minorities identifying as Christians (6.6%), Muslims (3.4%) and Buddhists (2.8%). The non-Malaybumiputera community are predominantly Christians (46.8%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslims (24.2%) and Buddhists (12.0%).[123]
As of 2022, there are 238 primary schools and 78 secondary schools in Malacca.[125] TheMalacca High School is the second oldest recorded school in the country. TheCatholic High School was the first government-funded school in the state.[126] One branch of centre for juvenile convicts,Henry Gurney School, is located in Telok Mas. This centre runs rehabilitation programs for male juvenile offenders. Additionally, Malacca has eight international schools staffed by expatriate teachers, which are specialise in teaching Cambridge International A Levels and cater for both the local and expatriate communities.
There are several institutions that offer nursing education: Institut Kesihatan Sains & Kejururawatan Pantai, Institut Sains Kesihatan Dan Kejururawatan Mahkota, Kolej Kejururawatan & Kesihatan Nilam, and Kolej Perubatan Komplementari Melaka. Institut Kesihatan Sains & Kejururawatan Pantai is linked to Pantai Hospital at Ayer keroh while Institut Sains Kesihatan Dan Kejururawatan Mahkota is linked to Mahkota Medical Centre.
Skill-Tech Institute provides training in agriculture, homestay, biotechnology, ranching, aquaculture, estate supervision, landscaping, and food processing. It has two branches in Machap, Durian Tunggal and Taman Tasik Utama, Ayer Keroh.[127]
Part-time study is available atOpen University Malaysia (OUM), while those who wish to obtain an academic diploma can enroll atUniversity of Malaya Centre for Continuing Education (UMCCE) at Sinar College.
Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) lectures and examinations are provided at Sinar College at Malacca City. Sinar College is the only institution in the state that offers complete accounting education. Sinar College is the only approved training centre for tourism courses. Other academic institutions include International College of Yayasan Melaka (ICYM),Melaka International College of Science and Technology (MiCoST)[128] andMalacca College of Complementary Medicine.
The state government of Malacca provides financial assistance mainly in the form of loans to local citizens via Malacca Education Trust Fund (TAPEM).[129] Among the facilities provided by TAPEM are Higher Education Loan, Minor Scholarship/Incentive Scholarship for Secondary School, and School Assistance to Primary School Students.[130]
Malacca houses a number of government and private hospitals and clinics. Medical institutions are located all over Malacca, providing uniform and equitable healthcare to the residents. Health-related affairs in Malacca are governed by Malacca State Health Department by providing basic health service to the residents and oversee all government health facilities in the state among hospitals, community polyclinic, rural health clinics and clinics.[131]
Malacca is also a popular place for health care andmedical tourism for Indonesian people fromSumatra due to its close proximity to the state, followed bySingapore.[132][133] In 2014, Malacca received over 500,000 tourists for medical tourism-related reasons.[134]
Government hospitals in Malacca are theMalacca General Hospital and Jasin District Hospital, while private hospitals are the Putra Hospital, Pantai Hospital Ayer Keroh, Mahkota Medical Centre and Oriental Melaka Straits Medical Centre.
Malacca is culturally diverse, influenced by a history of ethnic, cultural, and religious intermixing. It is home to ethnic communities such as the Chinese, Indians, and Malays, and those which have emerged from this historical mixing such as thePeranakan Chinese. Buddhist, Hindu, Islamic, Catholic, and Protestant religious buildings are prominent in the city. Portuguese, Dutch, and British rule have left marks on the urban landscape.[135]
Dondang Sayang is a traditional Malay art still practised in Malacca by four communities: the Malay, Baba Nyonya, Chitty and Portuguese communities and is recognized byUNESCO. The practice combines elements of music (violins, gongs and tambourines or the tambour), songs and chants, and features melodious strains of poetry. Also known as love ballads, the songs are used by communities to convey feelings of love and give advice on special topics such as love and kindness.[136][137]
ProjectARM was a street art project brought about by nine artists to create street art along the river in Jalan Kampung Hulu that would highlight Malacca's beauty.[138][139]
Malacca is a popular filming location for domestic and international film production companies with the presence of various tourist attractions and historical remains. Iconic Bollywood artist,Shah Rukh Khan described Malacca as beautiful and said he would return for acting and holiday in the state.[140] The films and the music videos published in Malacca include:
Sports-related affairs of Malacca are governed by the Malacca State Sports Council (Malay:Majlis Sukan Negeri Melaka) under the Malacca State Government.[154] Another governing body of sports in Malacca is the Department of Youth and Sports (Malay:Jabatan Belia dan Sukan Negeri Melaka). Malacca is home to several football stadiums, such asHang Jebat Stadium (the state's main stadium),Hang Tuah Stadium andTun Fatimah Stadium. Built in 1954, Hang Tuah Stadium is the oldest stadium in Malacca.[155] Established under the Malacca Stadium Corporation Enactment of 2004, the Malacca Stadium Corporation is the entity that manages stadiums in Malacca which started its operation on 16 September 2004.[156]
There is also a motorsport racetrack inDurian Tunggal named the Melaka International Motorsport Circuit. Melaka International Bowling Centre in Ayer Keroh with 52 lanes is the largestbowling centre in Malaysia.[157]
There are fourgolf courses in Malacca, namely Ayer Keroh Golf and Country Club inAyer Keroh, Orna Golf and Country Club inBemban and Tiara Melaka Golf and Country Club inBukit Katil and A'Famosa Golf Resort inSimpang Ampat.[158] Golf-related paraphernalia in Malacca is showcased at the Malacca Golf Gallery.
Malacca was the host venue for the2010 Sukma Games held on 10–19 June 2010.
Malacca also has a football team known asMelaka United representing Malacca in the Malaysian football league. The Melaka United football team won the firstMalaysia Premier League title in 1983, in addition they were the champion of the third division of the Malaysia football league,FAM League Cup, in 2015 before won the second Premier League title a year after it.Melaka United uses theHang Jebat Stadium in Krubong as their home ground with a capacity of 40,000 spectators.
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This article incorporates text fromMiscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 1, by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Straits Branch, Reinhold Rost, a publication from 1887, now in thepublic domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text fromMiscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 1, by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Straits Branch, Reinhold Rost, a publication from 1887, now in thepublic domain in the United States.
1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequentinvasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.
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