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Isotopes of magnesium

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Isotopes ofmagnesium (₁₂Mg)

Main isotopes^[1]			Decay
	abundance	half-life(t_1/2)	mode	product
²⁴Mg	79%	stable
²⁵Mg	10%	stable
²⁶Mg	11%	stable

Standard atomic weightA_r°(Mg)

[24.304, 24.307]^[2]
24.305±0.002 (abridged)^[3]

Magnesium (₁₂Mg) naturally occurs in three stable isotopes:²⁴
Mg,²⁵
Mg, and²⁶
Mg. There are 19 radioisotopes that have been discovered, ranging from¹⁸
Mg to⁴⁰
Mg (with the exception of³⁹
Mg). The longest-lived radioisotope is²⁸
Mg with a half-life of20.915(9) h. The lighter isotopes mostly decay to isotopes ofsodium while the heavier isotopes decay to isotopes ofaluminium. The shortest-lived isproton-unbound¹⁸
Mg with a half-life of4.0(3.4) zeptoseconds.

A precise measurement of the neutron-rich⁴⁰Mg in 2019 showed the unexpected difference in its nuclear structure, compared to the lighter neighboring isotopes.^[4]^[5]

The abundances of the naturally occurring isotopes of magnesium.

List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[6] ^{[n 1]}	Half-life^[1] ^{[n 2]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 3]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 4]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 5]}^{[n 2]}	Natural abundance(mole fraction)
Nuclide	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[6] ^{[n 1]}	Half-life^[1] ^{[n 2]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 3]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 4]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 5]}^{[n 2]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
¹⁸ Mg^[7]	12	6		4.0(3.4) zs	2p	¹⁶ Ne	0+
¹⁹ Mg	12	7	19.034180(60)	5(3) ps	2p	¹⁷ Ne	1/2−#
²⁰ Mg	12	8	20.0187631(20)	90.4(5) ms	β⁺ (69.7(1.2)%)	²⁰ Na	0+
²⁰ Mg	12	8	20.0187631(20)	90.4(5) ms	β⁺p (30.3(1.2)%)	¹⁹ Ne	0+
²¹ Mg	12	9	21.0117058(8)	120.0(4) ms	β⁺ (79.8(2.1)%)	²¹ Na	5/2+
					β⁺p (20.1(2.1)%)	²⁰ Ne
					β⁺α (0.116(18)%)	¹⁷ F
					β⁺pα (0.016(3)%)	¹⁶ O
²² Mg	12	10	21.99957060(17)	3.8745(7) s	β⁺	²² Na	0+
²³ Mg	12	11	22.99412377(3)	11.3039(32) s	β⁺	²³ Na	3/2+
²⁴ Mg	12	12	23.985041689(14)	Stable			0+	[0.7888, 0.7905]
²⁵ Mg	12	13	24.98583697(5)	Stable			5/2+	[0.09988, 0.10034]
²⁶ Mg^{[n 6]}	12	14	25.98259297(3)	Stable			0+	[0.1096, 0.1109]
²⁷ Mg	12	15	26.98434065(5)	9.435(27) min	β⁻	²⁷ Al	1/2+
²⁸ Mg	12	16	27.98387543(28)	20.915(9) h	β⁻	²⁸ Al	0+
²⁹ Mg	12	17	28.9886072(4)	1.30(12) s	β⁻	²⁹ Al	3/2+
³⁰ Mg	12	18	29.9904655(14)	317(4) ms	β⁻ (>99.94%)	³⁰ Al	0+
³⁰ Mg	12	18	29.9904655(14)	317(4) ms	β⁻n (<0.06%)	²⁹ Al	0+
³¹ Mg	12	19	30.996648(3)	270(2) ms	β⁻ (93.8(1.9)%)	³¹ Al	1/2+
³¹ Mg	12	19	30.996648(3)	270(2) ms	β⁻n (6.2(1.9)%)	³⁰ Al	1/2+
³² Mg	12	20	31.999110(4)	80.4(4) ms	β⁻ (94.5(5)%)	³² Al	0+
³² Mg	12	20	31.999110(4)	80.4(4) ms	β⁻n (5.5(5)%)	³¹ Al	0+
³³ Mg	12	21	33.0053279(29)	92.0(1.2) ms	β⁻ (86(2)%)	³³ Al	3/2−
					β⁻n (14(2)%)	³² Al
					β⁻2n ?^{[n 7]}	³¹ Al ?
³⁴ Mg	12	22	34.008935(7)	44.9(4) ms	β⁻ (>78.9(7.0)%)	³⁴ Al	0+
					β⁻n (21(7)%)	³³ Al
					β⁻2n (<0.1%)	³² Al
³⁵ Mg	12	23	35.01679(29)	11.3(6) ms	β⁻n (52(46)%)	³⁴ Al	(3/2−, 5/2−)
					β⁻ (48(46)%)	³⁵ Al
					β⁻2n ?^{[n 7]}	³³ Al ?
³⁶ Mg	12	24	36.02188(74)	3.9(1.3) ms	β⁻ (52(12)%)	³⁶ Al	0+
					β⁻n (48(12)%)	³⁵ Al
					β⁻2n ?^{[n 7]}	³⁴ Al ?
³⁷ Mg	12	25	37.03029(75)	8(4) ms	β⁻ ?^{[n 7]}	³⁷ Al ?	(3/2−)
					β⁻n ?^{[n 7]}	³⁶ Al ?
					β⁻2n ?^{[n 7]}	³⁵ Al ?
³⁸ Mg	12	26	38.03658(54)#	3.1(4 (stat), 2 (sys)) ms^[8]	β⁻n (81%)	³⁷ Al	0+
					β⁻ (9%)	³⁸ Al
					β⁻2n (9%)	³⁶ Al
⁴⁰ Mg	12	28	40.05319(54)#	1# ms [>170 ns]	β⁻ ?^{[n 7]}	⁴⁰ Al ?	0+
					β⁻n ?^{[n 7]}	³⁹ Al ?
					β⁻2n ?^{[n 7]}	³⁸ Al ?
This table header & footer: view

^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^^a ^b# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^Modes of decay:
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission
^Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^Used inradiodating events early in the Solar System's history
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱDecay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.

External links

[edit]

Magnesium isotopes data fromThe Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eKondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021)."The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.45 (3): 030001.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Magnesium".CIAAW. 2011.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.
^glennroberts (2019-02-07)."New Measurements of Exotic Magnesium Suggest Surprising Shape-Shift".Berkeley Lab News Center. Retrieved2023-09-10.
^"NP A Change in Structure for a S... | U.S. DOE Office of Science(SC)".science.osti.gov. 2019-08-01. Retrieved2023-09-10.
^Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".Chinese Physics C.45 (3): 030003.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^Jin, Y.; et al. (2021). "First observation of the four-proton unbound nucleus¹⁸Mg".Physical Review Letters.127 (262502): 262502.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.262502.OSTI 1837749.PMID 35029460.S2CID 245434485.
^Crawford, H. L.; Tripathi, V.; Allmond, J. M.; et al. (2022)."CrossingN = 28 toward the neutron drip line: first measurement of half-lives at FRIB".Physical Review Letters.129 (212501): 212501.Bibcode:2022PhRvL.129u2501C.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.212501.PMID 36461950.S2CID 253600995.

Isotopes of thechemical elements

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
Period	Hydrogen and alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals													Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
①	Isotopes § List H 1																	Isotopes § List He 2
②	Isotopes § List Li 3	Isotopes § List Be 4											Isotopes § List B 5	Isotopes § List C 6	Isotopes § List N 7	Isotopes § List O 8	Isotopes § List F 9	Isotopes § List Ne 10
③	Isotopes § List Na 11	Isotopes § List Mg 12											Isotopes § List Al 13	Isotopes § List Si 14	Isotopes § List P 15	Isotopes § List S 16	Isotopes § List Cl 17	Isotopes § List Ar 18
④	Isotopes § List K 19	Isotopes § List Ca 20	Isotopes § List Sc 21	Isotopes § List Ti 22	Isotopes § List V 23	Isotopes § List Cr 24	Isotopes § List Mn 25	Isotopes § List Fe 26	Isotopes § List Co 27	Isotopes § List Ni 28	Isotopes § List Cu 29	Isotopes § List Zn 30	Isotopes § List Ga 31	Isotopes § List Ge 32	Isotopes § List As 33	Isotopes § List Se 34	Isotopes § List Br 35	Isotopes § List Kr 36
⑤	Isotopes § List Rb 37	Isotopes § List Sr 38	Isotopes § List Y 39	Isotopes § List Zr 40	Isotopes § List Nb 41	Isotopes § List Mo 42	Isotopes § List Tc 43	Isotopes § List Ru 44	Isotopes § List Rh 45	Isotopes § List Pd 46	Isotopes § List Ag 47	Isotopes § List Cd 48	Isotopes § List In 49	Isotopes § List Sn 50	Isotopes § List Sb 51	Isotopes § List Te 52	Isotopes § List I 53	Isotopes § List Xe 54
⑥	Isotopes § List Cs 55	Isotopes § List Ba 56	Isotopes § List Lu 71	Isotopes § List Hf 72	Isotopes § List Ta 73	Isotopes § List W 74	Isotopes § List Re 75	Isotopes § List Os 76	Isotopes § List Ir 77	Isotopes § List Pt 78	Isotopes § List Au 79	Isotopes § List Hg 80	Isotopes § List Tl 81	Isotopes § List Pb 82	Isotopes § List Bi 83	Isotopes § List Po 84	Isotopes § List At 85	Isotopes § List Rn 86
⑦	Isotopes § List Fr 87	Isotopes § List Ra 88	Isotopes § List Lr 103	Isotopes § List Rf 104	Isotopes § List Db 105	Isotopes § List Sg 106	Isotopes § List Bh 107	Isotopes § List Hs 108	Isotopes § List Mt 109	Isotopes § List Ds 110	Isotopes § List Rg 111	Isotopes § List Cn 112	Isotopes § List Nh 113	Isotopes § List Fl 114	Isotopes § List Mc 115	Isotopes § List Lv 116	Isotopes § List Ts 117	Isotopes § List Og 118
⑧	Isotopes § List Uue 119	Isotopes § List Ubn 120

			Isotopes § List La 57	Isotopes § List Ce 58	Isotopes § List Pr 59	Isotopes § List Nd 60	Isotopes § List Pm 61	Isotopes § List Sm 62	Isotopes § List Eu 63	Isotopes § List Gd 64	Isotopes § List Tb 65	Isotopes § List Dy 66	Isotopes § List Ho 67	Isotopes § List Er 68	Isotopes § List Tm 69	Isotopes § List Yb 70
			Isotopes § List Ac 89	Isotopes § List Th 90	Isotopes § List Pa 91	Isotopes § List U 92	Isotopes § List Np 93	Isotopes § List Pu 94	Isotopes § List Am 95	Isotopes § List Cm 96	Isotopes § List Bk 97	Isotopes § List Cf 98	Isotopes § List Es 99	Isotopes § List Fm 100	Isotopes § List Md 101	Isotopes § List No 102

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