| Makassar | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Indonesia (Sulawesi) |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | maka1310 |
 Map showing the distribution of theSouth Sulawesi languages inSulawesi andKalimantan. Languages withinMakassar languages group, varying between number 6 to 10. | |
 Interactive map of Makassar languages, click the map Marker for further detail and navigation. | |
TheMakassar languages are a group of languages spoken in the southern part ofSouth Sulawesi Province,Indonesia, and make up one of the branches of theSouth Sulawesi subgroup in theAustronesian language family.[1][2] The most prominent member of this group isMakassarese, with over two million speakers in the city ofMakassar and neighboring areas.
The status of the Makassar languages, other than Makassarese, as distinct languages is not universally accepted. In older classifications,[3] as well as in recent studies by local linguists,[4] they are considered to be dialects of the Makassarese language.
A characteristic feature of the Makassar languages is the occurrence ofecho vowels with stems ending in final/r/,/l/ or/s/. E.g./botol/ 'bottle' is realized asbótolo inSelayar andCoastal Konjo, and asbótoloʔ inMakassarese andHighland Konjo (the latter regularly adds a glottal stop to the echo vowel). This echo vowel is dropped if asuffix is added, but retained if followed by anenclitic.[5]
| Makassarese | Selayar | |
|---|---|---|
| base | /rantas/ rántasaʔ 'dirty' | /lambus/ lámbusu 'straight' |
| with suffix | /rantas/ +/-aŋ/ rantás-aŋ 'dirtier' | /lambus/ +/-aŋ/ lambús-aŋ 'straighter' |
| with enclitic | /rantas/ + /=aʔ/ rántasak=aʔ 'I am dirty' | /lambus/ + /=a/ lámbusu=a 'I am straight' |
Konjo (bothCoastal andHighland Konjo),Bentong,Selayar and theLabbakkang dialect of Makassarese havej/ɟ/ and/h/ where Makassarese (Maros, Goa, Takalar, Jeneponto, Bantaeng) hasy/j/ and/w/. In some words, Coastal/Highland Konjo and Selayar haveh corresponding to zero in Makassarese, e.g. Konjo/Selayarbahine ('female'),uhuʔ ('hair') vs. Makassaresebaine,uʔ.
| Makassarese | Konjo | Selayar | |
|---|---|---|---|
| pig | bawi | bahi | bahi |
| time | wattu | hattu | hattu |
| many, much | lowe,[i][ii] (jai) | lohe | lohe |
| rat, mouse | balawo[i] | balaho | balaho |
| wait | tayang | tajang | tajang |
| wood | kayu | kaju | kaju |
| look, find | boya | hoja | boja |
| to make | bayu,[ii] (pareʼ) | haju | (buaʼ) |
In Konjo languages, some initialb appears as/h/.
| Makassarese | Konjo | Selayar | |
|---|---|---|---|
| to look, find | boya | hoja | boja |
| hot | bambang | hambang | bambang |
| Makassarese | Coastal Konjo | Highland Konjo | Selayar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gowa (Standard) | Jeneponto | Bantaeng | ||||
| to make | appareʼ | aʼbayu | aʼbaju | aʼbaju | aʼbuaʼ | |
| to sit | ammempo | accidong | accidong | ammorong | attolong | |
| hungry | cipuruʼ | paʼre | paʼre | paʼre | paʼre | |
| rice field | tana | galung | galung | galung | galung | |
| many, much | jai | loe | lohe | lohe | lohe | |
| why | angngapa | angngura | angngura | anngura | angngura | |
| friend | agang | urang | urang | urang | urang | |
| water | jeʼneʼ | ere | ere | ere | jeʼneʼ | |
| egg | bayao | bajao | tannoroʼ | tannoro | ||
| dog | kongkong | asu | asu | asu | asu | |
| cat | miong | cammiʼ | cammiʼ,meong | meong | meong | |
| leaf | lekoʼ | raung | raung | raung | taha | |
| black | leʼleng | bolong | lotong | etang | ||
| white | keboʼ | pute | pute | pute | ||
| eight | sagantuju | karua | karua | karua | ||
| nine | salapang | salapang | salapang | kaʼassa | ||
| vegetable | gangang | utang | gangang | gangang | ||
| house | ballaʼ | ballaʼ,bola | bola | sapo | ||
| chicken | jangang | jangang | manuʼ | jangang | ||
