Maid Marian is the heroine of theRobin Hood legend inEnglish folklore, often taken to be his lover. She is not mentioned in the early,medieval versions of the legend, but was the subject of at least two plays by 1600. In the tales her history and circumstances are varied, though she generally is shown as being given high respect in Robin’s circle for her courage and independence as well as her beauty and loyalty.
Maid Marian (or Marion) is never mentioned in any of the earliest extantballads of Robin Hood.[1] She appears to have been a character inMay Games festivities (held during May and early June although it could be rarely held mid June, most commonly aroundWhitsun)[2] and is sometimes associated with the Queen or Lady of May or May Day. InThe Quest for Robin Hood, Jim Lees suggests that Maid Marian was originally a personification of theVirgin Mary.[3] Both a "Robin" and a "Marian" character were associated with May Day by the 15th century, but these figures were apparently part of separate traditions; the Marian of the May Games is likely derived from the French tradition of a shepherdess named Marion and her shepherd lover Robin, recorded inAdam de la Halle'sLe Jeu de Robin et Marion, circa 1283.[4] It isn't clear if there was an association of the early "outlaw" character of Robin Hood and the early "May Day" character Robin, but they did become identified, and associated with the "Marian" character, by the 16th century.[5] Alexander Barclay, writing in c. 1500, refers to "some merry fytte of Maid Marian or else of Robin Hood".[6] Marian remained associated with May Day celebrations even after the association of Robin Hood with May Day had again faded.[7] The early Robin Hood is also given a "shepherdess" love interest, inRobin Hood's Birth, Breeding, Valor, and Marriage (Child Ballad 149), his sweetheart is "Clorinda the Queen of the Shepherdesses".[8] Clorinda survives in some later stories as an alias of Marian.[9]Francis James Child notes that the early mentions ofFriar Tuck (another May Games character) are in association with Marian.[10] By the mid 16th century the May Games had become increasingly bawdy, and in one play Robin even gives Marian to Friar Tuck as a concubine: "She is a trul of trust, to serue a frier at his lust/a prycker a prauncer a terer of shetes/a wagger of ballockes when other men slepes."[11]
The "gentrified" Robin Hood character, portrayed as a historical outlawed nobleman, emerges in the late 16th century. From this time, Maid Marian is cast in terms of a noblewoman, but her role was never entirely virginal, and she retained aspects of her "shepherdess" or "May Day" characteristics; in 1592,Thomas Nashe described the Marian of the later May Games as being played by a male actor named Martin, and there are hints in the play of Robin Hood and the Friar that the female character in these plays had become a lewd parody. Robin originally was called Ryder.[citation needed]
In the play,The Downfall of Robert, Earl of Huntingdon by Anthony Munday, which was written in 1598, Marian appears as Robin's lawfully-wedded wife, who changes her name from Matilda when she joins him in the greenwood.[12] She also has a cousin called Elizabeth de Staynton who is described as being the Prioress ofKirklees Priory nearBrighouse in West Yorkshire.[13] The 19th century antiquarian,Joseph Hunter, identified a Robert Hood,yeoman[14] fromWakefield, Yorkshire, in the archives preserved in the Exchequer, whose personal story matched very closely the story of Robin in Anthony Munday's play, and this Robert Hood also married a woman named Matilda, who changed her name to Marian when she joined him in exile inBarnsdale Forest (following theBattle of Boroughbridge) in 1322, and who also had a cousin named Elizabeth de Staynton[15] who was Prioress of Kirklees Priory.[13] If these parallels are not coincidental, then the Marian of Robin Hood fame, whose origins may be distinct from the Marian of the May games or of Monday's play, may derive all her roots from her association with the historical Robert Hood of Wakefield.[16]
In an Elizabethan play,Anthony Munday identified Maid Marian with the historical Matilda, daughter ofRobert Fitzwalter, who had to flee England because of an attempt to assassinateKing John (legendarily attributed to King John's attempts to seduce Matilda). The "Matilda" theory of Maid Marian is further discussed in[17][18] In later versions of Robin Hood, Maid Marian is commonly named as "Marian Fitzwalter", only child of the Earl of Huntingdon, is the Maid Marian.[19][20]
InRobin Hood and Maid Marian (Child Ballad 150, perhaps dating to the 17th century), Maid Marian is "a bonny fine maid of a noble degree" said to excel bothHelen andJane Shore in beauty. Separated from her lover, she dresses as a page "and ranged the wood to find Robin Hood," who was himself disguised, so that the two begin to fight when they meet. As is often the case in these ballads, Robin Hood loses the fight to comical effect, and Marian only recognizes him when he asks for quarter. This ballad is in the "Earl of Huntington" tradition, a supposed "historical identity" of Robin Hood forwarded in the late 16th century.[21]
20th-century pop culture adaptations of the Robin Hood legend almost invariably have featured a Maid Marian and mostly have made her a highborn woman with a rebellious ortomboy character. In 1938'sThe Adventures of Robin Hood, she is a courageous and loyal woman (played byOlivia de Havilland), and a ward of the court, an orphaned noblewoman under the protection ofKing Richard. Although always ladylike, her initial antagonism to Robin springs not from aristocratic disdain but from aversion to robbery.[22]
InThe Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952), although being a lady-in-waiting toEleanor of Aquitaine during theCrusades, Marion is a mischievous tomboy capable of fleeing boldly to the countryside disguised as a boy.[23] In the Kevin Costner epic,Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, she is a maternal cousin to the sovereign, while in the BBC adaption of 2006, she is the daughter of the former sheriff and was betrothed to Robin before his leaving for theHoly Land, and in his absence embarked on her own crusade against poverty in aiding the poor in a fashion similar to what Robin later achieved, becoming a skilled fighter in the process and leading the people to refer to her as 'The Night Watchman'.Theresa Tomlinson'sForestwife novels (1993–2000) are told from Marian's point of view and portray her as a high-born Norman girl escaping entrapment in an arranged marriage. With the aid of her nurse, she runs away to Sherwood Forest, where she becomes acquainted with Robin Hood and his men.
Maid Marian appears in a chapter of T.H. White'sThe Sword in the Stone, the first book inThe Once and Future King. Wart (the young King Arthur) and his step brother Kay meet her and Robin when they go into the forest for an adventure and set out with the outlaws to rescue people Morgan le Fey kidnapped. When they meet her, it is quickly made apparent that Marian is strong and capable in battle and the narrator mentions that she could walk or even wiggle on her stomach like a snake faster than the boys could follow.
The "Robin & Marian Mysteries" byClayton Emery, appearing inEllery Queen's Mystery Magazine and elsewhere, feature the outlaw husband-wife team as amateur detectives solving bizarre murders.
Mentioned inThe Dark Tower V: Wolves of the Calla, byStephen King. Said to be the maid of Lady Oriza (a rice God and heroine), who helped her trick and kill the outlaw Gray Dick and then "went on to have many fanciful adventures of her own".[24]
In thegender-bending playMarian, or the True Tale of Robin Hood, written by Adam Szymkowicz, it turns out that the "outlaw Robin Hood" is actually Marian in disguise, with one actress playing both parts.[25]
Maid Marian was played byJosée Richard in the 1953 BBC mini-seriesRobin Hood. (She was married to Robert Robinson).[26]
Maid Marian was played first byBernadette O'Farrell, and then byPatricia Driscoll in the 1955 seriesThe Adventures of Robin Hood and was as adept with the bow as Robin. As Lady Marian Fitzwater, a Norman-Irish noblewoman, she rode a horse sidesaddle and when dressed in Lincoln Green with Robin in Sherwood Forest she rode astride. The Sheriff was always ready to defend her, but his replacement the Deputy Sheriff suspected she was one of Robin's band.
Maid Marian was featured in the 1966 animated seriesRocket Robin Hood, a science fiction version of the Robin Hood story.
In theHTV showRobin of Sherwood (1984–86), Marian was played byJudi Trott. After meeting and falling in love with Robin (of Locksley, played by Michael Praed), she marries and lives with him and the other outlaws in Sherwood Forest. When Robin died, she was pardoned byKing John. When she attended a party at theEarl of Huntington's residence, she was wooed by his son Robert of Huntingdon (played by Jason Connery). He became Robin's successor as Herne's Son and leader of the outlaws. Robert (Robin) and Marion nearly marry until she mistakenly believes him to have been killed. She then decides to become a nun for the foreseeable future, believing that is the right, and only thing worth doing.
In the 1990 Japanese anime seriesRobin Hood no Daibōken, Maid Marian (as Marian Lancaster) was voiced byNaoko Matsui in Japanese and Katherine Shannon[27] in English. Sometimes referred to as Mary Anne.
In the animated seriesYoung Robin Hood, Maid Marian (Voiced byAnik Matern) is Robin's sweetheart and a ward at Nottingham; she sometimes suspected of conspiring with him. She frequently wore tan tights with a green men's shirt and a headband and was depicted as the equal of any of the Merry Men.
"Maid Marian, the Forest Queen, being a companion to 'Robin Hood.'". From a 1849 book.In the 2000 filmBlackadder: Back & Forth, Maid Marian is portrayed by supermodelKate Moss.
In the BBC's 2006 versionRobin Hood,Lucy Griffiths plays the role of Lady Marian, as opposed to Maid Marian. In this version of the tale, she is daughter of a previous Sheriff of Nottingham and the love interest of Robin. Beautiful and quick of mind, Marian is headstrong and feisty. She is involved in a love triangle, withSir Guy of Gisbourne and Robin as her suitors.
Maid Marian appears in theOnce Upon a Time episode "Lacey" played byChristie Laing. Maid Marian is the target for the affection of the Sheriff of Nottingham. She runs away withRobin Hood after falling in love with him (and later marrying him). Sometime later, Marian is pregnant and falls ill, causing Robin to obtain a magic wand fromRumplestiltskin's castle to heal her. After successfully curing her, Rumplestiltskin takesBelle to witness him killing Robin for stealing from him. However, after seeing the restored Marian and realizing her pregnancy, Belle begs Rumplestiltskin not to kill him or else the child would become fatherless. Rumplestiltskin purposely misses shooting him, alarming the pair to escape the woods. In "Quite a Common Fairy," a discussion between Robin and Rumplestiltskin's son Baelfire revealed that Maid Marian has died leaving Robin and his Merry Men into taking care of their child Roland. In "Snow Drifts" and "There's No Place Like Home,"Emma Swan andKillian Jones travel back in time, and when Emma discovers a woman is about to be killed bythe Evil Queen, she wants to save her but Jones worries about consequences. Emma is later imprisoned with the woman but both escape and return to the present day. Only after that do they discover that the woman is Marian, and Regina is furious that her new boyfriend Robin has his wife back. Though he wants to be with Regina, Robin and his family leave town in an effort to save Marian's life from a magical illness and then reside in New York. Regina later discovers Marian was killed in the past by her half-sisterZelena, theWicked Witch of the West who has been posing as Marian ever since. Regina and Emma rush to New York and reveal the truth only to be informed by Robin that Zelena is pregnant.
In 2014, Maid Marian is portrayed bySabrina Bartlett in an episode ofDoctor Who called "Robot of Sherwood", with theTwelfth Doctor saving her from the Sheriff's dungeons before he learns of her identity or accepts that Robin is real.
In the 1964 filmRobin and the 7 Hoods, transplanting the Robin Hood legend to a 1930s Chicagogangster setting, Marian is played byBarbara Rush, and is made into an utterly opportunistic character very different from that of the original legend.
In the 1976 filmRobin and Marian, Lady Marian is played byAudrey Hepburn. After Robin (Sean Connery) is wounded in his latest battle, Marian poisons Robin and herself as she recognizes that Robin will never fully recover from his injuries, Marian recognizing that he would rather die now than live as half of what he was.
In the 2006 filmRobin Hood: Quest for the King, Maid Marian is voiced byJo Wyatt.
In the 2010Ridley Scott filmRobin Hood, Lady Marion Loxley, played byCate Blanchett, is a feisty, capable noblewoman with whom archer Robin Longstride, a.k.a. Robin Hood (Russell Crowe) falls in love whilst impersonating her deceased husband, Sir Robert Loxley.
In the 2012 German filmRobin Hood: Ghosts of Sherwood, Marian is played by Ramona Kuen.[29]
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