Madhubala | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Mumtaz Jehan Begum Dehlavi (1933-02-14)14 February 1933 |
| Died | 23 February 1969(1969-02-23) (aged 36) Bombay,Maharashtra, India |
| Cause of death | Ventricular septal defect (hole in the heart) |
| Resting place | Juhu Muslim Cemetery,Santa Cruz, Mumbai |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1942–1964 |
| Works | Full list |
| Spouse | |
| Relatives | Chanchal (sister) Ganguly family (by marriage) |
Madhubala (bornMumtaz Jehan Begum Dehlavi; 14 February 1933 – 23 February 1969) was an Indian actress who worked inHindi films. She is considered to have been one of the finest actresses in the history ofIndian cinema.[1][2][3][4] One of the country's highest-paid stars in the 1950s, Madhubala appeared inover 70 films—ranging from slapstick comedies to historical dramas—in a two decade-long career.[5] Long after her death, she remains aBollywood icon, particularly noted for her beauty and unconventional screen persona.[6] Media outlets often refer to her as "The Venus of Indian cinema".[7][8]
Born and raised inDelhi, Madhubala relocated toBombay (now Mumbai) with her family when she was 8 years old and shortly after began playing minor roles, starting withBasant (1942). She progressed to leading roles in the late 1940s, and earned success with the dramasNeel Kamal (1947) andAmar (1954), the horror filmMahal (1949), and the romantic filmsBadal (1951) andTarana (1951). Following a brief setback, Madhubala found continued success with her roles in the comediesMr. & Mrs. '55 (1955),Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958) andHalf Ticket (1962), the crime filmsHowrah Bridge andKala Pani (both 1958), and the musicalBarsaat Ki Raat (1960).
Madhubala's portrayal ofAnarkali in the historical epic dramaMughal-e-Azam (1960)—thehighest-grossing film in India at the time—earned her widespread critical acclaim and her only nomination for theFilmfare Award for Best Actress; her performance has since been described by critics as one of the finest in Indian cinematic history.[9] She worked sporadically in film in the 1960s, making her final appearance in the dramaSharabi (1964). Additionally, she produced three films under her production house Madhubala Private Ltd., which was co-founded by her in 1953.
Despite maintaining strong privacy, Madhubala earned significant media coverage for her charity work and personal life. In the early 1950s, she had a highly-publicised relationship with actorDilip Kumar that ended amidst theNaya Daur court case (1956–57). She married actor-singerKishore Kumar in 1960. Throughout her adult life, Madhubala suffered from recurring bouts ofbreathlessness andhemoptysis caused by aventricular septal defect, ultimately leading to her death at the age of 36, in 1969.
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Madhubala was born as Mumtaz Jehan Begum Dehlavi inDelhi,British India, on 14 February 1933.[10] She was the fifth of eleven children of Ataullah Khan and Aayesha Begum.[11] At least four of Madhubala's siblings died as infants;[12] her sisters who survived until adulthood were Kaneez Fatima (b. 1925), Altaf (b. 1930),Chanchal (b. 1934 as Zeb Ataullah) and Zahida (b. 1949).[a] Khan, who belonged to the Yusufzai tribe of Pashtuns fromPeshawar valley, originating fromSwabi District,North-West Frontier Province[15] was an employee at theImperial Tobacco Company.[15][16] Unknown to her family members, Madhubala was born with aventricular septal defect, a congenital heart disorder which had no treatment at the time.[17][18]
Madhubala spent most of her childhood in Delhi and grew up without any kind of health issues.[11] Owing to the orthodox ideas of theirMuslim father, neither Madhubala nor any of her sisters except Zahida attended school.[19][20] Madhubala nevertheless learntUrdu,Hindi, as well as her native language, Pashto, under her father's guidance.[21][22] An avid movie viewer since the beginning, she used to perform her favourite scenes in front of her mother and spend her time dancing and imitating film characters to entertain herself.[11] In spite of her conservative upbringing, she aimed to become a film actor—which her father strictly disapproved of.[12]
Khan's decision changed in 1940 after he got fired from his job for misbehaving with a senior officer.[23] Madhubala's mother fearedostracism if they allowed their young daughter to work in the entertainment industry, but Khan remained adamant.[19] Soon Madhubala was employed at theAll India Radio station to sing compositions ofKhurshid Anwar. The seven-year-old continued working there for months,[12][24] and became acquainted with Rai Bahadur Chunnilal, the general manager of the studioBombay Talkies, situated inBombay.[24][25] Chunnilal took an immediate liking towards Madhubala and suggested Khan to visit Bombay for better employment opportunities.[25]
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In the summer of 1941, Khan along with Madhubala and other family members relocated to Bombay and settled down in a cowshed present in theMalad suburbs of Bombay.[26] Following an approval from the studio executives, Chunnilal signed Madhubala to a juvenile role in Bombay Talkies' production,Basant (1942), at a salary of₹150.[27] Released in July 1942,Basant became a major success commercially,[24][28] but although Madhubala's work garnered appreciation, the studio dropped her contract as it did not require a child actor at that time.[29] Disappointed, Khan had to once again return his family to Delhi. He subsequently found low-paid temporary jobs in the city,[30] but continued to struggle financially.[31]
In 1944, Bombay Talkies' headDevika Rani sent for Khan to summon Madhubala for role inJwar Bhata (1944).[32] Madhubala did not get the role but Khan now decided to settle permanently in Bombay seeing a prospect in films.[32] The family again returned to their temporary residence in Malad and Madhubala along with her father began paying frequent visits to film studios throughout the city in search of work.[33] She was soon signed to a three-year contract withChandulal Shah's studioRanjit Movietone, on a monthly payment of₹300.[32] Her income led to Khan shifting the family to a neighbouring rented house in Malad.[34]
In April 1944, the rented house was destroyed in a dock explosion; Madhubala and her family survived only because they had gone to a local theatre. After shifting into father's friend's house with her family, Madhubala continued her film career,[35] playing minor roles in five of Ranjit's films:Mumtaz Mahal (1944),Dhanna Bhagat (1945),Rajputani (1946),Phoolwari (1946) andPujari (1946); she was credited as "Baby Mumtaz" in all of them.[36][37] Eager to establish a foothold in the industry, in November 1946, Madhubala began shooting for two of Mohan Sinha's directorial ventures,Chittor Vijay andMere Bhagwaan, which were supposed to be her introduction to the silver-screen in adult roles.[38]
Madhubala's first project in a lead role wasSohrab Modi'sDaulat, but it was shelved indefinitely (and would not be revived until the next year).[39][40] Her debut as a leading lady came inKidar Sharma's dramaNeel Kamal, in which she starred opposite debutanteRaj Kapoor andBegum Para.[40][41] She was offered the film after Sharma's first choice, actress Kamla Chatterjee, died.[41] Released in March 1947,Neel Kamal was popular with audience and garnered wide public recognition for Madhubala.[42] She then reteamed with Kapoor inChittor Vijay andDil Ki Rani, both of which were released in 1947, and inAmar Prem, which came out the following year.[35][43] These films were unsuccessful ventures that failed to propel her career ahead.[44] During this period, she had to charge a relatively lesser amount than her usual fee to attract more offers.[45] To secure her family financially, Madhubala quickly signed 24 films.[11] Impressed by her work inNeel Kamal, in which Madhubala was credited as "Mumtaz", Devika Rani suggested her to take up "Madhubala" as her professional name.[46][b]
Madhubala found her first critical and commercial success in the dramaLal Dupatta, whichThe Indian Express mentioned as a breakthrough for her.[22][35]Baburao Patel described the film as "the first milestone of her maturity in screen acting."[48] She received further positive reviews for her supporting parts inParai Aag (1948),Paras andSingaar (both 1949).[49] In 1949, Madhubala played afemme fatale inKamal Amrohi'sMahal—the first horror film of Indian cinema.[50] Several actresses includingSuraiya were considered for the role but Amrohi insisted on casting Madhubala.[51][52] Her character was that of Kamini, a servant girl in an ancient mansion, whose pretensions of an apparition lead to disastrous consequences. The film was produced on a modest budget due to financial constraints, with trade analysts predicting it to be a failure owing to its unconventional subject.[52]Mahal was released in October 1949 and proved to be an immensely popular film among audience.[52] InBeyond the Boundaries of Bollywood,Rachel Dwyer noted that Madhubala's ignorance among audience added to the mysterious nature of her character.[50] The film, which would be Madhubala's first of many collaborations with actor and brother-in-lawAshok Kumar,[53] emerged as the third biggest box-office success of the year, resulting in her signing a string of starring roles opposite the leading actors of the time.[54][55]
Following another box office hit inDulari (1949),[54] Madhubala playedAjit's love interest inK. Amarnath's social dramaBeqasoor (1950). The feature received positive reviews and ranked among the year's top-grossing Bollywood productions.[56] Also in 1950, she appeared in the comedy-dramaHanste Aansoo, which became the first Indian film to be awarded an Adult certification.[57][58] The following year, Madhubala starred in theAmiya Chakravarty-directed action filmBadal (1951), a remake ofThe Adventures of Robin Hood. Her portrayal of a princess who ignorantly falls in love withPrem Nath's character received mixed reviews;[59] a critic praised her looks but advised her to "learn to speak her dialogue slowly, distinctly and effectively instead of rattling through her lines in a monotone."[60] She subsequently played the titular part in M. Sadiq's romanceSaiyan, which Roger Yue ofThe Singapore Free Press commented was played "to perfection".[61] BothBadal andSaiyan proved to be major box-office successes.[62] Madhubala then collaborated with actorDilip Kumar twice in a row, on the 1951 comedyTarana and the 1952 dramaSangdil.[63] These films also performed well financially, popularizing the on and offscreen couple among wide audience.[64][65] Baburao Patel'sfilmindia review ofTarana read, "Incidentally, Madhubala gives the best performance of her screen career in this picture. She seems to have discovered her soul at last in Dilip Kumar's company."[66][67]
[68] Madhubala was cast in the costume dramaShahehshah (1953) beforeKamini Kaushal replaced her.[69] In April 1953, Madhubala founded a production company called Madhubala Private Ltd.[70] The following year, while shooting inMadras forS. S. Vasan'sBahut Din Huwe (1954), she suffered a major health setback due to her heart disease.[71] She returned to Bombay after completing the film and took a short-term medical leave from work,[72] which led to her replacement (byNimmi) inUran Khatola (1955).[73] Madhubala later starred in another film of 1954—Mehboob Khan'sAmar, portraying a social worker involved in a love triangle along with Dilip Kumar and Nimmi. Madhubala improvised a scene from the film.[74] It was unsuccessful at the box-office.[75][76] Nevertheless, Rachit Gupta ofFilmfare stated that Madhubala overshadowed her co-stars and "floored her role with a nuanced performance."[77] Writing forRediff.com in 2002,Dinesh Raheja describedAmar as "arguably Madhubala's first truly mature performance" and particularly praised a dramatic scene featuring her and Dilip.[78] Madhubala's next release was her own production venture,Naata (1955), in which she co-starred with her sisterChanchal. The film met with a tepid response and lost a lot of money, compelling Madhubala to sell her bungalowKismet to recover the loss.[79]
Madhubala made a comeback in 1955 withGuru Dutt's comedyMr. & Mrs. '55, which emerged as one of the year's highest-grossing films in India and her biggest success at that point of time.[80][81] The film saw her playing Anita Verma, a naive heiress who is forced by her aunt into a sham marriage with Dutt's character.[82] Harneet Singh ofThe Indian Express calledMr. & Mrs. '55 "a great ride" and acknowledged Madhubala's "impish charm and breezy comic timing" as one of its prime assets.[83] In mid-1956, a conflict broke out between Madhubala–Khan and directorB. R. Chopra over the location shoot ofNaya Daur, in which Madhubala was cast to play the female protagonist. Citing her as uncooperative and unprofessional, Chopra replaced Madhubala withVyjayanthimala and further sued the former for₹30,000 in damages.[84] The lawsuit continued for about eight months amidst public scrutiny before Chopra withdrew it afterNaya Daur got released.[85]
Subsequently in the years 1956–57, Madhubala reduced her workload due to the lawsuit and health issues.[86] She andNargis were approached by Guru Dutt to play either of the two female leads (an unfaithful girlfriend or a hooker with a heart of gold) in his production,Pyaasa (1957). Unable to choose between the two leading roles, the actresses passed over the film to the newcomersMala Sinha andWaheeda Rehman.[87][88] Madhubala appeared in two period films in 1956,Raj Hath andShirin Farhad,[89] both critical and commercial successes.[90] The following year, she portrayed a runaway heiress inOm Prakash'sGateway of India (1957), which criticDeepa Gahlot believed to be one of the finest performances of her career.[91] Madhubala then starred in the dramaEk Saal (1957), which follows the love story of a terminally-ill ingenue.[92][89]
Madhubala began the year 1958 withRaj Khosla'sKala Pani, in which she co-starred withDev Anand andNalini Jaywant, playing an intrepid journalist investigating a 15-year-old murder.[93] She was then cast as Edna opposite Ashok Kumar inHowrah Bridge (1958), her first collaboration with directorShakti Samanta. Madhubala waived her fees to play the role of anAnglo-Indiancabaret dancer, which marked a departure from her previous portrayals of sophisticated characters.[94] BothHowrah Bridge andKala Pani begot positive reviews for her and became two of the year's top-grossing films.[95][77] She followed this success with the box office hitPhagun (1958).[96] In her final release of 1958, Madhubala portrayed a wealthy city woman involved in a love affair withKishore Kumar inSatyen Bose's comedyChalti Ka Naam Gaadi[97]—one of the biggest money-making films of the 1950s.[98]Dinesh Raheja ofRediff.com referred to it as the "fifties jest-setter", adding that Madhubala "exudes oodles of charisma and her giggles are infectious."[99] Writing for the same portral in 2012, columnistRinki Roy mentioned Madhubala's character inChalti Ka Naam Gaadi as "a top favourite": "Her breezy performance stands out as that rare example of an independent, urban woman. [...] For me, Madhubala is the face of the original celluloid diva."[100]
Her second collaboration with Samanta,Insan Jaag Utha (1959) oppositeSunil Dutt, was a social drama film in which the protagonists work on the construction of a dam.[101] The film was moderate success but critically praised.[81][102] Rachit Gupta ofFilmfare and Roktim Rajpal ofDeccan Herald have cited Madhubala's performance as Gauri, a village belle, as one of her finest works.[81][77] Further in 1959, she received praise for playing dual roles inKal Hamara Hai, also starringBharat Bhushan.[103] Khatija Akbar, the author ofMadhubala: Her Life, Her Films (1997), called her turn as "a polished performance, particularly in the role of the misguided 'other' sister."[104] The commercial success ofDo Ustad (1959), which saw her reuniting with Raj Kapoor,[44] was followed by the second film of Madhubala Private Ltd.—the comedyMehlon Ke Khwab (1960). It fared poorly at the box office.[105]
JournalistDinesh Raheja has describedK. Asif'sMughal-e-Azam (1960) as the "crowning glory" of Madhubala's career.[106][107] Co-starring Dilip Kumar andPrithviraj Kapoor, the film revolves around a 16th-century court dancer,Anarkali (Madhubala), and her affair with theMughal princeSalim (Kumar). Since the mid-1940s, Asif had rejected numerous actresses for the part of Anarkali.[108] Madhubala had joined the cast in 1952 with an advance payment of Rs. 1 lakh—the highest for any actor or actress until then.[109] The filming period proved to be taxing.[110] Her relationship with Kumar ended amidst shooting and there were reports of animosity between the actors.[111] Madhubala was also troubled by the night schedules and complicated dance sequences, which she had been medically asked to avoid.[112] She fell under the weight of iron chains, extinguished candles with her palm, starved herself for days to depict anguishness in particular scenes and had continuous water flung at her face and whole body painted.[112] The decade-long principal photography forMughal-e-Azam came to an end in May 1959 and left her exhausted, both physically and mentally, to a point that she began considering a retirement.[113]
Mughal-e-Azam was first of Madhubala's twofilms in colour; it had four reels shot inTechnicolor.[114] The film had the widest release of any Indian film up to that time, and patrons often queued all day for tickets.[115] Released on 5 August 1960, it broke box office records in India and became the highest-grossing Indian film of all time, a distinction it would hold for 15 years.[116][117] At the1961 National Film Awards,Mughal-e-Azam won theNational Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi[118] and led the8th Filmfare Awards ceremony with 11 nominations,[119] includingBest Actress for Madhubala.[120] A reviewer forThe Indian Express commented, "Scene after scene bears testimony to the outstanding gifts of Madhubala as a natural actress [...] The way she presents Anarkali's changing moods as she passes through the lightning vicissitudes in her life is superb."[121]
The success ofMughal-e-Azam resulted in a string of offers in major roles, but Madhubala had to refuse them owing to her heart condition.[122] She further withdrew from some productions that were already underway, includingBombai Ka Babu,Naughty Boy,Jahan Ara,Yeh Basti Ye Log,Suhana Geet and an untitled film withKishore Sahu.[123][124] She did, however, have a few more releases, which were completed either by body doubles or by Madhubala herself.[125] In late 1960, Madhubala was seen in Shakti Samanta's crime filmJaali Note, based on the theme of counterfeit money; it was successful financially.[101] However, Karan Bali of Upperstall.com mentioned her role as "sketchy" and found the romance between her and Dev Anand's characters unconvincing.[126] Madhubala's starring role in the musicalBarsaat Ki Raat (1960) was better received.[77] The feature was the year's second-highest-grossing film, trailing onlyMughal-e-Azam.[117] A critic forThe Indian Express found her "enchanting",[127] while Venkat Parsa ofThe Siasat Daily noted the rebellious nature of her character, Shabnam, who elopes with her lover (played by Bharat Bhushan) after her parents object to the relationship.[128]
The back-to-back blockbuster successes ofMughal-e-Azam andBarsaat Ki Raat established Madhubala as the most successful leading lady of 1960.[129] She subsequently discontinued her career and only preferred starring as love interests in a few films, including the comediesJhumroo (1961),Boy Friend (1961) andHalf Ticket (1962), and the dramasPassport (1961) andSharabi (1964).[130] All three of her 1961 releases were among the top-grossing productions of the year.[131][132]Half Ticket, her last collaboration with husband Kishore Kumar was a critical and commercial success as well.[133] Sukanya Verma called the film one of her most favourite comedies of all time, praising the "palpably fond chemistry" between Madhubala and Kishore.[134] Also released in 1962 was Madhubala Private Ltd.'s third and last presentation,Pathan, which turned out to be a box office flop.[135]
Following a sabbatical of two years, Madhubala completedSharabi in 1964; the film would go on to become her final release in her lifetime.[136] Baburao Patel, writing forMother India, praised Madhubala's performance for "reviv[ing] the old heartache".[137] An editor for Rediff.com calledSharabi a "fitting finale to a luminous career, showing the actress at her most beautiful and her most effective, a heroine destined not to age in any of our eyes."[138]
Two years after Madhubala's death, one of her incomplete works,Jwala (1971) was released. Co-starringSunil Dutt andSohrab Modi, the film was mainly completed with the help of body doubles. It marked Madhubala's final screen role.[139]
Born in an orthodox Muslim family, Madhubala was deeply religious and practicedIslam since her childhood.[16] After securing her family financially in the late 1940s, she rented a bungalow onPeddar Road in Bombay and named it "Arabian Villa". It became her permanent residence until death.[140] She learned driving at the age of 12 and by adulthood was the owner of five cars:Buick,Chevrolet,Station wagon,Hillman, andTown & Country (which was owned by only two people in India at that time, the other one being theMaharaja of Gwalior).[141] As a native speaker of threeHindustani languages, she began learning English in 1950 from former actressSushila Rani Patel and grew fluent in the language in three months.[142] She also kept eighteenAlsatian dogs as pets at Arabian Villa.[143][144]
In 1950, Madhubala was diagnosed with an incurableventricular septal defect in her heart (hole in the heart); the diagnosis was not made public as it could jeopardize her career.[145]
She performed actively in charity, which led editor Baburao Patel to call her the "queen of charity".[146][147] In 1950, she donated₹5,000 each to children suffering frompolio myelitis and to theJammu and Kashmir relief fund, and₹50,000 for the refugees fromEast Bengal.[148][149] Madhubala's donation sparked off a major controversy due to her religious beliefs and received wide coverage in the media at that time.[147][150] Subsequently, she kept her charity work guarded and donated anonymously.[147] In 1954, it was revealed that Madhubala had been regularly giving monthly bonuses to the lower staff of her studios.[146] She also gifted a camera crane to theFilm and Television Institute of India in 1962, which is operational even today.[151]
While working as a child artist in the mid-1940s, Madhubala befriended Baby Mahjabeen, another child actor of that time, who later grew up as actressMeena Kumari.[152] Despite their professional rivalry, Madhubala shared a cordial relationship with Kumari as well as other female stars, such asNargis,Nimmi,Begum Para,Geeta Bali,Nirupa Roy andNadira.[153] In 1951, following a major conflict with the press, Madhubala established a friendship with journalistB. K. Karanjia, who became one of the few people of his profession to be allowed inside Arabian Villa.[154] Sarla Bhushan, the wife of Bharat Bhushan, with whom Madhubala had a special bond, died of labour complications in 1957, much to her distress.[104] Madhubala was also close to three of her earliest directors—Kidar Sharma, Mohan Sinha, andKamal Amrohi—and while there have been rumours regarding her being emotionally involved with them, her younger sister Madhur Bhushan has refuted such claims.[155] On the sets ofMughal-e-Azam (1960), Madhubala often ate lunch withZulfiqar Ali Bhutto, a Pakistani barrister who later served as the country'sPrime Minister. He used to visit the sets especially for Madhubala,[156] and according to Sushila Kumari was Madhubala's one-sided lover.[157]
Madhubala's first relationship was with herBadal co-starPrem Nath, in early 1951.[158] They dated for six months before differences figured out due to religion—Nath was aHindu.[20] Although the relationship fizzled out soon, Nath nevertheless remained close to Madhubala and her father Ataullah Khan for the rest of their lives.[159] Also in 1951, Madhubala began a romance with actorDilip Kumar, whom she had earlier met working onJwar Bhata (1944).[160] Their affair went on to receive wide media attention throughout the decade.[161] It had a positive impact on Madhubala and her friends have recalled the following few years as the happiest of her life.[162]
As their relationship progressed, Madhubala and Dilip got engaged but could not marry as Khan had some objections.[163] Khan wanted Dilip to act in his production house's films, which the actor refused. Also, Dilip specified to Madhubala that if they were to marry, she will have to sever all ties with her family.[164] She parted ways with him in 1957 amidst the court case over the production ofNaya Daur (1957).[165] Dilip testified against her and Khan in court, which left Madhubala devastated.[166][c] In the meantime, Madhubala was proposed marriage by three of her co-stars:Bharat Bhushan, a widower,Pradeep Kumar andKishore Kumar, both of whom had previously been married.[130]
On the sets ofChalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958), Madhubala rekindled a friendship with Kishore Kumar,[99] who was a childhood acquaintance.[170] They went on to date for two years and had a court marriage on 16 October 1960. There are reports suggesting that Kumar, a Hindu, had converted to Islam to marry her, but these claims have been refuted by her sister.[171][d] The union was disliked by her father, as well as her in-laws who had not expected their son to marry a Muslim.[176] Madhubala and Kishore also came to be considered a mismatch in the industry due to their contrasting personalities.[177]
"[I] brought her home as my wife, even though I knew she was dying from a congenital heart problem. For 9 long years, I nursed her. I watched her die before my own eyes. You can never understand what this means until you live through this yourself. She was such a beautiful woman and she died so painfully. She would rave and rant and scream in frustration. How can such an active person spend 9 long years bed-ridden? And I had to humour her all the time. That's what the doctor asked me to. That's what I did till her very last breath. I would laugh with her. I would cry with her."[178]
Soon after their marriage in 1960, Madhubala and Kishore Kumar traveled toLondon along with her doctorRustom Jal Vakil, combining their honeymoon with the specialised treatment of Madhubala's heart disease, which was aggravating rapidly.[179] In London, doctors refused to operate on her, fearing complications, and instead advised Madhubala to avoid any kind of stress and anxiety.[180] She was dissuaded from having any children and given a life expectancy of two years.[181] Madhubala and Kishore subsequently returned to Bombay and she shifted to Kishore's home[182] inBandra.[183] Her health continued declining and she now frequently quarrelled with her husband.[176] Ashok Kumar (Kishore's elder brother) recalled that her sickness turned her into a "bad-tempered" person and she spent most of her time in her father's house.[184] To escape the bitterness of her in-laws due to religious differences, Madhubala later moved into Kishore's newly bought flat at Quarter Deck in Bandra.[13][176] However, Kishore stayed in the flat only for a short period and then left her with a nurse and a driver.[13] Although he was bearing all her medical expenses, Madhubala felt abandoned and returned to her own house in less than two months of her marriage.[185] For the rest of her life, he visited her occasionally,[186] which Madhubala's sister Madhur Bhushan thought was possibly to "detach himself from her so that the final separation wouldn't hurt."[13]In late June 1966,[187] Madhubala seemed to have partly recovered and decided to return to film again with J. K. Nanda'sChalaak, opposite Raj Kapoor, which was unfinished since she left the industry.[44] Her comeback was welcomed by the media, but Madhubala immediately fainted as the shoot began; the film was thus never completed.[188] She was subsequently hospitalized in theBreach Candy Hospital, where she met her former boyfriend Dilip Kumar and returned home after being discharged.[20] To alleviate herinsomnia, Madhubala usedhypnotics on Ashok's suggestion, but it further exacerbated her problems.[189]
Madhubala spent her final years bedridden and lost a lot of weight. Her particular fascination was Urdu poetry and she regularly watched her films (particularlyMughal-e-Azam) on ahome projector.[20] She grew very reclusive, meeting onlyGeeta Dutt andWaheeda Rehman from the film industry in those days.[190] She had to undergoexchange transfusion almost every week.[20][191] Her body began producing excess blood that would spill out of her nose and mouth;[192] Vakil had to thus extract the blood to prevent complications, and an oxygen cylinder had to be kept by her side as she often suffered fromhypoxia.[13][20] After theChalaak incident, Madhubala turned her attention to film direction and began preparing for her directorial debut, titled Farz aur Ishq, in February 1969.[18]
By early 1969, Madhubala's health was in serious and major decline: she had just contractedjaundice and onurinalysis was diagnosed as havinghematuria.[193] Madhubala suffered aheart attack in the midnight of 22 February.[194] After struggling for few hours amongst her family members and Kishore, she died at 9:30 a.m. of 23 February,[14] aged 36.[195] Madhubala was buried atJuhu Muslim Cemetery inSantacruz, Bombay along with her personal diary.[196][197] Her tomb was built with marbles and inscriptions includeaayats from Quran and verse dedications.[196]
Due to Madhubala's absence from the social scene for almost a decade, her death was perceived as unexpected and found wide coverage in the Indian press.[198]The Indian Express recalled her as "the most sought-after Hindi film actress" of her times,[199] whileFilmfare characterized her as "aCinderella whose clock had struck twelve too soon".[200] A number of her co-workers including Premnath (who wrote a poem dedicated to her),[201] B. K. Karanjia and Shakti Samanta expressed their grief over her premature death.[202] Gossip columnistGulshan Ewing commented in a personal farewell titled "The Passing of Anarkali", writing, "She loved life, she loved the world and she was often shocked to find that the world did not always love her back. [...] To her, all life was love, all love was life. That was Madhubala—loveliest of the shining stars."[200]
In 2010, Madhubala's tomb along with those of other industry stalwarts, includingMohammed Rafi andSahir Ludhianvi, was demolished to make room for new interments. Her remains were placed at an unknown location.[203][204]
Madhubala was one of the most celebrated and versatile film stars in India from the late 1940s to early 1960s.[129][205] In 1951,James Cobb Burke photographed her for a feature in the American magazineLife, which described her as the biggest star in the Indian film industry at that time.[206][207] Her fame reached beyond India as well: directorFrank Capra offered her a break in Hollywood (which her father declined)[205] and in August 1952,David Cort ofTheatre Arts Magazine wrote of her as "the biggest star in the world—and she's not in theBeverley Hills."[208][6] Cort estimated Madhubala's Indian and Pakistani fan base equal to the combined population of the contemporary United States and western Europe, and also reported her popularity in countries such as Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia and East Africa.[5] Along withNargis, she also had large fan following in Greece.[209]
Dilip Kumar described Madhubala as "the only star for whom people thronged outside the gates."[210] Her fame was acknowledged byTime magazine also, which went on to call her a "cash and curry star" in its January 1959 issue.[211][212] In films, she was often billed before the leading man, and web portalRediff.com mentioned her as a more powerful celebrity than her male contemporaries.[213][214] ForMahal (1949), her first film under a major production company, Madhubala was paid a sum of₹7,000.[215] The film's success established her career as a leading lady,[216] and she subsequently became one of the highest-paid Indian stars of the upcoming decade.[61][217] In 1951, filmmaker and editorAurbindo Mukhopadhyay reported that Madhubala charges₹1.5 lakh per film.[218] She received an unprecedented amount of₹3 lakh for her decade-long work inMughal-e-Azam (1960).[219] Madhubala was placed seven times onBox Office India's list of top actresses from 1949 to 1951, and from 1958 to 1961.[129]Madhubala's beauty and physical attractiveness were widely acknowledged, and led the media to refer to her as "TheVenus ofIndian cinema" and "The Beauty with Tragedy".[220] In 1951, Clare Mendonca ofThe Illustrated Weekly of India called her "the number one beauty of the Indian screen".[221] Several of her co-workers cited her as the most beautiful woman they ever saw.[222]Nirupa Roy said that "there never was and never will be anyone with her looks" whileNimmi (co-star in the 1954 filmAmar) admitted passing a sleepless night after her first meeting with Madhubala.[222] In 2011,Shammi Kapoor confessed to falling in love with her during the shoot of the 1953 filmRail Ka Dibba: "Even today ... I can swear that I have never seen a more beautiful woman. Add to that her sharp intellect, maturity, poise and sensitivity ... When I think of her even now, after six decades, my heart misses a beat. My God, what beauty, what presence."[223] Due to her perceived appeal, Madhubala became one of the brand ambassadors of beauty products byLux andGodrej.[224][225][226] However, she stated that happiness matters more to her than physical beauty.[6]
From the beginning of her career, Madhubala gained a reputation for avoiding parties and refusing interviews, leading her to be labeled recluse and arrogant.[227] On an unusual instance in 1958, her father even wrote an apology letter to then-Prime Minister of India,Jawaharlal Nehru, for disallowing Madhubala to attend Nehru's private function where she was invited.[141] Having been a part of the film industry since childhood, Madhubala saw the social scene as superficial and expressed her despise of "the kind of functions where only the current favourites are invited and where a decade or two hence I would not be invited."[228] In a two decade-long career, Madhubala was seen at the premieres of only two films—Bahut Din Huwe (1954) andInsaniyat (1955)—both for personal reasons.[229][e] Her regular photographer, Ram Aurangbadakar complained that she "lacked warmth" and "was very detached",[231] which is also reflected in Ashokamitran's statement describing her as an inarticulate and pitiful person.[232] Gulshan Ewing, one of Madhubala's closest associates, however, differed and stated that her friend "was none of these."[233]Nadira added that Madhubala "had not a strain of pettiness, of anything small. That girl did not know anything about hate,"[234] and Dev Anand recalled her as a "self-assured [and] cultured [person], very independent in her thinking and particular about her way of life and her position in the film industry."[235]
Madhubala's refusal to grant interviews or to interact with the press drew in extreme reactions from its members.[236] By early 1950, Khan had begun asserting in her film contracts that no journalists would be allowed to meet her without his permission.[236][f] When shortly after Madhubala declined to entertain a set of visiting journalists on set, they started vilifying her and her family and further placed a bounty to behead and kill her.[238] For self-protection, Madhubala was given the permission to carry a revolver and move around under armed protection by thestate government, until Khan and other journalists ultimately made a settlement.[236] Her relationship with the press remained bitter, nevertheless, and she was regularly pointed out by it for her religious beliefs and perceived arrogance.[5][239] Another major controversy she faced during her career was theNaya Daur civil war fought against B. R. Chopra, which Bunny Reuben mentions in his memoir as "the most sensational court case ever to be fought in the annals of Indian cinema."[240]
Regardless of all these dissensions, Madhubala was known in the media as a disciplined and professional performer,[241] with Kidar Sharma (director of the 1947 filmNeel Kamal) recalling her early days in the industry, "She worked like a machine, missed a meal, travelled daily in the over-crowded third-class compartments from Malad toDadar and was never late or absent from work."[242] Anand said in a 1958 interview, "When Madhubala is on the set, one often goes much ahead in the schedule."[243] Except for the filming ofGateway of India (1957) andMughal-e-Azam (1960), Khan never allowed Madhubala to work in nights.[244] Despite medical precautions, she performed even exhausting scenes by herself, such as doing complicated dances, wearing iron chains twice of her body weight and getting wet in water.[245][246]
In a 22-year-long career, Madhubala acted in almost every film genre, ranging from romantic musicals to slapstick comedies, and crime thrillers to historical dramas.[247][248] The author ofCelebrities: A Comprehensive Biographical Thesaurus of Important Men and Women in India (1952), Jagdish Bhatia noted that Madhubala turned her disadvantages into advantage and despite her non-filmy background "rose to be one of the most talented female stars of the industry."[32] Baburao Patel, writing forFilmindia, called her "easily our most talented, most versatile and best-looking artiste."[249] A number of her directors including Sharma, Shakti Samanta andRaj Khosla spoke highly of her acting talents on different occasions.[250] Ashok Kumar described her as the finest actress he ever worked with,[251] while Dilip Kumar wrote in his autobiography that she was "a vivacious artiste ... so instantaneous in her responses that the scenes became riveting even when they were being filmed ... she was an artiste who could keep pace and meet the level of involvement demanded by the script."[252]
Writing retrospectively forThe New York Times, Aisha Khan characterised Madhubala's acting style as "natural" and "understated", noting that she often portrayed roles of "modern young women testing the limits of traditions".[253] Film criticSukanya Verma felt that actresses like Madhubala "should be applauded for doing more than just looking good and crying buckets."[254] Madhubala was acknowledged in the media for her unconventional roles,[255] such as a flirtatious cabaret dancer inHowrah Bridge (1958)—which ledFilmfare to compare her withRita Hayworth andAva Gardner[77]—a rebellious and independent woman inChalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958),[100] and a fearless court dancer inMughal-e-Azam (1960).[256] Her roles inAmar (1954),[257]Gateway of India (1957),[91] andBarsaat Ki Raat (1960)[258] have also been noted by modern-day critics for being offbeat and significantly different from the usual portrayals of female characters in Indian cinema. Madhubala has also been credited for introducing several modern styles, such as trousers (for females) and strapless dresses inBollywood.[259][260] Her distinctive wavy hairstyle was referred to as "the out-of-the-bed look" and further established her screen persona as a liberated and independent woman.[261][260] David Cort summarized her as "the ideal of the free Indian woman or what India hopes the free Indian woman will be."[5]
Madhubala had the shortest career among her contemporaries, but by the time she quit acting, she had already successfully featured inover 70 films.[262] Her screen time in leading roles was always equal to her male co-stars—which has otherwise been a rarity—and she has also been credited for being one of the earliest personalities who, in the era ofmass communication, took the position of Indian cinema toglobal standards.[263] Moreover, withBahut Din Huwe (1954), Madhubala became the first Hindi actress to have a career insouth Indian cinema.[72]Jerry Pinto has cited Madhubala as one of the earliest Bollywood actresses who created a 'distinctsex symbol' by "merg[ing]" "the vamp and the virgin",[264] and publications including Rediff.com andHindustan Times mentioned her among the topmost sex symbols of Bollywood.[265][266] A 2011 poll conducted by Rediff.com saw Madhubala receiving the third highest number of votes among "the hottest women who've ever scorched our screens"; the portal's writer commented, "In the end, I guess, it's about beauty. And there weren't many who could match up to the ethereal Madhubala."[267][g]
Although Madhubala appeared in almost allfilm genres during her career, her most notable films included comedies.[268] She gained recognition for hercomic timing after her performance inMr. & Mrs. '55 (1955),[269] which Iqbal Masud ofIndia Today call "a marvellous piece of sexy-comic acting."[270] However, despite her success and fame, she neither received any acting award nor critical acclaim.[271] Several critics have stated that her perceived beauty was an impediment to her craft to be taken seriously.[271][272][273] Madhubala wished to play more dramatic and author-backed roles, but was often discouraged.[274] According to Dilip Kumar, audience "missed out on a lot of her other attributes."[275] Biographer Sushila Kumari said that "people were so mesmerised by her beauty that they never cared for the actress",[157] and Shammi Kapoor thought of her as "a highly underrated actress in spite of performing consistently well in her films."[276]
Madhubala's talents were first acknowledged after the release ofMughal-e-Azam (1960),[277] but it turned out to be one of her final films.[271] Her dramatic portrayal of Anarkali—ranked amongst Bollywood's finest female performances byUpperstall.com[278] and byFilmfare in general[279]—established her as an enduring figure in Indian cinema.[280] One of the romantic scenes from the film, in which Dilip Kumar brushes Madhubala's face with aplume, was declared the most erotic scene in Bollywood's history byOutlook in 2008,[281] and byHindustan Times in 2011.[282] Her critical reception improved in the 21st century,[283][272] with Khatija Akbar noting that Madhubala's "brand of acting had an underplayed and spontaneous quality. Anyone looking for heavy histrionics and laboured 'acting' missed the point".[271] In 1999, M. L. Dhawan ofThe Tribune stated that Madhubala "could communicate more with her delicately raised eyebrows than most performers could with a raised voice" and "knew the knack of conveying her character's inner-most feelings."[284]Priya Ramani ofMint added: "You only had to slip her into a wet sari, ask her to lean invitingly into the camera or hand her co-star a feather, and you could comfortably forecast that the cinematic sigh would resonate for at least a hundred years."[277] Journalist Rauf Ahmed added Madhubala on his "Biggest stars in Hindi filmdom" list and noted: "Madhubala symbolised ultimate beauty. Which in a way undermined her merit as an actress. She imparted a lot of sizzle and impishness to her performances in films likeChalti Ka Naam Gadi andMughal-e-Azam."[285][286]
In recent years, Madhubala's legacy has maintained fans of all different ages, both younger and older. She is recognized even by those who are unfamiliar with vintage cinema and has dozens offan sites dedicated to her on thesocial media.[287] Modern magazines continue to publish stories on her personal life and career, often promoting her name heavily on the covers to attract sales.[287] Her legacy has extended to fashion also: she has been acknowledged as the creator of many iconic fashion styles, such as wavy hairstyle andstrapless dresses, which are widely followed by many celebrities.[260] In accordance with her enduring popularity,News 18 wrote, "the cult of Madhubala is a difficult thing to match up to."[288] Several modern-day celebrities, includingAamir Khan,Hrithik Roshan,[289]Shah Rukh Khan,Madhuri Dixit,[290]Rishi Kapoor[291] andNaseeruddin Shah rank Madhubala among their favorite artistes of Indian cinema.[292] Research analyst Rohit Sharma has studied narratives about Madhubala and surmised the reason behind her continued relevancy among new generation:
Today, teenagers identify with the insecurities she lived with in her youth, like acne and hair issues. Others relate to her for being the poster-girl of an era when curvy bodies were considered normal and even sensuous. Some, simply, love her for being an excellent actress—one who will never be matched by the here-today-gone-tomorrow Bollywood heroines.[287]
On the occasion of her eighty-fifth birthday, Nivedita Mishra ofHindustan Times described Madhubala as "by far, the most iconic silver screen goddess India has produced."[293] In the decades following her death, she has emerged as one of the most celebrated personalities in the Indian cinematic field,[6][294] and her reputation has endured.[287] Also in polls and surveys, she is described as one of India's finest and most beautiful actresses of all-time.[h] Khatija Akbar,[289]Mohan Deep and Sushila Kumari have also written books about her.[270][305][157]
Madhubala appeared in 72 films between 1942 and 1964, includingBasant (1942),Neel Kamal (1947),Mahal (1949),Badal (1951),Tarana (1951),Amar (1954),Mr. & Mrs. '55 (1955),Kala Pani (1958),Howrah Bridge (1958),Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958),Mughal-e-Azam (1960),Barsaat Ki Raat (1960),Half Ticket (1962) andSharabi (1964). Her seventy-third and last film was the posthumously releasedJwala (1971). She was credited as a producer inNaata (1955),Mehlon Ke Khwab (1960) andPathan (1962).[306] For her work inMughal-e-Azam, Madhubala was nominated forFilmfare Award for Best Actress; it was the only nomination she ever received.[120]
As a tribute to Madhubala,Mandoubala, a Greek song dedicated to her, was performed at the closing ceremony of the 2004 Athens Olympics.[307] Digitally-colorized versions of two of Madhubala's films—Mughal-e-Azam (in 2004) andHalf Ticket (in 2012)—have been released theatrically.[308][309] In March 2008,Indian Post issued a commemorative postage stamp featuring Madhubala, that was launched by her surviving family members and co-stars;[310] the only other Indian actress that was honoured in this manner was Nargis, at that point of time.[311]
In 2010,Filmfare included Madhubala's performance as Anarkali inMughal-e-Azam in its list of Bollywood's "80 Iconic Performances".[279] Her introduction scene inMughal-e-Azam was included by Sukanya Verma inRediff.com's list of "20 scenes that took our breath away".[312] The film itself has been considered one of the greatest films ever made in polls byBritish Film Institute andNews18.[313][314] In August 2017, theNew Delhi center of Madame Tussauds unveiled a statue of Madhubala inspired by her look in the film as a tribute to her.[315] In 2018,The New York Times published a belated obituary for Madhubala, comparing her life to that ofMarilyn Monroe.[253] On 14 February 2019, her 86th birth anniversary, search engineGoogle commemorated her with adoodle;[316] Google commented: "While her breathtaking appearance earned comparisons to Venus, Madhubala was a gifted actor with an understated style well suited for comedies, dramas, and romantic roles alike. [...] Appearing in over 70 films over the course of a tragically brief career, Madhubala—who would have turned 86 today—was called "The Biggest Star in the World" in 1952 byTheatre Arts Magazine."[317]
In July 2018, Madhubala's sister Madhur Bhushan, announced that she was planning to make a biopic on her sister.[333] Bhushan wantsKareena Kapoor to play Madhubala, but as of 2018, the project remains in its initial stages.[333][334] In November 2019, filmmakerImtiaz Ali was considering a biopic of Madhubala, but later dropped the idea after her family denied permission.[335] Actresses includingKriti Sanon,[336]Kangana Ranaut,[337]Kiara Advani,[338] andJanhvi Kapoor,[339] andYami Gautam have expressed their wish to play Madhubala in a biopic.[340]
In March 2024, Sony Pictures International announced their collaboration with Brewing Thoughts and Madhubala Ventures (the vehicle of her sister, Madhur Bhushan) to produce a biopic on Madhubala. It will be directed by Jasmeet Reen.[341]
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