Madonna Louise Ciccone[a] (/tʃɪˈkoʊni/chih-KOH-nee; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. Commonly referred to as the "Queen of Pop", she is known for her continual reinvention and versatility in music production, songwriting and visual presentation. Madonna's works, which incorporate social, political,sexual, andreligious themes, have generated both controversy and critical acclaim.A cultural icon spanning both the 20th and 21st centuries, she has become the subject of variousscholarly,literary andartistic works, as well as a mini academic sub-discipline calledMadonna studies.
Madonna Louise Ciccone[2] was born inBay City, Michigan, on August 16, 1958, to Roman Catholic parents Madonna Louise (née Fortin) and Silvio Anthony "Tony" Ciccone.[3][4] Her father's parents were Italian emigrants fromPacentro while her mother was ofFrench-Canadian descent.[5] Tony Ciccone worked as an optics engineer forChrysler Defense and its successor,General Dynamics Land Systems, on military projects. Since Madonna had the same name as her mother, family members called her "Little Nonnie".[6] Her mother died of breast cancer on December 1, 1963, when Madonna was five years old. Madonna grew up in the Detroit suburbs ofPontiac and Avon Township (nowRochester Hills), alongside her two older brothers—Anthony (1956–2023) and Martin (born 1957)—and three younger siblings—Paula (born 1959),Christopher (1960–2024), and Melanie (born 1962).[7] Madonna adopted Veronica as aconfirmation name upon receiving thesacrament in the Catholic Church in 1966.[8]
Madonna's stepmother Joan, and father, Tony Ciccone
Tony married the family's housekeeper, Joan Gustafson, that same year. They were married for 58 years until Joan's death in 2024, and had three children: Joey (who died shortly after his 1967 birth from a heart defect), Jennifer (born 1968), and Mario (born 1969).[7][9]
Madonna attended St. Frederick's and St. Andrew's Catholic Elementary Schools, and West Middle School. She was known for her highgrade point average (GPA) and achieved notoriety for her unconventional behavior. Madonna would performcartwheels and handstands in the hallways between classes, dangle by her knees from themonkey bars during recess, and pull up her skirt during class—all so that the boys could see her panties.[10] She later admitted to seeing herself in her youth as a "lonely girl who was searching for something. I wasn't rebellious in a certain way. I cared about being good at something. I didn't shave under my arms and I didn't wear make-up like normal girls do. But I studied and I got good grades... I wanted to be somebody."[3]
Madonna's father put her in classical piano lessons, but she later convinced him to allow her to take ballet lessons.[11] Christopher Flynn, her ballet teacher, persuaded her to pursue a career in dance.[12] Madonna later attendedRochester Adams High School and became a straight-A student as well as a member of its cheerleading squad.[13][14] After graduating in January 1976, she received a dance scholarship to theUniversity of Michigan and studied over the summer at theAmerican Dance Festival inDurham, North Carolina.[15][16]
In 1978, Madonna dropped out of college and relocated to New York City.[17] She said of her move to New York, "It was the first time I'd ever taken a plane, the first time I'd ever gotten a taxi cab. I came here with $35 in my pocket. It was the bravest thing I'd ever done."[18] Madonna soon found an apartment in theAlphabet City neighborhood of theEast Village[19] and had little money while working as a hatcheck girl for theRussian Tea Room, an elevator operator atTerrace on the Park, and withmodern dance troupes. She took classes at theAlvin Ailey American Dance Theater, eventually performing withPearl Lang Dance Theater.[20][16][21] She also studied dance under the tutelage of the noted American dancer and choreographerMartha Graham.[22] Madonna started to work as a backup dancer for other established artists. One night, while returning from a rehearsal, a pair of men held her at knifepoint and forced her to performfellatio. She later found the incident to be "a taste of my weakness, it showed me that I still could not save myself in spite of all the strong-girl show. I could never forget it."[23]
1979–1983: Career beginnings, rock bands, andMadonna
In 1979, Madonna became romantically involved with musicianDan Gilroy.[24] Shortly after meeting him, she successfully auditioned to perform in Paris with French disco artistPatrick Hernandez as his backup singer and dancer.[20] During her three months with Hernandez's troupe, she also traveled to Tunisia before returning to New York in August 1979.[24][25] Madonna moved into an abandoned synagogue where Gilroy lived and rehearsed inCorona, Queens.[20][10] Together they formed her first band, theBreakfast Club, for which Madonna sang and played drums and guitar.[26] While with the band, Madonna briefly worked as a hat-check girl at the Russian Tea Room, and she made her acting debut in the low-budget indie filmA Certain Sacrifice, which was not released until 1985.[27][28] In 1980, Madonna left the Breakfast Club with drummerStephen Bray, who was her boyfriend in Michigan, and they formed the band Emmy and the Emmys.[29] They rekindled their romance and moved intothe Music Building in Manhattan.[20] The two began writing songs together and they recorded a four-song demo tape in November 1980, but soon after, Madonna decided to promote herself as a solo artiste.[30][20]
In March 1981, Camille Barbone, who ranGotham Records in the Music Building, signed Madonna to a contract with Gotham and worked as her manager until February 1982.[31][32][33] Madonna frequented nightclubs to get disc jockeys to play her demo.[34] DJMark Kamins atDanceteria took an interest in her music and they began dating.[35] Kamins arranged a meeting with Madonna andSeymour Stein, the president ofSire Records, a subsidiary ofWarner Bros. Records.[34] Madonna signed a deal for a total of three singles, with an option for an album.[36]
Kamins produced her debut single, "Everybody", which was released in October 1982.[34] In December 1982, Madonna performed the song live for the first time at Danceteria.[37][38] She made her first television appearance performing "Everybody" onDancin' On Air in January 1983, although it had actually been filmed a month prior.[39] In February 1983, she promoted the single with nightclub performances in the United Kingdom.[40] Her second single, the double A-side "Burning Up" / "Physical Attraction", was released in March 1983. Both this single and "Everybody" reached number three onBillboard magazine'sHot Dance Club Songs chart.[41] "Burning Up" / "Physical Attraction" also charted at number 13 in Australia.[42] During this period, Madonna was in a relationship with artistJean-Michel Basquiat and living at his loft inSoHo.[43][44] Basquiat introduced her to art curatorDiego Cortez, who had managed somepunk bands and co-founded theMudd Club.[45] Madonna invited Cortez to be her manager, but he declined.[45]
Following the success of the singles, Warner hiredReggie Lucas to produce her debut album,Madonna.[46] However, Madonna was dissatisfied with the completed tracks and disagreed with Lucas' production techniques, so she decided to seek additional help.[47] She askedJohn "Jellybean" Benitez, theresident DJ at Fun House, to help finish the album's production and a romance ensued.[48] Benitez remixed most of the tracks and produced "Holiday", which was her first international top-ten song. The album was released in July 1983, and peaked at number eight on theBillboard 200. It yielded two top-ten singles on theBillboard Hot 100, "Borderline" and "Lucky Star".[49] In late 1983, Madonna's new manager,Freddy DeMann, secured a meeting for her with film producerJon Peters, who asked her to play the part of a club singer in the romantic dramaVision Quest.[50]
1984–1987:Like a Virgin, first marriage,True Blue, andWho's That Girl
In January 1984, Madonna gained more exposure by performing onAmerican Bandstand andTop of the Pops.[51][52][53] Her image, performances and music videos influenced many young girls and women.[54] Madonna's style became one of the femalefashion trends of the 1980s.[55] Created by stylist and jewelry designerMaripol, the look consisted of lace tops, skirts overcapri pants,fishnet stockings, jewelry bearing thecrucifix, bracelets and bleached hair.[56][57][58] Madonna's popularity continued to rise globally with the release of her second studio album,Like a Virgin, in November 1984. It became her first number-one album in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, the UK and the US.[59][60]Like a Virgin became the first album by a female to sell over five million copies in the US.[61] It was latercertified diamond by theRecording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold over 21 million copies worldwide.[62]
The album'stitle track served as its first single, and topped the Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks.[63] It attracted the attention of conservative organizations who complained that the song and its accompanying video promoted premarital sex and undermined family values,[64] and moralists sought to have the song and video banned.[65] Madonna received huge media coverage for her performance of "Like a Virgin" at the first1984 MTV Video Music Awards. Wearing a wedding dress and white gloves, Madonna appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake and then rolled around suggestively on the floor. MTV retrospectively considered it one of the "most iconic" pop performances of all time.[66] The second single, "Material Girl", reached number two on the Hot 100.[49] While filming the single's music video, Madonna started dating actorSean Penn. They married on her birthday in 1985.[67]
Madonna entered mainstream films in February 1985, beginning with her cameo inVision Quest. The soundtrack contained two new singles, her US number-one single, "Crazy for You", and another track "Gambler".[49] She also played the title role in the 1985 comedyDesperately Seeking Susan, a film which introduced the song "Into the Groove", her first number-one single in the UK.[68] Her popularity caused the film to be perceived as a Madonna vehicle, despite the fact that she was not billed as a lead actress.[69]The New York Times film criticVincent Canby named it one of the ten best films of 1985.[70]
Beginning in April 1985, Madonna embarked on her first concert tour in North America,the Virgin Tour, with theBeastie Boys as her opening act. The tour saw the peak ofMadonna wannabe phenomenon, with many female attendees dressing like her.[71] At that time, she released two more songs, "Angel" and "Dress You Up", making all four singles from the album peak inside the top five on the Hot 100 chart.[72] "Angel" also topped the Australian charts.[42] In July,Penthouse andPlayboy magazines published a number of nude photos of Madonna, taken when she moonlighted as anart model in 1978.[73] She had posed for the photographs because she needed money at the time, and was paid as little as $25 a session.[74] The publication of the photos caused a media uproar, but Madonna remained "unapologetic and defiant".[75] The photographs were ultimately sold for up to $100,000.[74] She referred to these events at the 1985 outdoorLive Aid charity concert, saying that she would not take her jacket off because "[the media] might hold it against me ten years from now."[75][76]
In June 1986, Madonna released her third studio album,True Blue, which was inspired by and dedicated to her husband Penn.[77]Rolling Stone was impressed with the effort, writing that the album "sound[s] as if it comes from the heart".[78] Five singles were released—"Live to Tell", "Papa Don't Preach", "True Blue", "Open Your Heart", and "La Isla Bonita"—all of which reached number one in the US or the UK.[49][79] The album topped the charts in 28 countries worldwide, an unprecedented achievement at the time, and remains Madonna's bestselling studio album, with sales of 25 million copies.[80][81]True Blue was featured in the 1992 edition ofGuinness World Records as the bestselling album by a woman of all time.[82]
Madonna starred in the critically panned filmShanghai Surprise in 1986, for which she received her firstGolden Raspberry Award forWorst Actress.[83] She made her theatrical debut in a production ofDavid Rabe'sGoose and Tom-Tom; the film and play both co-starred Penn.[84] The next year, Madonna was featured in the filmWho's That Girl. She contributed four songs to its soundtrack, including thetitle track and "Causing a Commotion".[85] Madonna embarked on theWho's That Girl World Tour in June 1987, which continued until September.[86][87] It broke several attendance records, including over 130,000 people in a show near Paris, which was then a record forthe highest-attended female concert of all time.[88] Later that year, she released a remix album of past hits,You Can Dance, which reached number 14 on theBillboard 200.[59][89] After a tumultuous two years' marriage, Madonna filed for divorce from Penn on December 4, 1987, but withdrew the petition a few weeks later.[90][91]
1988–1991:Like a Prayer,Dick Tracy, andTruth or Dare
She made herBroadway debut in the production ofSpeed-the-Plow at theRoyale Theatre from May to August 1988.[92][93] According to theAssociated Press, Madonna filed an assault report against Penn after an alleged incident at their Malibu home during the New Year's weekend.[94][95] Madonna filed for divorce on January 5, 1989, and the following week she reportedly asked that no criminal charges be pressed.[96][94]
In January 1989, Madonna signed an endorsement deal with soft-drink manufacturerPepsi.[97] In one Pepsi commercial, she debuted "Like a Prayer", the lead single and title track from herfourth studio album. The music video featuredCatholic symbols such asstigmata andcross burning, and a dream of making love to a saint, leading theVatican to condemn the video. Religious groups sought to ban the commercial and boycott Pepsi products. Pepsi revoked the commercial and canceled her sponsorship contract.[98][99] "Like a Prayer" topped the charts in many countries, becoming her seventh number-one on the Hot 100.[85][49]
Madonna co-wrote and co-produced the albumLike a Prayer withPatrick Leonard,Stephen Bray, andPrince.[100] Music criticJ. D. Considine fromRolling Stone praised it "as close to art as pop music gets ... proof not only that Madonna should be taken seriously as an artist but that hers is one of the most compelling voices of the Eighties."[101]Like a Prayer peaked at number one on theBillboard 200 and sold 15 million copies worldwide.[59][102] Other successful singles from the album were "Express Yourself" and "Cherish", which both peaked at number two in the US, as well as the UK top-five "Dear Jessie" and the US top-ten "Keep It Together".[85][49] By the end of the 1980s, Madonna was named as the "Artist of the Decade" by MTV,Billboard andMusician magazine.[103][104][105]
In April 1990, Madonna began herBlond Ambition World Tour, which ended in August.[112]Rolling Stone called it an "elaborately choreographed, sexually provocative extravaganza" and proclaimed it "the best tour of 1990".[113] The tour generated strong negative reaction from religious groups for her performance of "Like a Virgin", during which two male dancers caressed her body before she simulated masturbation.[86] In response, Madonna said, "The tour in no way hurts anybody's sentiments. It's for open minds and gets them to see sexuality in a different way. Their own and others".[114]The live recording of the tour won Madonna her firstGrammy Award, in the category ofBest Long Form Music Video.[115] In October 1990, Madonna lent her voice to a Public Service Announcement (PSA) supportingRock the Vote's efforts in voter registration.[116]
Madonna's first greatest-hitscompilation album,The Immaculate Collection (1990), was released in November including two new songs, "Justify My Love" and "Rescue Me".[117] The album was certified diamond by RIAA and sold over 30 million copies worldwide, becoming thebest-selling compilation album by a solo artist in history.[118][119] "Justify My Love" reached number one in the US becoming her ninth number-one on the Hot 100.[49] Her then-boyfriend modelTony Ward co-starred in the music video, which featured scenes ofsadomasochism,bondage, same-sex kissing, and brief nudity.[120][121] The video was deemed too sexually explicit for MTV and was banned from the network.[122] Her first documentary film,Truth or Dare (known asIn Bed with Madonna outside North America), was released in May 1991.[123] Chronicling her Blond Ambition World Tour, it became the highest-grossing documentary of all time (surpassed eleven years later byMichael Moore'sBowling for Columbine).[124]
1992–1997: Maverick,Erotica,Sex,Bedtime Stories,Evita, and motherhood
In 1992, Madonna starred inA League of Their Own as Mae Mordabito, a baseball player on an all-women's team.[125] It reachednumber one on the box-office and became the tenth-highest-grossing film of the year in the US.[126] She recorded the film's theme song, "This Used to Be My Playground", which became her tenth number-one on theBillboard Hot 100, the most by any female artist at the time.[49]
In April 1992, Madonna founded her own entertainment company,Maverick, consisting of a record company (Maverick Records), a film production company (Maverick Films), and associated music publishing, television broadcasting, book publishing, and merchandising divisions.[127] The deal was a joint venture withTime Warner and paid Madonna an advance of $60 million. It gave her 20% royalties from the music proceedings, the highest rate in the industry at the time, equaled only byMichael Jackson's royalty rate established a year earlier withSony.[127] Her company later went on to become one of the most successfulartist-run labels in history, producing multi-platinum artists such asAlanis Morissette andMichelle Branch.[128][129] Later that year, Madonna co-sponsored the first museum retrospective for her former boyfriend artist Jean-Michel Basquiat at theWhitney Museum of American Art in New York.[130][131]
In October 1992, Madonna simultaneously released her fifth studio album,Erotica, and hercoffee table book,Sex.[132] Consisting of sexually provocative and explicit images, photographed bySteven Meisel, the book received strong negative reaction from the media and the general public, but sold 1.5 million copies at $50 each in a matter of days.[133][134] The widespread backlash overshadowedErotica, which ended up as her lowest-selling album at the time.[134] Despite positive reviews, it became her first studio album since her debut album not to score any chart-topper in the US. The album entered theBillboard 200 at number two. It yielded the Hot 100 top-ten hits "Erotica" and "Deeper and Deeper".[59][49] At the time, Madonna had been dating rapperVanilla Ice and she at one point proposed to him. They broke up following the release ofSex, with Ice claiming that he was included in the book without his consent.[135][136] Madonna continued her provocative imagery in the 1993erotic thriller,Body of Evidence, a film which contained scenes ofsadomasochism andbondage. Critics poorly received the film.[137][138] She also starred in the filmDangerous Game, which was released straight to video in North America.The New York Times described the film as "angry and painful, and the pain feels real."[139]
In September 1993, Madonna embarked onthe Girlie Show, in which she dressed as a whip-crackingdominatrix surrounded by topless dancers. In Puerto Rico, she rubbed the island's flag between her legs on stage, resulting in outrage among the audience.[86] In March 1994,she appeared as a guest on theLate Show with David Letterman, using profanity that required censorship on television, and handing Letterman a pair of her panties and asking him to smell it.[140] The releases of her sexually explicit book, album, and film, and the aggressive appearance on Letterman all made critics question Madonna as a sexual renegade. Critics and fans reacted negatively, commenting that "she had gone too far" and her career was over.[141] Around this time, Madonna briefly dated rapperTupac Shakur and basketball playerDennis Rodman.[142][143][144]
BiographerJ. Randy Taraborrelli described her ballad "I'll Remember" (1994) as an attempt to tone down her provocative image. The song was recorded forAlek Keshishian's 1994 filmWith Honors.[145] She made a subdued appearance with Letterman at an awards show and appeared onThe Tonight Show with Jay Leno after realizing that she needed to change her musical direction to sustain her popularity.[146] With her sixth studio album,Bedtime Stories (1994), Madonna employed a softer image to try to improve the public perception.[146] The album debuted at number three on theBillboard 200 and generated two US top-five hits, "Secret" and "Take a Bow", the latter topping the Hot 100 for seven weeks, the longest period of any Madonna single.[147]Something to Remember, a collection of ballads, was released in November 1995. The album featured three new songs: "You'll See", "One More Chance", and a cover ofMarvin Gaye's "I Want You".[49][148] An enthusiastic collector ofmodern art, Madonna sponsored the first major retrospective ofTina Modotti's work at thePhiladelphia Museum of Art in 1995.[149] The following year, she sponsored an exhibition of Basquiat's paintings at theSerpentine Gallery in London.[150] The following year, she sponsored artistCindy Sherman's retrospective at theMoMA in New York.[151]
This is the role I was born to play. I put everything of me into this because it was much more than a role in a movie. It was exhilarating and intimidating at the same time. And I am prouder ofEvita than anything else I have done.
In February 1996, Madonna began filming the musicalEvita in Argentina.[153] For a long time, Madonna had desired to play Argentine political leaderEva Perón and wrote to directorAlan Parker to explain why she would be perfect for the part. After securing the title role, she received vocal coaching and learned about the history of Argentina and Perón. During filming Madonna became ill several times, after finding out that she was pregnant, and from the intense emotional effort required with the scenes.[154] UponEvita's release in December 1996, Madonna's performance received praise from film critics.[155][156][157] Zach Conner ofTime magazine remarked, "It's a relief to say thatEvita is pretty damn fine, well cast and handsomely visualized. Madonna once again confounds our expectations."[158] For the role, shewon theGolden Globe Award forBest Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.[159]
TheEvita soundtrack, containing songs mostly performed by Madonna, was released as adouble album.[160] It included "You Must Love Me" and "Don't Cry for Me Argentina"; the latter reached number one in countries across Europe.[161] Madonna was presented with the Artist Achievement Award byTony Bennett at the 1996Billboard Music Awards.[162] On October 14, 1996, she gave birth toLourdes "Lola" Maria Ciccone Leon, her daughter with fitness trainer Carlos Leon.[163][164] BiographerMary Cross writes that although Madonna often worried that her pregnancy would harmEvita, she reached some important personal goals: "Now 38 years old, Madonna had at last triumphed on screen and achieved her dream of having a child, both in the same year. She had reached another turning point in her career, reinventing herself and her image with the public."[165] Her relationship with Carlos Leon ended in May 1997 and she declared that they were "better off as best friends".[166][167]
1998–2002:Ray of Light,Music, second marriage, and touring comeback
After Lourdes's birth, Madonna became involved in Eastern mysticism andKabbalah, introduced to her by actressSandra Bernhard.[168] Her seventh studio album,Ray of Light, (1998) reflected this change in her perception and image.[169][170] She collaborated with electronica producerWilliam Orbit and wanted to create a sound that could blend dance music with pop and British rock.[171] American music criticAnn Powers explained that what Madonna searched for with Orbit "was a kind of a lushness that she wanted for this record.Techno andrave were happening in the 90s and had a lot of different forms. There was very experimental, more hard stuff likeAphex Twin. There was party stuff likeFatboy Slim. That's not what Madonna wanted for this. She wanted something more like a singer-songwriter, really. And William Orbit provided her with that."[171]
The album garnered critical acclaim, withSlant Magazine calling it "one of the great pop masterpieces of the '90s"[172]Ray of Light was honored with fourGrammy Awards—includingBest Pop Album andBest Dance Recording—and was nominated for bothAlbum of the Year andRecord of the Year.[173]Rolling Stone listed it among "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time".[174] Commercially, the album peaked at number-one in numerous countries and sold more than 16 million copies worldwide.[175] The album's lead single, "Frozen", became Madonna's first single to debut at number one in the UK, while in the US, it became her sixth number-two single, setting another record for Madonna as the artist with the most number-two hits.[49][176] The second single, "Ray of Light", debuted at number five on theBillboard Hot 100.[177] The 1998 edition ofGuinness Book of World Records documented that "no female artist has sold more records than Madonna around the world".[178]
Madonna performing at the 2001Drowned World Tour, the highest-grossing tour of the year by a solo artist
Madonna released her eighth studio album,Music, in September 2000.[182] It featured elements from theelectronica-inspiredRay of Light era, and like its predecessor, received acclaim from critics. Collaborating with French producerMirwais Ahmadzaï, Madonna commented: "I love to work with the weirdos that no one knows about—the people who have raw talent and who are making music unlike anyone else out there.Music is the future of sound."[183]Stephen Thomas Erlewine fromAllMusic felt that "Music blows by in a kaleidoscopic rush of color, technique, style and substance. It has so many depth and layers that it's easily as self-aware and earnest asRay of Light."[184] The album took the number-one position in more than 20 countries worldwide and sold four million copies in the first ten days.[173] In the US,Music debuted at the top, and became her first number-one album in eleven years sinceLike a Prayer.[185] It produced three singles: the Hot 100 number-one "Music", "Don't Tell Me", and "What It Feels Like for a Girl".[49] The music video of "What It Feels Like for a Girl" depicted Madonna committing acts of crime and vandalism, and was banned by MTV andVH1.[186]
Madonna met directorGuy Ritchie in mid-1998, and gave birth to their son Rocco John Ritchie in Los Angeles on August 11, 2000.[187] Rocco and Madonna suffered complications from the birth due to her experiencingplacenta praevia.[188] He was christened atDornoch Cathedral inDornoch, Scotland, on December 21, 2000.[189] Madonna married Ritchie the following day at nearbySkibo Castle.[190][191] After an eight-year absence from touring, Madonna started herDrowned World Tour in June 2001.[86] The tour visited cities in the US and Europe and was the highest-grossing concert tour of the year by a solo artist, earning $75 million from 47 sold-out shows.[192] She also released her second greatest-hits collection,GHV2, which compiled 15 singles during the second decade of her recording career. The album debuted at number seven on theBillboard 200 and sold seven million units worldwide.[193][194]
2003–2006:American Life andConfessions on a Dance Floor
Madonna performing at the 2004Re-Invention World Tour, the highest-grossing tour of the year
In 2003, Madonna collaborated with fashion photographerSteven Klein for an exhibition installation named X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS, which ran from March to May in New York'sDeitch Projects gallery, and also traveled the world in an edited form.[199] The same year, Madonna released her ninth studio album,American Life, which was based on her observations of American society.[200] She explained that the record was "like a trip down memory lane, looking back at everything I've accomplished and all the things I once valued and all the things that were important to me." Larry Flick fromThe Advocate felt that "American Life is an album that is among her most adventurous and lyrically intelligent", while also condemning it as "a lazy, half-arsed effort to sound and take her seriously."[201][202] The original music video of itstitle track caused controversy due to its violence andanti-war imagery, and was withdrawn after the2003 invasion of Iraq started. Madonna voluntarily censored herself for the first time in her career due to the political climate of the country, saying that "there was a lynch mob mentality that was going on that wasn't pretty and I have children to protect."[203] The song stalled at number 37 on the Hot 100,[49] while the album became her lowest-selling album at that point with four million copies worldwide.[204]
Madonna gave another provocative performance later that year at the2003 MTV Video Music Awards, when she kissed singersBritney Spears andChristina Aguilera while singing the track "Hollywood".[205][206] In October 2003, she provided guest vocals on Spears' single "Me Against the Music".[207] It was followed with the release ofRemixed & Revisited. The EP contained remixed versions of songs fromAmerican Life and included "Your Honesty", a previously unreleased track from theBedtime Stories recording sessions.[208] Madonna also signed a contract withCallaway Arts & Entertainment to be the author of five children's books. The first of these books, titledThe English Roses, was published in September 2003. The story was about four English schoolgirls and their envy and jealousy of each other.[209] The book debuted at the top ofThe New York Times Best Seller list, and became the fastest-selling children's picture book of all time.[210] Madonna donated all of its proceeds to a children's charity.[211]
The next year Madonna and Maverick suedWarner Music Group and its former parent company Time Warner, claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars. In return, Warner filed a countersuit alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own.[128][212] The dispute was resolved when the Maverick shares, owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev, were purchased by Warner. Madonna and Dashev's company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music, but Madonna was still signed to Warner under a separate recording contract.[128]
When I wroteAmerican Life, I was very agitated by what was going on in the world around me, ... I was angry. I had a lot to get off my chest. I made a lot of political statements. But now, I feel that I just want to have fun; I want to dance; I want to feel buoyant. And I want to give other people the same feeling. There's a lot of madness in the world around us, and I want people to be happy.
—Madonna talking aboutConfessions on a Dance Floor.[219]
Her tenth studio album,Confessions on a Dance Floor, was released in November 2005. Musically the album was structured like a club set composed by a DJ. It was acclaimed by critics, with Keith Caulfield fromBillboard commenting that the album was a "welcome return to form for the Queen of Pop."[220] The album won aGrammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album.[115]Confessions on a Dance Floor and its lead single, "Hung Up", went on to reach number one in 40 and 41 countries respectively, earning a place inGuinness World Records.[221] The song contained a sample ofABBA's "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)", only the second time that ABBA has allowed their work to be used. ABBA songwriterBjörn Ulvaeus remarked "It is a wonderful track—100 per cent solid pop music."[222] "Sorry", the second single, became Madonna's twelfth number-one single in the UK.[68]
While on tour, Madonna founded the charitable organizationRaising Malawi, and partially funded an orphanage in and traveling to that country.[226] While there, she decided to adopt a boy named David Banda in October 2006.[227] The adoption raised strong public reaction, because Malawian law requires would-be parents to reside in Malawi for one year before adopting, which Madonna did not do.[228]Kate Kainja, Malawi's Minister of Women and Child Development had prevented a civil servant from travelling to see Madonna and Guy Ritchie as prospective adopters.[229] Madonna addressed this onThe Oprah Winfrey Show, saying that there were no written adoption laws in Malawi that regulated foreign adoption. Madonna described how Banda had been suffering frompneumonia after survivingmalaria andtuberculosis when they first met.[230] Banda's biological father, Yohane, commented: "These so-called human rights activists are harassing me every day, threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing ... They want me to support their court case, a thing I cannot do for I know what I agreed with Madonna and her husband." The adoption was finalized in May 2008.[231][232]
2007–2011: Filmmaking,Hard Candy, and business ventures
Madonna performing on the 2009 leg of theSticky & Sweet Tour which held the record for the highest-grossing tour for a female artist for 15 years
Madonna released and performed the song "Hey You" at theLondon Live Earth concert in July 2007.[233] She announced her departure from Warner Bros. Records, and declared a new $120 million, ten-year360 deal withLive Nation.[234] In 2008, Madonna produced and wroteI Am Because We Are, a documentary on the problems faced by Malawians; it was directed by Nathan Rissman, who worked as Madonna's gardener.[235] She also directed her first film,Filth and Wisdom. The plot of the film revolved around three friends and their aspirations.The Times said she had "done herself proud" whileThe Daily Telegraph described the film as "not an entirely unpromising first effort [but] Madonna would do well to hang on to her day job."[236][237] On March 10, 2008, Madonna was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility.[238] She did not sing at the ceremony but asked fellow Hall of Fame inductees and Michigan nativesthe Stooges to perform her songs "Burning Up" and "Ray of Light".[239]
Madonna released her eleventh studio album,Hard Candy, in April 2008. ContainingR&B andurban pop influences, the songs onHard Candy were autobiographical in nature and saw Madonna collaborating withJustin Timberlake,Timbaland,Pharrell Williams andNate "Danja" Hills.[240] The album debuted at number one in 37 countries and on theBillboard 200.[241][242] Caryn Ganz fromRolling Stone complimented it as an "impressive taste of her upcoming tour",[243] while BBC correspondent Mark Savage panned it as "an attempt to harness the urban market".[244]
"4 Minutes" was released as the album's lead single and peaked at number three on theBillboard Hot 100. It was Madonna's 37th top-ten hit on the chart and pushed her pastElvis Presley as the artist with the most top-ten hits.[245] In the UK she retained her record for the most number-one singles for a female artist; "4 Minutes" becoming her thirteenth.[246] To further promote the album, she embarked on theSticky & Sweet Tour, her first major venture with Live Nation. With a total gross of $408 million, it ended up as the secondhighest-grossing tour of all time, behindthe Rolling Stones'sA Bigger Bang Tour.[247] It remained the highest-grossing tour by a solo artist untilRoger Waters'the Wall Live surpassed it in 2013.[248]
In July 2008, Christopher Ciccone released a book titledLife with My Sister Madonna, which caused a rift between Madonna and him, because of unsolicited publication.[249] By fall, Madonna filed for divorce from Ritchie, citing irreconcilable differences.[250] In December 2008, Madonna's spokesperson announced that Madonna had agreed to a divorce settlement with Ritchie, the terms of which granted him between£50–60 million ($68.49–82.19 million), a figure that included the couple'sLondon pub and residence andWiltshire estate in England.[251] The marriage was dissolved by District Judge Reid bydecree nisi at the clinical Principal Registry of the Family Division inHigh Holborn, London. They entered a compromise agreement for Rocco and David, then aged eight and three respectively, and divided the children's time between Ritchie's London home and Madonna's in New York, where the two were joined by Lourdes.[252][253] Soon after, Madonna applied to adopt Chifundo "Mercy" James from Malawi in May 2009, but the country's High Court rejected the application because Madonna was not a resident there.[254] She re-appealed, and on June 12, 2009, the Supreme Court of Malawi granted her the right to adopt Mercy.[255]
Madonna concluded her contract with Warner by releasing her third greatest-hits album,Celebration, in September 2009. It contained the new songs "Celebration" and "Revolver" along with 34 hits spanning her musical career with the label.[256]Celebration reached number one in several countries, including Canada, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom.[257] She appeared at the2009 MTV Video Music Awards to speak in tribute to deceased pop singerMichael Jackson.[258] Madonna ended the 2000s as the bestselling single artist of the decade in the US and the most-played artist of the decade in the UK.[259][260]Billboard also announced her as the third top-touring artist of the decade—behind only the Rolling Stones andU2—with a gross of over $801 million, 6.3 million attendance and 244 sell-outs of 248 shows.[261]
Madonna performed at theHope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief concert in January 2010.[262] Her third live album,Sticky & Sweet Tour, was released in April, debuting at number ten on theBillboard 200.[59] It also became her 20th top-ten on theOricon Albums Chart, breaking the Beatles' record for the most top-ten album by an international act in Japan.[263] Madonna granted American television show,Glee, the rights to her entire catalog of music, and the producers createdan episode featuring her songs exclusively.[264] She also collaborated with Lourdes and released theMaterial Girl clothing line, inspired by her punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s.[265] In October, she opened a series of fitness centers around the world namedHard Candy Fitness,[266] and three months later unveiled a second fashion brand calledTruth or Dare which included footwear, perfumes, underclothing, and accessories.[267]
MDNA was released in March 2012 and saw collaboration with various producers, including William Orbit andMartin Solveig.[275] It was her first release under her three-album deal withInterscope Records, which she signed as a part of her 360 deal with Live Nation.[276] She was signed to the record label since Live Nation was unable to distribute music recordings.[277]MDNA became Madonna's fifth consecutive studio record to debut at the top of theBillboard 200.[278] The album was mostly promoted bythe MDNA Tour, which lasted from May to December 2012.[279] The tour featured controversial subjects such as violence, firearms, human rights, nudity and politics. With a gross of $305.2 million from 88 sold-out shows, it became the highest-grossing tour of 2012 and then-tenth highest-grossing tour of all time.[280] Madonna was named the top-earning celebrity of the year byForbes, earning an estimated $125 million.[281]
Madonna collaborated with Steven Klein and directed a 17-minute film,secretprojectrevolution, which was released onBitTorrent in September 2013.[282] With the film she launched the Art for Freedom initiative, which helped to promote "art and free speech as a means to address persecution and injustice across the globe". The website for the project included over 3,000 art related submissions since its inception, with Madonna regularly monitoring and enlisting other artists likeDavid Blaine andKaty Perry as guest curators.[283]
By 2013, Madonna'sRaising Malawi had built ten schools to educate 4,000 children in Malawi at a value of $400,000.[284] When Madonna visited the schools in April 2013,President of MalawiJoyce Banda accused her of exaggerating the charity's contribution.[285] Madonna was saddened by Banda's statement, but clarified that she had "no intention of being distracted by these ridiculous allegations". It was later confirmed that Banda had not approved the statement released by her press team.[286] Madonna also visited her hometown Detroit during May 2014, and donated funds to help with the city'sbankruptcy.[287] The same year, her business ventures extended toskin care products with the launch ofMDNA Skin in Tokyo, Japan.[288]
Madonna's thirteenth studio album,Rebel Heart, was released in March 2015, three months after its thirteendemos leaked onto the internet.[289] Unlike her previous efforts, which involved only a few people, Madonna worked with a large number of collaborators, includingAvicii,Diplo andKanye West.[290][291] Introspection was listed as one of the foundational themes prevalent on the record, along with "genuine statements of personal and careerist reflection".[292] Madonna explained toJon Pareles ofThe New York Times that, although she has never looked back at her past endeavors, reminiscing about it felt right forRebel Heart.[293] Music critics responded positively towards the album, calling it her best effort in a decade.[294]
From September 2015 to March 2016, Madonna embarked on theRebel Heart Tour to promote the album. The tour traveled throughout North America, Europe and Asia and was Madonna's first visit to Australia in 23 years, where she also performed aone-off show for her fans.[295][296] The Rebel Heart Tour grossed a total of $169.8 million from the 82 shows, with over 1.045 million ticket sales.[297] While on tour, Madonna became engaged in a legal battle with Ritchie, over the custody of their son Rocco. The dispute started when Rocco decided to continue living in England with Ritchie when the tour had visited there, while Madonna wanted him to travel with her. Court hearings took place in both New York and London. After multiple deliberations, Madonna withdrew her application for custody and decided to resolve the matter privately.[298]
In October 2016,Billboard named Madonna itsWoman of the Year. Her "blunt and brutally honest" speech about ageism and sexism at the ceremony received widespread coverage in the media.[299][300] The next month Madonna, who actively supportedHillary Clinton during the2016 US presidential election, performed an impromptu acoustic concert atWashington Square Park in support ofClinton's campaign.[301] Upset thatDonald Trump won the election, Madonna spoke out against him at theWomen's March on Washington, a day afterhis inauguration.[302] She sparked controversy when she said that she "thought a lot about blowing up the White House".[303] The following day, Madonna asserted she was "not a violent person" and that her words had been "taken wildly out of context".[304]
2017–2021: Move to Lisbon andMadame X
In February 2017, Madonna adopted four-year-old twin sisters from Malawi named Estere and Stella,[305][306] and she moved to live inLisbon, Portugal, in mid-2017 with her adoptive children.[307] In July, she opened theMercy James Institute for Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care in Malawi, a children's hospital built by her Raising Malawi charity.[308] Thelive album chronicling the Rebel Heart Tour was released in September 2017, and won Best Music Video for Western Artists at the 32ndJapan Gold Disc Award.[309][310] That month, Madonna launched MDNA Skin in select stores in the United States.[311] A few months earlier, the auction house Gotta Have Rock and Roll had put up Madonna's personal items like love letters fromTupac Shakur, cassettes, underwear and a hairbrush for sale. Darlene Lutz, an art dealer who had initiated the auction, was sued by Madonna's representatives to stop the proceedings. Madonna clarified that her celebrity status "does not obviate my right to maintain my privacy, including with regard to highly personal items". Madonna lost the case and the presiding judge ruled in favor of Lutz who was able to prove that in 2004 Madonna made a legal agreement with her for selling the items.[312]
While living in Lisbon, Madonna metDino D'Santiago, who introduced her to many local musicians playingfado,morna andsamba music. They regularly invited her to their "living room sessions", thus she was inspired to make her 14th studio album,Madame X.[313] Madonna produced the album with several musicians, primarily her longtime collaboratorMirwais andMike Dean.[314] The album was critically well received, withNME deeming it "bold, bizarre, self-referential and unlike anything Madonna has ever done before."[315] Released in June 2019,Madame X debuted atop theBillboard 200, becoming her ninth number-one album there.[316] All four of its singles—"Medellín", "Crave", "I Rise" and "I Don't Search I Find"—topped theBillboard Dance Club Songs chart, extending her record for most number-one entries on the chart.[317]
The previous month, Madonna appeared as the interval act at theEurovision Song Contest 2019 and performed "Like a Prayer", and then "Future" with rapperQuavo.[318] HerMadame X Tour, an all-theatre tour in select cities across North America and Europe, began on September 17, 2019. In addition to much smaller venues compared to her previous tours, she implemented a no-phone policy to maximize the intimacy of the concert.[319] According toPollstar, the tour earned $51.4 million in ticket sales.[320] That December, Madonna started dating Ahlamalik Williams, a dancer who began accompanying her on the Rebel Heart Tour in 2015.[321][322] However, the Madame X Tour faced several cancellations due to her recurring knee injury, and eventually ended abruptly on March 8, 2020, three days before its planned final date, after the French government banned gatherings of more than 1,000 people due toCOVID-19 pandemic.[323][324] On March 21, she posted a controversial andsoon-to-be deleted post toInstagram andTwitter nude from a bathtub, which courted criticism for being out of touch and tone-deaf.[325] In April 2020, Madonna announced her financial support for the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator led by theBill & Melinda Gates Foundation,Wellcome Trust andMastercard,[326] and she donated an additional $1 million to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to help fund research creating a new vaccine.[327] Later that month, she revealed she hadtested positive forcoronavirus antibodies.[328]
2022–2024:Finally Enough Love and the Celebration Tour
On Madonna's 63rd birthday, she officially announced her return toWarner Records, the rebranded name of her original label Warner Bros. Records, in a global partnership which granted the label rights to her entire recorded music catalog, including the last three albums released under Interscope. Under the contract, Madonna launched a series of catalog reissues beginning in 2022, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of her recording career. A remix album titledFinally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones was released on August 19, with a 16-track abridged edition being available for streaming since June 24.[334] Consisting of her 50 number-one songs onBillboard's Dance Club Songs chart, the remix album highlighted "how meaningful dance music has always been" to Madonna's career, and became her 23rd top-ten album on theBillboard 200.[335][336]
In January 2023, Madonna announcedthe Celebration Tour, her first greatest hits concert tour, which was set to run from July 2023 to January 2024.[343] As part of the announcement, she removed all of herInstagram posts on January 16.[344] However, on June 24, 2023, the singer was hospitalized after being found unresponsive in her New York City apartment.[345][346] She was admitted for five days and received treatment in the intensive care unit underintubation.[345] Madonna later stated that she had been in a medically induced coma for 48 hours during her hospitalization[347] for a "serious bacterial infection" following a low-grade fever. As a result, the initial North American leg of the tour was postponed.[348][349][350]
The Celebration Tour finally began in October 2023, atthe O2 Arena in London and garnered critical acclaim.[351][352][353][354] It ended the following May with a free concert atCopacabana in Rio de Janeiro which was attended by 1.6 million people, setting the record forthe biggest standalone concert of all time and the most attended concert by a female artist.[355][356] The Celebration Tour grossed $225.4 million from 80 shows, making Madonna the first female artist to gross over $100 million with six different concert tours.[357]
During these years, Madonna lost multiple family members, starting with her eldest brother Anthony dying in February 2023 at age 66.[358] Her younger brother Christopher also died the following year on October 4, 2024, inPetoskey, Michigan at age 63 frompancreatic cancer, according to a statement from his family. He died just two weeks after the death of their stepmother Joan.[359] Madonna dedicated a lengthy Instagram post to him saying, "I admired him [...] We found our way back to each other. I did my best to keep him alive as long as possible. He was in so much pain towards the end [...] There will never be anyone like him".[360]
2024–present: Upcoming album and other ventures
Following the Celebration Tour, Madonna restarted work on her biographical film[361] and later complained of producers wanting her to "downsize-down scale-think smaller" with regard to the project. She considered reworking it into a television series as a result.[362] Madonna shifted her focus towards conceiving new music withStuart Price, writing in December 2024 that "these past few months has been medicine for my soul. Songwriting and making music is the one area where I don't need to ask anyone for their permission. I'm so excited to share it with you".[363] In February 2025, the singer revealed she was working on a "sequel" to 2005'sConfessions on a Dance Floor, which Price also produced.[364] It is set for release in 2026, via Warner.[365] That May,Deadline Hollywood reported Madonna had partnered with video streaming serviceNetflix to produce a series about her life withShawn Levy. The show is not related to the film in the works.[366]
On June 5, 2025, Madonna released a remix of "Skin" as a promotional single ofVeronica Electronica, an album of remixes originally intended to be released afterRay of Light, including original versions of songs previously unreleased officially.[367] "Gone Gone Gone", an original demo forRay of Light, was released as the second promotional single from the album on July 11, 2025.[368]Veronica Electronica was released on July 25, 2025.[369][370]
Madonna was later interviewed byJay Shetty in an episode ofOn Purpose with Jay Shetty on September 29, 2025. In her first-ever podcast interview, Madonna discussed her "spiritual journey" and past activism. She was later joined by Eitan Yardeni, herKabbalah teacher, with whom she has written a course titledThe Mystical Studies of the Zohar. During the interview, Madonna discussed her health problems from 2023 and strained relationship with her brother Christopher Ciccone, saying that "It was him being ill and reaching out to me and saying, 'I need your help,'" she recalled. "And me having that moment like, 'Am I going to help my enemy?' And I just did. And I felt so relieved. And it was such a load off my back, such a weight that was removed, baggage that I could put down, to finally be able to be in a room with him and holding his hand even if he was dying and saying, 'I love you and I forgive you.' That was really important."[371] Furthermore, Madonna revealed new details about her upcoming album scheduled for release in 2026.[372][373] In this conversation, Madonna revealed the names of two songs and their lyrical contents: "Fragile"[374] and "Forgive Yourself", which both discuss the conflict in their relationship. About the latter song, Madonna said "We have to forgive others but we also have to forgive ourselves and stop beating up on ourselves about things, choices we've made in the past that haven't worked out for ourselves or other people." and further revealed that the chorus of the song would contain the lyric "if you can't forgive me forgive yourself" and also noted that "[this] is something we all have to do."[371][374]
On October 9, 2025, Madonna released a preview of her upcoming EP,Bedtime Stories: The Untold Chapter, with the Dallas Austin produced demo "Right on Time". The release commemorates the 30th anniversary of her sixth studio album,Bedtime Stories (1994). The EP contains demos, alternative versions, and rarities from the original album sessions. The EP is set to be released on November 28, 2025, along with reissues of the original studio album on CD and LP.[375] On November 7, 2025, Madonna releasedConfessions on a Dancefloor: Twenty Years Edition, a digital and streaming-only anniversary version.[376]
Artistry
Influences
From left to right: Madonna has been inspired by movie stars such asMarilyn Monroe (pictured in 1953), artists such asFrida Kahlo (1926), and musicians likeDavid Bowie (1990).
Historians, musicians, and anthropologists trace her influences—from African American gospel music to Japanese fashion, Middle Eastern spirituality to feminist art history—and the ways she borrows, adapts, and interprets them.
During her childhood, Madonna was inspired by actors, later saying, "I loved Carole Lombard and Judy Holliday and Marilyn Monroe. They were all incredibly funny, and they were silly and sweet and they were girls and they were feminine and sexy. I just saw myself in them, my funniness and my need to boss people around and at the same time be taken care of. My girlishness. My knowingness and my innocence. Both."[377] Her "Material Girl" music video recreated Monroe's look in the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend", from the filmGentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). She studied the screwball comedies of the 1930s, particularly those of Lombard, in preparation for the filmWho's That Girl. The video for "Express Yourself" (1989) was inspired byFritz Lang'ssilent filmMetropolis (1927). The video for "Vogue" recreated the style ofHollywood glamour photographs, in particular those byHorst P. Horst, and imitated the poses ofMarlene Dietrich, Carole Lombard, andRita Hayworth, while the lyrics referred to many of the stars who had inspired her, includingBette Davis, described by Madonna as an idol.[114][389]
Influences also came to her fromthe art world, such as through the works of Mexican artistFrida Kahlo.[390] The music video of the song "Bedtime Story" featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo andRemedios Varo.[391] Madonna is also a collector ofTamara de Lempicka'sArt Deco paintings and has included them in her music videos and tours.[392] Her video for "Hollywood" (2003) was an homage to the work of photographerGuy Bourdin; Bourdin's son subsequently filed a lawsuit for unauthorized use of his father's work.[393] Pop artistAndy Warhol's use of sadomasochistic imagery in his underground films were reflected in the music videos for "Erotica" and "Deeper and Deeper".[394]
Madonna's Catholic background has been reflected throughout her career, from her fashion use ofrosary to her musical outputs, including onLike a Prayer (1989).[395][396] Her albumMDNA (2012) has also drawn many influences from her Catholic upbringing, and since 2011 she has been attending meetings and services at anOpus Dei center, a Catholic institution that encourages spirituality through everyday life.[397] In a 2016 interview, she commented: "I always feel some kind of inexplicable connection with Catholicism. It kind of shows up in all of my work, as you may have noticed."[398] Her study of theKabbalah was also observed in Madonna's music, especially albums likeRay of Light andMusic.[399] Speaking of religion in a 2019 interview withHarry Smith ofToday Madonna stated, "The God that I believe in, created the world ... He/Her/They [sic] isn't a God to fear, it's a God to give thanks to." In an appearance onAndrew Denton's Interview she added, "The idea that in any church you go, you see aman on a cross and everyone genuflects and prays to him ... in a way it'spaganism/idolatry because people are worshipping a thing."[400][401]
Musical style and composition
[Madonna] is a brilliant pop melodist and lyricist. I was knocked out by the quality of the writing [duringRay of Light sessions]... I know she grew up onJoni Mitchell andMotown, and to my ears she embodies the best of both worlds. She is a wonderful confessional songwriter, as well as being a superb hit chorus pop writer.
Madonna's music has been the subject of much analysis and scrutiny.Robert M. Grant, author ofContemporary Strategy Analysis (2005), commented that Madonna's musical career has been a continuous experimentation with new musical ideas and new images and a constant quest for new heights of fame and acclaim.[403] Thomas Harrison in the bookPop Goes the Decade: The Eighties deemed Madonna "an artist who pushed the boundaries" of what a female singer could do, both visually and lyrically.[404] Professor Santiago Fouz-Hernández asserted, "While not gifted with an especially powerful or wide-ranging voice, Madonna has worked to expand her artistic palette to encompass diverse musical, textual and visual styles and various vocal guises, all with the intention of presenting herself as a mature musician."[405]
Madonna has remained in charge in every aspect of her career, including as a writer and producer in most of her own music.[406][407] Her desire for control had already been seen during the making of her debut album, where she fought Reggie Lucas over his production output. However, it was not until her third album that Warner allowed Madonna to produce her own album.[408] Stan Hawkins, author ofSettling the Pop Score explained, "it is as musician and producer that Madonna is one of the few female artists to have broken into the male domain of the recording studio. Undoubtedly, Madonna is fully aware that women have been excluded from the musical workplace on most levels, and has set out to change this."[409] ProducerStuart Price stated: "You don't produce Madonna, you collaborate with her... She has her vision and knows how to get it."[410] Despite being labeled a "control freak", Madonna has said that she valued input from her collaborators.[411] She further explained:
I like to have control over most of the things in my career but I'm not atyrant. I don't have to have it on my album that it's written, arranged, produced, directed, and stars Madonna. To me, to have total control means you can lose objectivity. What I like is to be surrounded by really talented, intelligent people that you can trust. And ask them for their advice and get their input.[412]
Madonna's early songwriting skill was developed during her time with theBreakfast Club in 1979.[413] She subsequently became the sole writer of five songs on her debut album, including "Lucky Star" which she composed on synthesizer.[414] As a songwriter, Madonna has registered more than 300 tracks toAmerican Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), including 18 songs written entirely by herself.[415]Rolling Stone has named her "an exemplary songwriter with a gift forhooks and indelible lyrics."[416] Despite having worked with producers across many genres, the magazine noted that Madonna's compositions have been "consistently stamped with her own sensibility and inflected with autobiographical detail."[417]Patrick Leonard, who co-wrote many of her hit songs, called Madonna "ahelluva songwriter", explaining: "Her sensibility aboutmelodic line—from the beginning of theverse to the end of the verse and how the verse and the chorus influence each other—is very deep. Many times she's singing notes that no one would've thought of but her."[418] Barry Walters fromSpin credited her songwriting as the reason of her musical consistency.[419] Madonna has been nominated for being inducted into theSongwriters Hall of Fame three times.[420] In 2015,Rolling Stone ranked Madonna at number 56 on the "100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time" list.[417]
Madonna wrote all the lyrics and partial melodies of "Live to Tell", anadult contemporary ballad, which was noted as her first musical reinvention.[421]
Madonna's discography is generally categorized as pop,electronica, and dance.[423][424] Nevertheless, Madonna's first foray into the music industry was dabbling in rock music with Breakfast Club and Emmy.[425] As the frontwoman of Emmy, Madonna recorded about 12–14 songs that resemble the punk rock of that period.[413] Madonna soon abandoned playing rock songs by the time she signed toGotham Records, which eventually dropped her since they were unhappy with her newfunk direction.[426] According to Erlewine, Madonna began her career as adisco diva, in an era that did not have any such divas to speak of. In the beginning of the 1980s, disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, and Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music.[427]Arie Kaplan in the bookAmerican Pop: Hit Makers, Superstars, and Dance Revolutionaries referred to Madonna as "a pioneer" ofdance-pop.[428] According to Fouz-Hernández, "Madonna's frequent use of dance idioms and subsequent association with gay or sexually liberated audiences, is seen as somehow inferior to 'real'rock and roll. But Madonna's music refuses to be defined by narrow boundaries of gender, sexuality or anything else."[405]
The "cold and emotional"ballad "Live to Tell", as well as its parent albumTrue Blue (1986), is noted as Madonna's first musical reinvention.[421]PopMatters writer Peter Piatkowski described it as a "very deliberate effort to present Madonna as a mature and serious artist."[429] She continued producing ballads in between her upbeat material, although albums such asMadonna (1983) andConfessions on a Dance Floor (2005) consist of entirely dance tracks.[430][431] WithRay of Light (1998), critics acknowledged Madonna for bringing electronica from its underground status into massive popularity in mainstream music scene.[432] Her other sonically drastic ventures include the 1930sbig-bandjazz onI'm Breathless (1990);[433] lushR&B onBedtime Stories (1994);[434] operaticshow tunes onEvita (1996);[435] guitar-drivenfolk music onAmerican Life (2003);[436] as well as multilingualworld music onMadame X (2019).[437]
Possessing amezzo-sopranovocal range,[439][440] Madonna has always been self-conscious about her voice.[441]Mark Bego, author ofMadonna: Blonde Ambition, called her "the perfect vocalist for lighter-than-air songs", despite not being a "heavyweight talent".[442] According to Tony Sclafani fromMSNBC, "Madonna's vocals are the key to her rock roots. Pop vocalists usually sing songs 'straight', but Madonna employs subtext,irony, aggression and all sorts of vocal idiosyncrasies in the waysJohn Lennon andBob Dylan did."[425] Madonna used a bright, girlish vocaltimbre in her early albums which became passé in her later works. The change was deliberate since she was constantly reminded of how the critics had once labeled her as "Minnie Mouse onhelium".[441] During the filming ofEvita (1996), Madonna had to take vocal lessons, which increased her range further. Of this experience she commented, "I studied with a vocal coach forEvita and I realized there was a whole piece of my voice I wasn't using. Before, I just believed I had a really limited range and was going to make the most of it."[422]
Besides singing, Madonna has the ability to play several musical instruments. Piano was the first instrument taught to her as a child.[26] In the late 1970s, she learned to play drum and guitar from her then-boyfriend Dan Gilroy, before joining the Breakfast Club lineup as the drummer.[443] She later played guitar with the band Emmy as well as on her owndemo recordings.[444] After her career breakthrough, Madonna was absent performing with guitar for years, but she is credited for playingcowbell onMadonna (1983) and synthesizer onLike a Prayer (1989).[407] In 1999, Madonna had studied for three months to play the violin for the role as a violin teacher in the filmMusic of the Heart, but she eventually left the project before filming began.[445] Madonna decided to perform with guitar again during the promotion ofMusic (2000) and recruited guitaristMonte Pittman to help improve her skill.[446] Since then, Madonna has played guitar on every tour, as well as her studio albums.[407] She received a nomination for Les Paul Horizon Award at the 2002Orville H. Gibson Guitar Awards.[447]
InThe Madonna Companion, biographers Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted that Madonna had used MTV and music videos to establish her popularity and enhance her recorded work more than any other recent pop artist.[448] According to them, many of her songs have the imagery of the music video in strong context, while referring to the music. Cultural criticMark C. Taylor in his bookNots (1993) felt that thepostmodern art form par excellence is the video and the reigning "queen of video" is Madonna. He further asserted that "the most remarkable creation of MTV is Madonna. The responses to Madonna's excessively provocative videos have been predictably contradictory."[449] The media and public reaction towards her most-discussed songs such as "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer", or "Justify My Love" had to do with the music videos created to promote the songs and their impact, rather than the songs themselves.[448] Morton felt that "artistically, Madonna's songwriting is often overshadowed by her striking pop videos."[450] In 2003, MTV named her "The Greatest Music Video Star Ever" and said that "Madonna's innovation, creativity, and contribution to the music video art form is what won her the award."[451][452] In 2020,Billboard ranked her atop the 100 Greatest Music Video Artists of All Time.[453]
Madonna's live performances vary from choreographed routines such asvoguing (above) to stripped-down ones with only aukulele (below).
Madonna's initial music videos reflected her American andHispanic mixed street style combined with a flamboyant glamour.[448] She was able to transmit her avant-gardeDowntown Manhattan fashion sense to the American audience.[454] The imagery and incorporation of Hispanic culture and Catholic symbolism continued with the music videos from theTrue Blue era.[455] AuthorDouglas Kellner noted, "such 'multiculturalism' and her culturally transgressive moves turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences."[456] Madonna's Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time, in the form of boleros and layered skirts, accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of "La Isla Bonita".[457][458] Academics noted that with her videos, Madonna was subtly reversing the usual role of male as the dominant sex.[459] This symbolism and imagery was probably the most prevalent in the music video for "Like a Prayer". The video included scenes of an African-American church choir, Madonna being attracted to a black saint statue, and singing in front of burning crosses.[460]
Madonna's acting performances in films have frequently received poor reviews from film critics. Stephanie Zacharek stated inTime that, "[Madonna] seems wooden and unnatural as an actress, and it's tough to watch because she's clearly trying her damnedest." According to biographerAndrew Morton, "Madonna puts a brave face on the criticism, but privately she is deeply hurt."[461] After the critically pannedbox-office bombSwept Away (2002), Madonna vowed never to act again in a film.[462] While reviewing her career retrospective titledBody of Work (2016) at New York'sMetrograph hall,The Guardian's Nigel M. Smith wrote that Madonna's film career suffered mostly due to lack of proper material supplied to her, and she otherwise "could steal a scene for all the right reasons".[463]
Metz noted that Madonna represents aparadox as she is often perceived as living her whole life as a performance. While her big-screen performances are panned, her live performances are critical successes.[464] Madonna was the first artist to have her concert tours as reenactments of her music videos. Author Elin Diamond explained that reciprocally, the fact that images from Madonna's videos can be recreated in a live setting enhances the original videos' realism. She believed that "her live performances have become the means by which mediatized representations are naturalized".[465] Taraborrelli said that encompassing multimedia, latest technology and sound systems, Madonna's concerts and live performances are "extravagant show piece[s], [and] walking art show[s]".[466]
Chris Nelson fromThe New York Times commented that "artists like Madonna andJanet Jackson set new standards for showmanship, with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision-timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing. These effects came at the expense of live singing."[467] Thor Christensen ofThe Dallas Morning News commented that while Madonna earned a reputation forlip-syncing during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, she has subsequently reorganized her performances by "stay[ing] mostly still during her toughest singing parts and [leaves] the dance routines to her backup troupe ... [r]ather than try to croon and dance up a storm at the same time."[468] To allow for greater movement while dancing and singing, Madonna was one of the earliest adopters of hands-free radio-frequencyheadset microphones, with the headset fastened over the ears or the top of the head, and the microphone capsule on a boom arm that extended to the mouth. Because of her prominent usage, the microphone design came to be known as the "Madonna mic".[469][470]
Madonna has built a legacy that transcends music and has been studied bysociologists, historians, and other scholars, contributing to the rise ofMadonna studies, a subfield of Americancultural studies.[472][473][474] According toRodrigo Fresán, "saying that Madonna is just a pop star is as inappropriate as saying thatCoca-Cola is just asoda. Madonna is one of the classic symbols ofMade in USA."[475]Rolling Stone Spain wrote, "She became the first master ofviral pop in history, years before the internet was massively used. Madonna was everywhere; in the almighty music television channels, 'radio formulas', magazine covers and even in bookstores. A pop dialectic, never seen sincethe Beatles's reign, which allowed her to keep on the edge of trend and commerciality."[476] William Langley fromThe Daily Telegraph felt that "Madonna has changed the world'ssocial history, has done more things as more different people than anyone else is ever likely to."[477] Professor Diane Pecknold noted that "nearly any poll of the biggest, greatest, or best in popular culture includes [Madonna's] name".[474] In 2012,VH1 ranked Madonna as thegreatest woman in music.[478]
Spin writer Bianca Gracie stated that "the 'Queen of Pop' isn't enough to describe Madonna—she is Pop. [She] formulated theblueprint of what a pop star should be."[479] Madonna became the first act to be crowned theGreatest Pop Star twice byBillboard (1985 and 1989).[480] According to Sclafani, "It's worth noting that before Madonna, most music mega-stars were guy rockers; after her, almost all would be female singers ... When the Beatles hit America, they changed the paradigm of performer from solo act to band. Madonna changed it back—with an emphasis on the female."[481] Howard Kramer, curatorial director of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, asserted that "Madonna and the career she carved out for herself made possible virtually every other female pop singer to follow ... She certainly raised the standards of all of them ... She redefined what the parameters were for female performers."[482] Andy Bennett and Steve Waksman, authors ofThe SAGE Handbook of Popular Music (2014), noted that "almost all female pop stars of recent years—Britney Spears,Beyoncé,Rihanna,Katy Perry,Lady Gaga, and others—acknowledge the important influence of Madonna on their own careers."[423] Madonna has also influenced male artists, inspiring rock frontmenLiam Gallagher ofOasis andChester Bennington ofLinkin Park to become musicians.[483][484]
Madonna'suse of sexual imagery has benefited her career and catalyzed public discourse on sexuality andfeminism.[485]The Times wrote that she had "started a revolution amongst women in music ... Her attitudes and opinions on sex, nudity, style, and sexuality forced the public to sit up and take notice."[486] ProfessorJohn Fiske noted that the sense of empowerment that Madonna offers is inextricably connected with the pleasure of exerting some control over the meanings of self, of sexuality, and of one's social relations.[487] InDoing Gender in Media, Art and Culture (2009), the authors noted that Madonna, as a female celebrity, performer, and pop icon, can unsettle standing feminist reflections and debates.[488] According to lesbian feministSheila Jeffreys, Madonna represents woman's occupancy of whatMonique Wittig calls the category of sex, as powerful, and appears to gleefully embrace the performance of the sexualcorvée allotted to women.[489] ProfessorSut Jhally has referred to her as "an almost sacred feminist icon".[490]
Writing forThe Guardian,Matt Cain stated that Madonna has "broke[n] down social barriers" and broughtmarginalized groups to the forefront, by frequently featuringLGBT,Latino, andblack culture in her works.[491] An author said that "by making culture generally available, Madonna becomes the culture of all social classes".[492] Canadian professorKarlene Faith gave her point of view saying that Madonna's peculiarity is that "she has cruised so freely through so many cultural terrains" and she "has been a 'cult figure' within self-propelling subcultures just as she became a major."[493]GLAAD presidentSarah Kate Ellis stated that Madonna "always has and always will be the LGBTQ community's greatestally",[494] whileThe Advocate dubbed her as "the greatest gay icon".[495] Madonna herself stated in 2024, "Aside from my birthday,New York Pride is the most important day of the year."[496]
Madonna has received acclaim as a role model forbusinesswomen, "achieving the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within the industry", and generating over $1.2 billion in sales within the first decade of her career.[497] According to Gini Gorlinski in the bookThe 100 Most Influential Musicians of All Time (2010), Madonna's levels of power and control were "unprecedented" for a woman in the entertainment industry.[498]London Business School academics called her a "dynamic entrepreneur" worth copying; they identified her vision of success, her understanding of the music industry, her ability to recognize her own performance limits (and thus bring in help), her willingness to work hard and her ability to adapt as the keys to her commercial success.[499] Morton wrote that "Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative, and ruthless—somebody who won't stop until she gets what she wants—and that's something you can get at the expense of maybe losing your close ones. But that hardly mattered to her."[500]
^Madonna has more number-one singles than any other act in Canadian music history, with 18 singles during theRPM era, 2 singles during theCanadian Hot 100 era, and 4 singles between 2000 and 2007 on theCanadian Singles Chart.[531][532]
^abcdeAnderson, Christopher (October 14, 1991)."Madonna Rising".New York. pp. 40–51.Archived from the original on July 27, 2023. RetrievedMay 15, 2021.
^Hosted by Jim Wallasky. "Madonna: Queen of Pop".Biography. 5 minutes in.The History Channel.
^abConnelly, Christopher (November 22, 1984)."Madonna Goes All the Way".Rolling Stone.Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. RetrievedApril 27, 2021.
^Brendan Morrow (June 30, 2024)."Madonna celebrates NYC Pride at queer music fest: 'Most important day of the year'".USA Today. RetrievedJuly 7, 2024.Thank you all for coming out," Madonna told the crowd, according to a video shared on social media. "Aside from my birthday, New York Pride is the most important day of the year." She concluded, "Thank you all, New York City. Without you, I am nothing.
2007:"The Top-Earning Musicians".Forbes. September 19, 2007. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. RetrievedJuly 28, 2022.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^"Чарт продаж. Россия 39-2009" (in Russian). National Federation of Phonogram Producers (NFPF). September 30, 2009. Archived fromthe original on December 18, 2009. RetrievedDecember 26, 2024.
Aguilar Guzmán, Marcela (2010).Domadores de historias. Conversaciones con grandes cronistas de América Latina (in Spanish). RIL Editores.ISBN978-956-284-782-7.
Kramarae, Cheris; Spender, Dale (2000).Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge.Routledge.ISBN978-0-415-92091-9.
Landrum, Gene N. (2007).Paranoia & Power: Fear & Fame of Entertainment Icons. Morgan James Publishing.ISBN978-1-60037-273-5.
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