| Makyam | |
|---|---|
| Makyan | |
| Paung Nyuan | |
| Native to | Myanmar |
Native speakers | 4,000 (2008)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | umn |
| Glottolog | maky1235 |
Makyam Naga (Lasam, Macham Naga, Makyan, Pongnyun, Paung Nyuan) is aSino-Tibetan language spoken inMyanmar. The Western Makyam Naga dialects share 99%lexical similarity.[2]
It is closely related to otherKonyak languages. Makyam is 31%–35% lexically similar withPonyo-Gongwang Naga, 29%–36% withLeinong Naga, and 27%–28% with Lao variety ofKonyak Naga.[2]
Makyam belongs to the Khiamniungic subgroup within theKonyak–Chang group of languages (Naw Sawu 2016:6).[3] It is closely related toLeinong than toKhiamniungan.
Makyam is spoken in 13 villages of northeastLahe Township andHkamti Township,Sagaing Division, Myanmar (Ethnologue). Main dialect variation is between the western Makyan villages and Kuku villages.
Makyam is spoken in the following 18 villages, which are located just to the east of Lahe town inLahe Township,Sagaing Division, Myanmar. They add up to a total of 1,026 households and 4,994 persons (Naw Sawu 2016:8).[3] Old village names are given in parentheses.
The majority of Makyam speakers can also speakLeinong, as the two languages are spoken in the same area (Naw Sawu 2016:10).
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | pʰp | tʰt | tʃ | kʰkg | ʔ | |
| Fricative | v | θ | sz | ʃʒ | ɣ | h |
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Approximant | w | lr | j |
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |||
| High | i | y | u | |
| Mid-high | e | ø | (ə) | o |
| Mid-low | ɛ | ɔ | ||
| Low | a | |||
Additionally, the following diphthongs have been observed: /ia/, /ua/, /uo/, /oa/, /ue/, /ɔu/, /uɛ/, /ei/, /ea/, /ie/, /iɛ/, /ou/, /au/, /ai/.
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WesternHimalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| EasternHimalayas (Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
| ||||
| East andSoutheast Asia |
| ||||
| Dubious (possible isolates,Arunachal) |
| ||||
| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||